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Graševina' je jedan od osnovnih elemenata prepoznatljivosti hrvatskog vinogradarstva i vinarstva. Statistički gledano svaki četvrti trs u hrvatskim vinogradima je trs 'Graševine', a ako gledamo samo kontinentalnu Hrvatsku, gdje se ova sorta zapravo i jedino uzgaja 'Graševina' čini 50% svih vinograda. U ukupnoj proizvodnji vina koje se stavlja na tržište podrijetlom iz hrvatskih vinograda, ova sorta zauzima čak 40%. Proteklih nekoliko godina ponovno se aktualiziralo nekoliko pitanja oko ove sorte, posebno pitanje njezinog podrijetla. Dodatno, često se postavlja pitanje kako je ova sorta postala toliko popularna u Hrvatskoj i kakva je budućnost ove sorte. Da li će se zbog njenih karakteristika zbog kojih je često bila prvi izbor vinogradara u tijekom 20. stoljeća i dalje koristiti za podizanje novih nasada u sve toplijoj, ali neizvjesnoj i nepredvidivoj klimi budućnosti. U ovom radu su osim prikaza spoznaja vezanih uz navedene teme prikazane i karakteristike klonova 'Graševine' izdvojenih nakon provedene klonske selekcije ove sorte u kutjevačkom vinogorju koji su odnedavno registrirani i nalaze se na sortnoj listi., 'Graševina' is one of the basic elements of the recognizability of Croatian viticulture and winemaking. Statistically speaking, every fourth vine in Croatian vineyards is a 'Graševina', and if we look only at the continental part of Croatia, where this variety is actually grown, 'Graševina' makes up 50% of all vineyards. In the case of wine that is put on the market originating from Croatian vineyards, this variety occupies as much as 40% of the total volume. In the past few years, several questions regarding this variety have been brought up, especially the question of its origin. In addition, the question that often arises is how this variety became so popular in Croatia and what is the future of this variety and whether, due to its characteristics that often made it the first choice of winegrowers during the 20th century, it will continue to be used for planting new plantations in warmer, but an uncertain and unpredictable climate of the future. In this paper, in addition to the presentation of knowledge related to the mentioned topics, the characteristics of the 'Graševina' clones selected after the clonal selection of this variety in the Kutjevo wine growing area, which were recently registered, are presented.

Škrlet bijeli je hrvatska autohtona sorta vinove loze koja se danas najviše uzgaja na području Moslavine. Sadržaj knjige kroz devet poglavlja obuhvaća teme od povijesti uzgoja, podrijetla, ampelografskog opisa, gospodarske evaluacije sorte i uzgojnog područja preko postupka klonske selekcije i uspostave matičnih nasada za proizvodnju sadnog materijala, najznačajnijih tipova vina te trendova i budućih izazova u proizvodnji Škrleta. U knjizi se iznose rekonstrukcija povijesti uzgoja i hipoteze o podrijetlu i etimologiji imena, podaci o rasprostranjenosti, proizvodnim površinama i osnovnim karakteristikama vina temeljem službenih analiza i ocjenjivanja vina. Naveden je i pregled do sada provedenih znanstvenih istraživanja usmjerenih na različita pitanja vezana uz proizvodnju grožđa i vina. Glavni dio knjige donosi ampelografski opis sorte koji uz botanički opis obuhvaća i opise bioloških i gospodarskih svojstava, te kakvoće i enološkog potencijala. Uz ovo se opisuju i klimatske i pedološke prilike podregija Moslavina i Pokuplje, odnosno teroirre Škrleta koji omogućava očitovanje njegovog punog kvalitativnog potencijala i proizvodnju prepoznatljivih tipova vina. Iscrpno se opisuju relevantne bolesti vinove loze i metode njihove detekcije te postupak klonske (zdravstvene i genetičke) selekcije provođene tijekom 15 godina, a što je dovelo do priznavanja i registracije triju klonova Škrleta (kao prvih klonova neke hrvatske autohtone sorte). Detaljno je opisano i podizanje matičnih nasada klonova za proizvodnju kvalitetnog sadnog materijala koji je danas na tržištu. U završnom dijelu se navode praktična iskustva sa Škrletom u vinogradu i podrumu: uzgojni zahtjevi sorte, prikladna tehnologija proizvodnje u vinogradu te tehnologija prerade grožđa, njege i dozrijevanja pri proizvodnji različitih tipova vina. Knjiga sadrži i prikaz udruživanja proizvođača i njihovog djelovanja kroz različite vinske udruge, organizacije izložbi vina i drugih promotivnih aktivnosti vezanih uz Škrlet i područje Moslavine. U završnom poglavlju opisuju se trendovi i budući izazovi s kojima će se suočavati proizvođači u bližoj budućnosti te se daju preporuke za sljubljivanje različitih tipova vina ove sorte s jelima, poglavito onima iz Moslavine.

Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites and important organic compounds present in grapes, must and wine. The importance of polyphenolic compounds present in grapes is mainly related to the quality of the wine. Those compounds affect the colour, taste, astringency, bitterness, and potential of wine aging. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine and compare quantitative and qualitative changes in low molecular weight polyphenol content of 11 red grapevine varieties during ripening. Samples were collected periodically from the beginning of vérasion to the technological maturity. The polyphenolic compounds were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with prior lyophilization and extraction. Based on the obtained results, changes in the composition and content of researched groups of polyphenolic compounds during maturation were determined., Polifenoli su sekundarni biljni metaboliti te važni organski spojevi prisutni u grožđu, moštu i vinu. Važnost polifenolnih spojeva prisutnih u grožđu uglavnom je vezana uz kakvoću vina obzirom da utječu na boju, okus, astringenciju, gorčinu te potencijal starenja vina. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i usporediti kvantitativne i kvalitativne promjene sadržaja polifenola male molekulske mase u kožici grožđa 11 crnih sorata vinove loze tijekom dozrijevanja grožđa. Uzorci su prikupljani periodično od početka šare do tehnološke zrelosti. Sadržaj polifenola u kožici boba utvrđen je tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) uz prethodnu liofilizaciju i ekstrakciju. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata utvrđene su promjene sastava i sadržaja pojedinih grupa polifenolnih spojeva tijekom dozrijevanja.

Since grapevine is highly susceptible to various pathogens, enormous amounts of pesticides are applied each season to achieve profitable production. One of the most destructive grapevine diseases is downy mildew, and their interaction has been in the spotlight for more than a decade. When it comes to a metabolome level, phenolic compounds are relevant to investigate due to their involvement in the plant immune system and known antifungal properties. Croatian grapevine germplasm is highly heterogeneous due to its long history of cultivation in diversified geographical regions. Since it has been found that native varieties react differently to the infection of Plasmopara viticola, the intention of this study is to define if the chemical background of the leaves, i.e., polyphenolic composition, is responsible for these dissimilarities. Therefore, the leaves of 17 genotypes, among which 14 were native and 3 were controls, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in four terms: before inoculation and 24, 48, and 96 h post inoculation (hpi). During this early phase, significant differences were found neither between the terms nor between the non-inoculated and inoculated samples, except for resveratrol-3-O-glucoside. By applying principal component analysis (PCA) using initial leaf polyphenolic composition, varieties of V. vinifera were clearly separated into three different groups corresponding to their International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) classes of susceptibility to P. viticola. Results obtained in this research suggest that the initial constitutive polyphenolic composition of the cultivar leaves has a crucial influence on their susceptibility to P. viticola, and this finding can be used to improve the success of grapevine breeding programs toward downy mildew resistance.

A long history of grapevine cultivation in diversified geographical regions in Croatia gave rise to a high number of native varieties. In the era of sustainable production, there is a growing demand to define their differences in susceptibility to downy mildew. By applying leaf disc bioassay in controlled laboratory conditions, it has been found that native varieties react differently to the infection of Plasmopara viticola. Therefore, they were ascribed to classes of resistance according to the OIV descriptor 452-1 [Leaf: degree of resistance to Plasmopara (leaf disc test)]. Chlorophyll fluorescence and multispectral imaging traits have been measured in time points before and upon inoculation to define which of them could be used as an early detector of infection and are these methods suitable for distinguishing genotypes of different susceptibility to downy mildew. Moreover, the leaves were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to define if their chemical background, i.e., polyphenolic composition, is responsible for native varieties’ different levels of resistance. It has been found that the leaf disc test is a simple method to perform, and it brings about trustworthy results when genotypes with a known level of resistance are comparatively evaluated. Chlorophyll fluorescence and multispectral imaging are promising tools for precise monitoring of the photosynthesis transmission inside a leaf tissue upon P. viticola inoculation. This utility could be used as a phenotyping method in the absence of the pathogen to define the level of genotype’s resistance to P. viticola. As far as secondary metabolites are concerned, polyphenolic compounds proved to be responsible for the discrimination of varieties among the OIV classes of resistance. It has been found that the constitutive polyphenolic profile contributes to the separation of susceptible OIV classes (1, 3, and 5) into three groups. The content of resveratrol-3-O-glucoside and total stilbenes discriminated non-infected and infected samples, whereas the content of piceatannol and total stilbenes discriminated completely resistant OIV class 9 (V. riparia) and the remaining OIV classes. Less susceptible grapevine varieties that belong to OIV class 5 (Malvazija istarska, Ranfol, Teran) could be interesting to use in breeding programs aiming to produce high-quality genotypes resistant to main fungal diseases.

An important aspect of wine geographic origin is related to grapevine varieties used for wine productionin specific winegrowing regions or countries. Grapevine germplasm is highly variable and classified into geographical groups. These classifications were recently confirmed by genetic studies, and further classified into genetic-geographic (GEN-GEO) groups. Secondary metabolites, namely polyphenolic and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have crucial role in winemaking industry due to their influence on quality, colour, and sensory properties of wine. The aim of the research was to investigate the polyphenolic and volatile profiles of 50 grapevine varieties from different GEN-GEO groups. The groups are C2 (varieites from Italy and France), C7 (varieites from Croatia), and C8 (varieites from Spain and Portugal). Polyphenolic compounds analysed belonged to the classes of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes. Classes of VOCs analysed were carbonyls, alcohols, acids, esters, and terpenoids. The most abundant class of polyphenols were anthocyanins, followed by flavan-3-ols and flavonols, while carbonyls were the most abundant class of VOCs, followed by alcohols and sesquiterpenes. Using discriminant analysis, the GEN-GEO groups were clearly separated by their polyphenolic and volatile profiles. In the case of polyphenolic profiles, compounds contributing the most to the discrimination of groups belong to classes of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols. Furthermore, some of the compounds contributing to discrimination are found in relatively small amounts. Regarding the discrimination based on volatile profiles, GEO groups were discriminated by their overall volatile profile. C2 group contains higher amounts of carbonyl compounds and alcohols, while C8 group contains higher amounts of sesquiterpenes and acids. Group C7 is characterized by low content of VOCs. This data demonstrates that geographical origin, combined with genotype, also influences the overall polyphenolic and volatile profiles.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the oldest agricultural species. Wide application of this culture in the economy makes it one of the most important agricultural fruit culture in the world. Republic of Croatia is important gene center for native, as well as for introduced cultivars of grapevine, so the viticulture's aim is to conserve and revitalize its cultivation. Crypreservation is the most efficient procedure for the conservation of the plant material. In the cryopreservation procedure different preculture of microcuttings, cryoprotectants and steps during freezing can be toxic and make the stress within cultivars of grapevine. The aim of this study is the optimization of preculture medium for preculture of microcuttings with addition of antioxidants (salicylic acid) with the purpose of the successful growth of shoot tips of the cultivar 'Graševina'. The study was made on microcuttings of cultivar 'Graševina', planted on half-strength MS medium, with or without cytokinins benzylaminopurine and different concentrations of salicylic acids (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mMol). The highest percentage of shooted microcuttings was achieved on the medium without the salicylic acid and BAP (68, 38%), and the lowest on the medium with addition of salicylic acid in concentration 0.1 mMol and supplement of 1µmol BAP (35, 00%). Microcuttings cryopreservation of cultivar 'Graševina' reached the highest results of regeneration in controled explants (15%) in comparison on the freezing ones (10%). Given results are implying that some additional studies should be done for successful cryopreservation of this cultivar.

Grapevine represents a significant crop in agricultural production in Croatia. Intensive work has been made on the Croatian autochthonous cultivars in the last two decades. A clone repository of autochthonous cultivars in virus-free conditions is safe and a legally regulated conservatory method of a specific crop's gene base. Considering different geographical origin of initial material, accessions can be multiplied in tissue culture presenting a much easier way than the classical propagation and ensuring a healthy plant material. The trial has covered 27 registered clones from 9 Croatian autochthonous cultivars. The material for in vitro establishment were 10 shoot tips from one vine of each clone. Vines are part of in situ mother blocks with the highest sanitary cleanliness. Material was taken in two periods, before and after flowering phenophase. Collected shoot tips were inoculated on a medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine + 0, 05 mg/l 3-indol-acetic acid). Regeneration of shoot tips was recorded after 6 weeks. Mature in vitro plants were subjected to acclimatization. Results achieved were in a range between 10-100% and the average percentage of regeneration is 30-40% in both periods. These preliminary research trials confirm the necessity for more detailed testing of tissue culture protocols for each cultivar of interest.

Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu provodi individualnu klonsku selekciju najvažnijih autohtonih sorata vinove loze kao i sorte Graševine kroz više različitih projekata od 2003. godine. Do sada je postupak selekcije završen kod 11 sorata, a izdvojena su i registrirana ukupno 34 klona. U sklopu projekta „Novi početak za stare hrvatske sorte vinove loze“ (KK.01.1.1.04.0031.) financiranog od strane Europske unije kroz Europske strukturne i investicijske fondove provedena je uspostava matičnih nasada najviših kategorija (predosnovni i osnovni), a u tijeku je uspostava certificiranih matičnih nasada svih registriranih klonova. U ovom katalogu donosimo opis osnovnih ampelografskih i proizvodnih svojstava registriranih klonova.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae najčešće je korištena vrsta kvasca u vinarskoj proizvodnji dok je vrsta Lachancea thermotolerans noviji pripadnik selekcioniranih ne-Saccharomyces kvasaca. Ističe se sposobnošću zakiseljavanja moštova niže ukupne kiselosti, iz toplih vinogradarskih regija, najčešće u sekvencijalnoj inokulaciji sa S. cerevisiae. Formiranje boje vina i sastav antocijana tijekom vinifikacije pod utjecajem su kvasaca, odnosno adsorpcijskih karakteristika stanične stjenke kvasca. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi razlike u učinku sekvencijalne inokulacije komercijalnim sojevima L. thermotolerans x S. cerevisiae u usporedbi s tretmanima sa S. cerevisiae i epifitnim kvascima, na sastav antocijana u vinu ´Trnjak´. Rezultati analiza ukazali su na značajno niže koncentracije antocijana u tretmanu L. thermotolerans x S. cerevisiae.

Grapevine virus G (GVG) is one of eight vitiviruses discovered in grapevines in the last decade. GVG was detected in Croatia in 2018, and current research indicates its widespread in several wine-growing regions of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of GVG in Croatia, variability of the part of the coat protein gene (CP), as well as the modes of transmission and possible alternative hosts. For this purpose, 4302 samples of grapevine petioles were collected in the collection plantations and commercial vineyards and the RNA was extracted. PCR detection protocols (conventional and realtime) were developed using the available virus genome data. Four different methods in transmission trials were used: vine mealybug Planoccocus ficus, mechanical transmission, transmission by seeds and grafting. In the Croatian continental part, the virus was confi rmed in the collection plantation “Jazbina” and the collection of viruses (Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb) in percentages of 7.1% and 10.7%, respectively, but not in samples from 16 tested commercial vineyards. In the coastal part, GVG was detected in the collection plantation located in Split (4.8%) and in 22 out of 72 (30, 6%) commercial vineyards tested with a total occurrence rate of 10.6%. CP region of Croatian GVG isolates showed location dependent heterogeneity. Vine to vine transmission tests using vine mealybug showed 15% efficiency. Also, transmission by grafting has been confi rmed, while other types of transmission, as well as alternative hosts, have not been confirmed.

The research of sanitary status and virus presence was conducted on three native Croatian grapevine varieties (Kujudžuša bijela, Zlatarica vrgorska and Trnjak crni) that are grown in Dalmatia region. The investigation was done on 492 vines from 31 vineyards. Vines were tested by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) on four main economic viruses: arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 and 3 (GLRaV–1, GLRaV-3) as a first step in clonal selection of these rare native grapevine varieties. Altogether, 40 vines were free of all tested viruses. The research confirms high rate of virus infection and eroded sanitary status of all investigated varieties. The above indicates necessity of implementation clonal and sanitary selection programme.

In vitro culture obtain the tools to perform specific studies that it would be impossible to carry out with the whole plants grown on field or under greeenhouse conditions. Cryopreservation presents the long-term conservation without a metabolic changes of plant material and cryotherapy can be efficient in virus elimination. Tested cryopreservation protocols did not gave sufficient regeneration. Preculture media of cryopreservation profotocols was evaluated with Croatian grapevine cultivars (ꞌGraševinaꞌ, ꞌPlavac maliꞌ and ꞌPošipꞌ) with different antioxidants (salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and glutathione). The highest growth in vitro was achieved on the medium with the addition of glutathione and the lowest on the medium with addition of salicylic acid. The growth in vitro and regeneration after cryopreservation was depended on genotype and sanitary status. A reliable protocol for the regeneration after cryopreservation (within cryotherapy) should be defined for each grapevine cultivar. Virus elimination was tested by meristem tip culture with 18 Croatian cultivars, whereas, regeneration in vitro was between 6.82 and 53.22%, but virus elimination was achieved only with three cultivars and was very low (23.8%). Additionally, the method of conservation of grapevine cultivars by cultivation in isolated conditions of small glass containers (2L), was tested. Two cultivars were grown in containers in the growth chamber under controlled conditions. This study has revealed that the plants can be conserved this way for more than 2 years (ongoing trial). Plants grown this way can be the source of plant material for new in vitro introduction and multiplication. Overall, the presented methods should be further evaluated for broad application.

Defolijacija je ampelotehnički zahvat kojim se uklanjaju listovi vinove loze. Ovaj zahvat može se koristiti u različitim fenofazama razvoja vinove loze. Ovisno o periodu obavljanja, defolijacija može biti rana ili kasna. Rana defolijacija podrazumijeva period uklanjanje lišća prije cvatnje do zametanja bobica, dok se kasna defolijacija obavlja početkom šare bobica. U ovom radu su istraživana tri termina defolijacije te njihov utjecaj na kemijski sastav grožđa sorte Graševina. Defolijacija nakon cvatnje rezultirala je najvišim sadržajem ukupnih polifenola, kod defolijacije u zoni grožđa početkom šare utvrđen je najviši sadržaj šećera i ukupnih kiselina, dok je defolijacija iznad zone grožđa početkom šare sveobuhvatno imala statistički najmanje značajan utjecaj na kemijski sastav grožđa.

Povijesni dokumenti o uzgoju vinove loze na području Republike Hrvatske svjedoče da je krajem 19. stoljeća bilo oko 400 autohtonih sorata. Današnjim genetičkim istraživanja utvrđena su 103 različita genotipa. Cilj rada je iz dokumenata službene statistike prikazati udio autohtonih sorata u površinama pod vinogradima te udio u ukupnoj proizvodnji grožđa i vina u Hrvatskoj. Autohtone sorte u Hrvatskoj u 2020. godini zauzimaju 39, 1% ukupnih vinogradarskih površina. U 2019. godini udio autohtonih sorata u proizvodnji grožđa je bio 31, 1%, a vina 32%. Malvazija istarska, Plavac mali i Plavina zauzimaju 21% površina, a Malvazija Istarska, Plavac mali crni i Pošip bijeli 19% proizvodnje grožđa i 20% proizvodnje vina. Iako autohtone sorte zauzimaju skoro trećinu proizvodnje svakako bi kroz državne poticaje i sredstva iz Europskih fondova i dalje trebalo poticati povećanje vinogradarskih površina pod autohtonim sortama.

Na globalnom tržištu vina dolazi do promjena u preferencijama potrošača te popularnost pjenušavih vina raste, a sličan trend događa se i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Graševina, kao najznačajnija bijela sorta vinove loze u Hrvatskoj, pokazala je veliku adaptabilnost na različite ekološke uvjete. Provedbom klonske selekcije, klon OB-435 izdvojio se svojim karakteristikama kao pogodan za proizvodnju pjenušavih vina. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio ocijeniti kvalitetu pjenušavih vina proizvedenih od klona OB-435. Vina su proizvedena klasičnom metodom, te su dodane dvije koncentracije ekspedicijskog likera- 1, 5 mL L-1 (GR-1, 5) i 2, 5 mL L-1 (GR-2, 5). Osnovni kemijski parametri i senzorna analiza proizvedenih pjenušavih vina, potvrdila su pogodnost ovog klona za proizvodnju pjenušavih vina u uvjetima kontinentalnog Vinogorja Zagreb. Različitim senzornim metodama bolje je ocijenjeno pjenušavo vino s manjom dozom ekspedicijskog likera i voćno- cvjetnom aromom

Varietal thiols are extremely volatile and desirable wine aroma compounds that contribute to tropical fruit notes. Their concentration depends on numerous factors, from agricultural practices to winemaking procedures and storage conditions. Among them, grape variety is one of the most important factors, and diversity among clones of a single variety has also been highlighted. The aim of this work was to determine the varietal thiols in wines produced from different clones of Pošip (Vitis vinifera L.) grape. The results showed significant differences between clones, with the highest concentrations of varietal thiols detected in wine produced from clone POŠ 124. The results suggest clone selection as an important step in diversifying the styles of produced wines.

A long history of grapevine cultivation in diversified geographical regions in Croatia gave rise to a high number of native varieties. In the era of sustainable production, there is a growing demand to define their differences in susceptibility to downy mildew. By applying leaf disc bioassay in controlled laboratory conditions, it has been found that native varieties react differently to the infection of Plasmopara viticola. Therefore, they were ascribed to classes of resistance according to the OIV descriptor 452-1 [Leaf: degree of resistance to Plasmopara (leaf disc test)]. The leaves were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to define if their chemical background, i.e., polyphenolic composition, is responsible for native varieties’ different levels of resistance. The leaf disc test is a simple method to perform, and it brings about trustworthy results when genotypes with a known level of resistance are comparatively evaluated. Polyphenolic compounds proved to be responsible for the discrimination of varieties among the OIV classes of resistance. It has been found that the innate constitutive polyphenolic profile contributes to the separation of susceptible OIV classes (1, 3, and 5) into three groups. The content of resveratrol-3-O-glucoside and total stilbenes discriminated non-infected and infected samples, whereas the content of piceatannol and total stilbenes discriminated completely resistant OIV class 9 (V. riparia) and the remaining OIV classes. Less susceptible grapevine varieties that belong to OIV class 5 (Malvazija istarska, Ranfol, Teran) could be interesting to use in breeding programs aiming to produce high-quality genotypes resistant to main fungal diseases.

Wines from dried grapes have been produced for centuries in the Mediterranean. In Croatia Prošek is traditional dessert wine made form dried grapes. However, the traditional way of drying is increasingly neglected due to the inability to control conditions. Thus, the safest and fastest drying method is to use modern dryers. The aim of the study was to determine the dynamics of drying and changes in the quality of Plavina grapes in controlled conditions. The research was carried out at Baštica vineyard, where part of the grapes was treated with inactive yeasts (Lalvigne mature) at the beginning of vérasion, while non-treated grapes presented the control. The grapes were dried for 6 days in chambers at 40°C. After drying the mass of grapes decreased 25% in treated grapes and 35% in control. Significant difference was also observed in polyphenolic and volatile content of the treated grapes. The applied drying technology ensures the optimal health of the grapes, as well as production of new style of dessert wine and utilization of qualitative potential of Plavina cultivar.

Grapevine badnavirus 1 (GBV-1) was discovered in 2018 in Croatian autochthonous grapevine cultivars Ljutun and Vlaška, originating from the Kaštela region with symptoms of reduced growth. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and abundance of the virus, virus particle characteristics, genome variability in the reverse transcriptase region (RT), and modes of transmission. During 2018 and 2021, 4302 samples were collected from 88 vineyards and DNA was isolated. Based on the analysis of existing data, primers and probes for the detection of GBV-1 by PCR (conventional and real-time) were developed. Morphological characterization of virus particles and cytopathology were determined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), while transmission experiments tested possibility of transmission by vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus), mechanical inoculation, and also by seeds and grafting. The presence of the virus was confi rmed in the three collection plantations and in 29 vineyards in the coastal region, with an overall virus incidence of 13.4%. The TEM analysis showed the bacilliform shape of the virus particles and their distribution in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. The analysis of the part of RT genomic region showed the similarity of Croatian isolates at the nucleotide level ranging from 94.1 to 100% and at the amino acid level from 92.6 to 100%. Vine mealybug was found to be a vector of GBV-1 with a 55% vine- to-vine transmission rate. Transmission by grafting was also demonstrated, but not by mechanical inoculation or by seeds from virus- infected plants.

Protokole krioprezervacije potrebno je testirati za autohtone sorte na zaraženom i zdravom sadnom materijalu, jer zaraženost može predstavljati problem u kulturi tkiva. Antioksidansi mogu potaknuti rast biljaka. Cilj rada bio je uspostaviti regeneraciju biljaka inficiranih genotipova u in vitro uvjetima, te na njima testirati standardni protokol krioprezervacije za vinovu lozu. Pupovi inficiranih genotipova veličine 1.5 mm postavljeni su na različite MS (Murashige i Skoog) medije uz dodatak 0.5 mg/L 6- benzilaminopurina (BAP) i 0.05 mg/L indol-3-octene kiseline (IAA) sa antioksidansima (M1: 0.1 mM salicilne kiseline, M2: 1 mM askorbinske kiseline, M3: 1 mM glutationa i M4:kombinacija tri antioksidansa navedenih koncentracija), te je praćen njihov rast in vitro. Iz potjeralih biljaka izolirani su vršni meristemi, te je proveden pokus krioprezervacije (LS-20´, ½ PVS2-30´i PVS2-50´ kontrola i smrzavanje). Najveći rast in vitro postignut je na mediju sa dodatkom glutationa (M3). Zaraženost je imala utjecaj u regeneraciji biljaka in vitro, ali nije utjecala na regeneraciju nakon krioprezervacije.