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Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the change in the position of hyoid bone, pharyngeal airway, and tongue position in subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion treated with Twin block therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on pre and post treatment lateral cephalograms of 21 patients with class II malocclusion treated with Twin block appliance, (mean age of (12.24± 1.22). Paired-t test was used to compare the amount of differences of mean value before and after treatment. A value of P

Protostylids are superstructures on maxillary or mandibular molars, which have rarely been reported in literature, and the significance of their presence has also been underestimated. The dental practitioners may easily misdiagnose a tooth, with such conical tubercles as malformed tooth. Interestingly, this is neither a malformation nor an anomaly but rather an important morphological trait of an individual. Once in a while, one may come across such a distinct morphological trait without being able to diagnose. To the authors' best knowledge, only one similar case has been reported previously, and the second such case internationally. Bearing all such facts in mind, the authors attempt to educate the readers towards the existence of such a trait so that it can be identified and studied in larger numbers. Hence, it is the authors' endeavor to report an unusual case of dual cusped maxillary protostylid along with its clinical significance.

Human body requires certain essential elements in small quantities and their absence or excess may result in severe malfunctioning of the body and even death in extreme cases because these essential trace elements directly influence the metabolic and physiologic processes of the organism. Rapid urbanization and economic development have resulted in drastic changes in diets with developing preference towards refined diet and nutritionally deprived junk food. Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, augmented vulnerability to various oral and systemic diseases, impaired physical and mental growth, and reduced efficiency. Diet and nutrition affect oral health in a variety of ways with influence on craniofacial development and growth and maintenance of dental and oral soft tissues. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are treated with antioxidants containing essential trace elements like selenium but even increased dietary intake of trace elements like copper could lead to oral submucous fibrosis. The deficiency or excess of other trace elements like iodine, iron, zinc, and so forth has a profound effect on the body and such conditions are often diagnosed through their early oral manifestations. This review appraises the biological functions of significant trace elements and their role in preservation of oral health and progression of various oral diseases.

The present study sought to determine the prevalence and characteristics of maxillary sinus septa on panoramic radiographs since conventional imaging modalities are still extensively used in developing country like India. The study assessed the prevalence and characteristics of maxillary sinus septa in edentulous and dentate maxillary arches. The sample consisted of 445 outpatients visiting the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Standardized panoramic radiographs were made of all the study subjects and then interpreted for various parameters pertaining to the maxillary sinus septa. The prevalence of maxillary sinus septa in Indian population was estimated to be 34%. Maxillary sinus septa prevalence in 800 maxillary sinuses (2 maxillary sinuses per subject in 400 subjects studied) was found to be 24.9%. There was no age, gender, or dental status predilection for the occurrence of maxillary sinus septa. A total of 255 maxillary sinus septa were detected in 136 subjects. Of the 255 maxillary sinus septa, 44.7 % were located in the anterior region, 44.7 % in the middle region, and 10.6 % in the posterior region. A considerable number of maxillary sinus septa were seen in the Indian population of this study. There was no age or gender predilection for the occurrence of maxillary sinus septa. The majority of maxillary sinus septa were located in the anterior and middle regions of the maxillary sinus floor. The presence of maxillary sinus septa was unrelated to dental status.

Saliva has the potential to become a first-line diagnostic sample of choice owing to the advancements in detection technologies coupled with combinations of biomolecules with clinical relevance. Saliva is increasingly being used as an investigational aid in the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. It is a complex fluid containing a variety of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, antimicrobial constituents, and growth factors. Thus, saliva is functionally equivalent to serum, but its low concentration compared with serum levels in the blood may prevent salivary diagnostics from being clinically practical. However, with the development of new and highly sensitive techniques the low concentration of analytes in saliva is no longer a limitation. Evaluation of the secretions from individual salivary glands is useful for the detection of gland-specific pathology and whole saliva is used for the evaluation of systemic disorders. This review article highlights the diagnostic applications of saliva for systemic diseases and for monitoring of general health.

Peripheral ossifying fibroma is a reactive, non-neoplastic tumor-like growth of soft tissue often arising from the interdental papilla. It is one of the commonly encountered growths in the oral cavity and has been described in the literature as having unicentric/multicentric or non-ulcerated/ulcerated variants. It is believed to arise from gingival fibers or the periodontal ligament as a hyperplastic growth of tissue, which is still debatable. Here, we report and discuss the relevant clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of a curious case of peripheral ossifying fibroma in which the ossified component consolidated over a period and extruded from the superior surface of the growth.

Aim: Easy availability, overuse, and lack of reinforcement of the radiation hazards facts have unknowingly resulted in overlooking of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) among many dentists. The current survey was designed to assess the awareness, concern, and practice of radiation protection in general dental practice. Materials and Methods: The survey involved 156 dentists in West Bengal, India. A cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire consisting of a total of 28 items was employed. The obtained data were compiled systemically and significance of difference was calculated by Chi-squared test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 17. Results: Bisecting angle technique and use of E-speed films with manual processing were the most common. The majority of the participants had no idea about the type of cone used (37.2%), tube current (37.8%), kVp 56.4% (88). Exposure time was equally variable with maximum variability in the case of digital radiographs. Use of lead barriers and aprons were poor. Conclusion: The knowledge and practice of radiation protection are not satisfactory. Repeated reinforcement and training and the most importantly change in attitude to follow ALARA is required.

Introduction: External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) is characterized by loss of the superficial layer of cells that protect the tooth root. Although many studies have estimated EARR, very few studies have examined permanent teeth from central incisor to first molar with adequate radiographic techniques like Computed Tomographs (CT) as used in the present study. Aim: To investigate the prevalence and degree of orthodontically induced EARR with fixed appliances from central incisor to first molar in permanent teeth after en-masse retraction using Dentascan. Materials and Methods: All patients had Class I malocclusion with dentoalveolar protrusion and minimum crowding (

Odontogenic myxoma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor of the oral cavity which is locally aggressive and non metastasizing. The mandible is more commonly involved than maxilla. It usually presents as a painless swelling in second to third decade of life. Radiographically, it can be unilocular or multilocular, so the diagnosis is not easy many times. It poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because of its morphology and biologic behavior. We represent a case of 35-year-old female who had an asymptomatic swelling in maxillary right region since 7 months.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate glenoid fossa changes in response to twin block appliance therapy and to correlate the changes in glenoid fossa with changes in craniofacial morphology. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on pre and post-treatment cephalograms of 30 (15 males and 15 females) myofunctionally treated, Angle’s Class II div. 1 patients with the mean age of 12.8 years for males and 10.15 years for females. Mean treatment duration was 10 + 1.46 months for males and 10.6 + 2.59 years for females. All the cephalograms were traced and analyzed for four linear variables to assess glenoid fossa changes and nine linear, five angular parameters to assess changes in craniofacial morphology. Results: The glenoid fossa was found to be relocated sagitally as well as vertically. Mandibular length was increased with simultaneous forward positioning of mandible. Increase in lower facial height and restraining of maxillary growth was also reported. Conclusion: Favorable craniofacial changes were well supported by glenoid fossa changes.

Introduction: Knowledge about the Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of ceramic brackets with different base design is essential as it affects bond strength to enamel. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effect of base designs of different ceramic brackets on SBS, and to determine the fracture site after debonding. Materials and Methods: Four groups of ceramic brackets and one group of metal brackets with different base designs were used. Adhesive precoated base of Clarity Advanced (APC Flash-free) (Unitek/3M, Monrovia, California), microcrystalline base of Clarity Advanced (Unitek/3M, Monrovia, California), polymer mesh base of InVu (TP Orthodontics, Inc., La Porte, IN, United States), patented bead ball base of Inspire Ice (Ormco, Glendora, California), and a mechanical mesh base of Gemini Metal bracket (Unitek/3M, Monrovia, California). Ten brackets of each type were bonded to 50 maxillary premolars with Transbond XT (Unitek/3M). Samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours and subsequently tested in shear mode on a universal testing machine (Model 3382; Instron Corp., Canton, Massachusetts, USA) at a cross head speed of 1mm/minute with the help of a chisel. The debonded interface was recorded and analyzed to determine the predominant bond failure site under an optical microscope (Stereomicroscope) at 10X magnification. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare SBS. Tukey’s significant differences tests were used for post-hoc comparisons. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores were compared by chi-square test. Results: Mean SBS of microcrystalline base (27.26±1.73), was the highest followed by bead ball base (23.45±5.09), adhesive precoated base (20.13±5.20), polymer mesh base (17.54±1.91), and mechanical mesh base (17.50±2.41) the least. Comparing the frequency (%) of ARI Score among the groups, chi-square test showed significantly different ARI scores among the groups (χ2 = 34.07, p

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a premalignant condition that has received considerable attention in the recent past because of its chronic debilitating and resistant nature. Over the past decades, dental researchers have reported overwhelming evidence about various etiological factors of OSMF. It has been the subject of controversy ever since Schwartz first described the condition in 1952. Areca nut is considered the primary etiology along with other local irritants like capsaicin, pungent and spicy food, nutritional deficiency, defective iron metabolism, collagen metabolic disorder and genetic predisposition. Association of iron deficiency anemia and OSMF is very sparse in literature. Here, we present a case report of a 58 year old male patient where the patient presented with OSMF where iron deficiency anemia was found to be the main etiological factor.

Aim The current study was designed to determine prevalence of various tongue lesions and their association with age, gender, systemic illness, deleterious habits, and distribution over the surfaces of tongue. It also explored the awareness and knowledge of subjects in relation to presence of tongue lesions, etiological factor, symptoms, and treatment received if any. Methods The present study was conducted on 1360 randomly selected dental outpatients from 1/10/2013 to 30/09/2014. Examination of tongue included surface changes, size, movements, and the presence of mucosal lesions. The subjects were asked about the knowledge, symptoms, and treatment obtained in case of awareness regarding the lesion. Results The prevalence of tongue lesions was found to be 13.75%. The most prevalent lesion was found to be coated tongue. The majority of the lesions were located on dorsum of tongue and not related with age, gender, habit, and systemic condition. A considerable number of subjects were aware of the changes on their tongue but negligible number sought any treatment. Conclusions The presence of tongue lesions in the study population was found be significant. Hence, general dental practitioners and health care providers should be educated about the diagnosis, etiology, investigations, and proper management of such tongue lesions.

Aesthetic rehabilitation of sub-gingival crown fractures of the maxillary anterior tooth present extreme challenges to the dental surgeon. The prognosis of traumatized tooth depends on accurate diagnosis and physiological status of the involved tooth. This paper discusses two different cases of subgingival fracture of maxillary anterior tooth that was managed by two different technique of forced eruption. After endodontic management and forced eruption, esthetic rehabilitation was completed by placing post and core, and all ceramic crown. The final result was successful and resulted in good esthetics and secured periodontal health.

Objective: The present study evaluated the reliability and accuracy of panoramic radiographs in the localization of mandibular foramen. Materials and Methods: Twenty five Indian dry human adult mandibles constituted the study material. Ten measurements were carried on each of them to evaluate the location of mandibular foramen with respect to adjacent anatomic landmarks. Panoramic radiographs were then made of the mandibles. Same distances were measured on the traced images of the radiographs. Paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation test were applied to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of panoramic radiographs in localization of mandibular foramen. Results: The mean distances measured on dry mandibles and panoramic radiographs showed statistically significant difference (p

Objective: To compare the dimensions of the nasopharynx and oropharynx of subjects with different growth patterns and to determine whether any correlation exists with their craniocervical posture.Materials and Methods: Cephalometric radiograph of 60 subjects (16–25 years old), taken in natural head position, were divided into three groups according to the mandibular plane angle: hypodivergent (SN/MP Results: Patients in the hyperdivergent group were found to have significantly smaller nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal areas than the other groups (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). Similarly, the oropharyngeal area in the normodivergent group was significantly smaller than that in the hypodivergent group (P < .05). However, no significant differences were found in the nasopharyngeal area between the hypodivergent and normodivergent groups and between the hyperdivergent and normodivergent groups (P > .05). Reduced pharyngeal airways were typically seen in patients with a large craniocervical angle and a large mandibular inclination.Conclusions: Smaller nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airways were seen in connection with a large craniocervical and a large mandibular inclination. We therefore suggest that the vertical skeletal pattern may be one of the factors that contribute to nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal obstruction.

Introduction: Corticotomy is an effective method of accelerating the orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the treatment time for the extraction space closure, between corticotomy assisted and conventional orthodontic tooth movement and to check the alveolar bone thickness before and after corticotomy procedure in the corticotomy group. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional clinical study. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients (age>15 y) requiring orthodontic treatment with upper anterior retraction in the extraction space of 1st premolar were selected and were randomised into control and corticotomy group each group consisted of 10 subjects. Pre retraction, corticotomy was performed in the maxillary anterior segment. The pre and post retraction CT scans were recorded and the thickness of the alveolar plates were measured at crestal level (S1), mid root level (S2) and apical level (S3) PreTreatment (T1). The same measurements were repeated after incisor retraction was completed PostTreatment (T2). Statistical Analysis: Student’s t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There was a significant difference in retraction time (days) between control and corticotomy groups (p

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the pharyngeal airway dimensions by cephalometric examination of individuals with different morphological patterns. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 90 subjects, aged 16-25, which were divided into three distinct groups, according to their morphological patterns, that is, hypodivergent, normodivergent and hyperdivergent. The upper and lower pharyngeal airways were assessed according to McNamara's airways analysis. Results: The results showed that the upper and lower pharyngeal width in hyperdivergent growth patterns subjects was statistically significantly narrower than in the normodivergent and hypodivergent growth pattern groups ( P Conclusions: Subjects with vertical growth patterns have significantly narrower upper and lower pharyngeal airways than those with Class II malocclusions and horizontal and normal growth patterns. These patients may be more prone to mouth breathing as a result of their relatively diminished pharyngeal dimensions.

Cleft lip and palate is a common craniofacial anomaly, requiring complex multidisciplinary treatment and having lifelong implications for affected individuals. The management starts soon after birth and involves a series of treatments during the first 20 years of life. The importance of the dentition and contribution of the orthodontist to the care of cleft patients from infancy to adulthood are presented. Close communication between orthodontists and surgeons is emphasized. The orthodontic treatment plan is developed around the anatomic, functional, and developmental needs of the patient. Despite great progress towards a better understanding of cleft lip and palate, as yet there is no accepted consensus on the management strategy. This article outlines the multidisciplinary approach to the management of the cleft lip and palate patients.

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of 3 adhesive systems on the shear bond strength of a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). Materials and Method: Sixty extracted premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups (each containing 20 specimens). The FRCs (Splint - it, Jeneric/Pentron) were bonded to the teeth with 3 adhesive systems Transbond XT (Unitek/3M), Tetric Flow (Ivoclar-Vivadent), and Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE). All the samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours and subsequently tested for shear bond strength (SBS). Analysis of variance and the Sheffe post-hoc tests were used at a significant level of P Results: Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the various groups. Fibers bonded with Transbond XT demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strength than the other 2 groups. Filtek Flow showed significantly higher shear bond strength values than Tetric Flow and lower than Transbond XT. No significant differences in debonded locations (ARI scores) were found among the groups. Conclusion: Transbond XT can successfully be used for direct bonding of FRC, thus improving their shear bond strength.