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Introduction: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive diseases caused by a deficiency of enzymes responsible for the steroidogenesis. There are three forms of CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: the classic form with salt loss, the classic virilizing and the non-classic form. The aim of the paper was to analyze the changes in the diagnosis and treatment of children with CAH during previous 15 years. Material and methods: This retrospective cohort study includes patients who were diagnosed with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the period from 2007 to 2021 in endocrinology department of the Institute for Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic". Respondents were divided into two groups - a group whose diagnosis was made in the period between 2007 and 2014 and another group of those whose diagnosis was made in the period between 2015 and 2021. Statistical analysis using Hi-square and Mann Whitney U test was conducted using the software IBM SPSS ver. 22, and p values

Introduction: Surgical treatment of urolithiasis in children is quite complex and specific due to certain anatomical and functional features of childhood. Methods of surgical treatment at this age are: extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL), intracorporeal (endoscopic) lithotripsy - pneumatic and laser, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) and open surgery. Aim: The aim of this study was evaluation of the effects of ureterorenoscopy and endoscopic lithotripsy in children, as methods of minimally invasive surgical treatment. Material and methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Institute for Mother and Child Health Care of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic" in Belgrade from 2010 to 2020. The study included 112 patients (50 boys and 62 girls) aged 1-18 years with urolithiasis, treated by endoscopic (laser or pneumatic) lithotripsy. The retrospective study was conducted at the Institute for Mother and Child Health Care of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic" in Belgrade from 2010 to 2020. The study included 112 patients (50 boys and 62 girls) aged 1-18 years with urolithiasis, treated by endoscopic (laser or pneumatic) lithotripsy. Results: After one ureterorenoscopy, the calculus was successfully disintegrated in 87 (78%) patients: in the renal pelvis in 22 (79%), in the upper pole calices of the kidney in 14 (100%), in the lower pole calices in 10 (50%), in the proximal segment of the ureter in 10 (83%), in the distal segment of the ureter in 27 (79%), in the bladder in 4 (100%) cases. In 19 (17%) patients the second intervention was necessary: in the renal pelvis in 28 (100%), in the upper pole calices in 14 (100%), in the lower pole calices in 14 (70%), in the proximal segment of the ureter in 12 (100%), in the distal segment of the ureter in 34 (100%) and in the bladder in 4 (100%) patients. Conclusion: The primary treatment of pediatric urolithiasis is ureterorenoscopy in combination with pneumatic or laser lithotripsy. It is successfully used in all segments of the urinary tract. The procedure is partially limited in the lower pole calices of the kidney, due to anatomical circumstances and mechanical limitations of the instruments.

The growth and development of society on our planet has caused a great consumption of natural resources and, on the other hand, the production of waste and other substances harmful both to human health and to the ecosystem itself. With this way of life, man has moved away from nature. Consequently, a system that functions contrary to natural laws has been established. With the new way of production, it is necessary to return to natural processes and sustainable technologies, clean technologies, and the use of renewable energy sources. The projection of sustainability in the future must be based on resource use restriction, material reuse and other principles of economic and environmental sustainability. This chapter will discuss the new approach to production and the product itself through the consideration of several different possibilities such as circular economy, industrial ecology, ecological economy, blue economy, biomimicry, cradle to cradle, cleaner production and regenerative design. The above-mentioned possibilities in production, design and the product itself aim to ensure that man functions in accordance with natural laws, and that we need to leave nature and the environment in a much better condition than we inherited.

Introduction: This research aimed to determine the impact of horseback riding on the balance ability of first-grade students. Material and methods: Fifty-eight students were divided into two sub-groups: twenty-eight riders and thirty non-riders. The subtest of balance is composed of nine items which were grouped into five variables: Total balance, Static balance, Dynamic balance, and Open and Closed eyes balance. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the significance of the difference between the groups, and the strength of the effect of intergroup differences was determined using the Cohen criteria. Results: The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between groups in Total balance, Static, and Balance with closed eyes. Cohen's criterion indicates that there was a strong effect of intergroup differences in performance demanding balance tasks of 7-year-old children. Conclusion: It can be observed that horseback riding has the effect of reducing the difference between the maximum and minimum balance points by enhancing competencies at the minimum level.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed from anthropogenic activities, i.e. industrial emissions, incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and other fossil fuels and other industrial and domestic activities. Research areas of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main objective of the paper is to determine the ecological risk and to assess probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater. The results of this study reflect the effects of coal combustion (pyrogenic origin), petrogenic and biomass origin and may provide basic data for the remediation of PAHs in the location. The ecological risk in soil (at depths of 30, 100, 200, 300 and 400 cm) and groundwater is determined. The mean values of ecological risk in soil and groundwater decreased with soil depth. Values of RQ(NCs) for groundwater were found at high ecological risk, for Ant, Chr, DahA, Acy, Pyr, BaA, Phe, Flo, Nap, Ace and Fluo, with values 28.57, 20.59, 300.00, 242.86, 185.71, 1700.0, 76.67, 53.33, 15.83, 100.00 and 57.14, respectively. ∑16PAH indicated high ecological risk for most PAHs, which decreased with soil depth. The value of RQ(NCs) for ΣPAHs in groundwater indicates high ecological risk (ΣPAHs ≥ 800 and RQ(MPCs) ≥ 1). This is the first study on the ecological risk of PAHs in soil and groundwater in industrial soils in Banja Luka and provides baseline information for further studies and additional investigations of this industrial complex.

Natural springs which originate from hilly areas of Skardu in Pakistan make their route downward and are utilized by the public as they passes from residential areas. Due to weathering processes in mountainous regions, these springs can be the source of various trace elements and pollutants. Keeping in mind the same concept, ten mostly used freshwater springs were selected to evaluate their drinking water quality in the Skardu region. Three samples of water from each spring (start/mouth, 100 m away from the mouth, and 200 m away from mouth) were collected and analyzed for water quality via Water Quality Index (WQI). The main parameters of spring water were recorded in the laboratory as electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and secondary parameters, i.e., Kelley’s ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), and WQI, were derived. Besides these parameters, heavy metal pollutants (Cd, Cr, Mn, and Cu) were also determined from the water samples. The results showed that the assessed parameters TDS, SSP, KR, and PI were found within the safer limits of drinking water as prescribed by the Pak-EPA and WHO. However, among trace elements, only Cd (0.03 mg L−1) was found above the permissible limits of 0.01 mg L−1 as given by the GOP-EPA (2008) and WHO (1996) at Shigri Bala spring 200 m away. Similarly, at 2 ft from the mouth of Chumig S1 spring, its concentrations were recorded 0.03 mg L−1, and at Benazir Chowk spring (100 m away), it was found 0.02 mg L−1. In general, the Water WQI demonstrates that springs have good water quality. Our findings are useful for the environmental protection managers and citizens of the Skardu concerned with the water quality of the springs.

The aim of this research was to summarize the relevant literature on wrist injuries in gymnasts and to determine the prevalence of injuries based on a systematic review of previous research. In sports gymnastics, the upper extremities are the bearers of the whole body, which leads to consequences such as wrist injuries. The types of injuries are different, depending on its excessive use. The combination of a period of rapid growth and intensive training creates the conditions for gymnasts to be more prone to injuries, especially wrist injuries. Electronic search of papers was performed in databases: KoBSON, PubMed and Google Academic, and the studies were published in the period from 2010 to 2020, while a descriptive method was used to analyse the obtained data. Based on the database search, 14 studies met the criteria. Subjects who participated in questionnaires and experiments and different types of corrective treatment, sought to prevent further progression of the injury, and most subjects made major progress in suppressing or completely regressing their wrist injury. Raising awareness of the existence of this injury is of great importance in sport gymnastics, so early detection and prevention of injury is crucial.

The aim of this paper is to determine the differences in situational performance of football goalkeepers depending on the outcome of the match, based on the semi-final and final matches of the Champions League, using the method of comparative analysis of the manifestation of goalkeeper’s tactical elements. The analysis was conducted in the semi-final and final matches of the Champions League in the 2016/2017 football season. The paper analyzes the situational elements of the goalkeepers’ techniques in the Champions League finals. For the purpose of the research, an observation sheet was formed based on the previous research and personal experience of the author, which was entered into the application "Dartfish EasyTag". Twenty variables were entered into the observation sheet, which are classified into the goalkeeper’s defensive and offensive elements. Video games were downloaded from the Internet, and the analysis was carried out with the help of a portable device, in the "Dartfish EasyTag" application. The results obtained were processed by means of descriptive statistics - total value and difference. After the complete survey, the number of overall situational activities of the goalkeeper is not dependent on the outcome of the match.

Introduction/aim: Disorders of sex development (DSD) comprise a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions with a difference between chromosomal, gonadal sex and the appearance of the external genitalia. The frequency of DSD is 1: 4,500-5,500 newborns per year. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to the deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme is one of the most common and best-known causes of DSD. Other forms of CAH, as well as other causes of DSD, occur with significantly lower individual frequencies and are thus more challenging to diagnose and treat. The aim of the study was to analyse the etiology and clinical characteristics of DSD, as well as changes in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to DSD in the tertiary center during the previous 13 years. Methods: The study was conducted in the form of a retrospective cohort study which included all patients investigated for DSD at the Department of Endocrinology of Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic" during the period from December 2007 until November 2020. Children with DSD caused by CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency were not included in this study. Results: The study included a total of 31 children with DSD: 24 children (77%) had 46XY DSD, 3 (10%) had 46XX DSD, and 4 children (13%) had chromosomal DSD. A definitive diagnosis of specific etiology has been made in 25 children (81%), and the most common etiology of DSD was gonadal dysgenesis (55%), followed by the androgen insensitivity syndrome (10%) and atypical forms of CAH (7%). During the period 2 (2016-2020) more children with DSD (n = 18) were examined compared to the period 1 (2007-2015) and the specific etiological diagnosis was established in a larger number of children with DSD (89%) compared to the period 1 (69%). Also, during period 2 (2016-2020) genital surgery was performed in a significantly lesser number of children (11%) and at a later age (average age 6.8 years) than in period 1 (64%, average age 4.8 years; p

The aim of this systematic review was to indicate and discuss the use of electromyogram in football. For the literature review, following electronic databases were used: Google School, PubMed, Medline and Mendeley for the period from 2005. to 2019. 20 papers were selected for this systematic review based on the established criteria. These studies focused the most on researching the following muscles: m.musculus quadriceps, m.biceps femoris, m.gastrocnemius, m.tibalis anterior and m. gluteus maximus. The review has determined quite a heterogenic choice of topics when it comes to the use of the electromyogram (herein after referred to as: EMG) in football, so the obtained results were grouped based on the similar characteristics. Therefore, the results were categorized according to the following topics: acute effects of the specific football activity, impact of the football strength training, training of kicking on the ball, results based on the difference in sexes, while the rest of the results were sorted in the joint group. Summarizing of the obtained results provides the insight in the multiple possibility for use of EMG in football in order to develop high quality analysis of the neuro-muscle activation of a certain muscle regions of the football players.

The paper presents results of the measurements of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration and meteorological parameters: temperature, air pressure, relative humidity and wind speed. The data were collected from January 2019 to December 2020 at two stations, namely Center and Heating plant, in the City of Bijeljina, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. SO2 and NO2 are one of the major air pollutants that could negatively affect the human health. Levels of SO2 and NO2 in air samples and meteorological variables from urban zone of Bijeljina were determined at both localities, which represent a highly-populated area with intensive traffic. This topic has not been studied up to now in Bijeljina, although the recent research data indicates that there is a correlation between meteorological parameters and air pollutants. Statistical analysis confirms direct corelation between SO2 and NO2 and meteorological parameters, specially temperature in locality Center (r = -0.639), the wind speed in locality Heating plant (r = 0.399) and relative humidity (r = 0.162). Correlation of NO2 with temperature is not confirmed in both localities. The wind speed increase is followed by rises of the NO2 concentration values and vice versa. Correlation of NO2 with pressure is confirmed in locality Center (r = 0.128) but it is not confirmed in locality Heating plant. Correlation between NO2 and relative humidity found to be negative in locality Center (r = -0.062). These parameters are the most important meteorological factors influencing the variation in SO2 and NO2 concentration in the air during the research. Depending on the obtained correlation, meteorological parameters had a positive or negative impact on air pollution.

Purpose: Research has suggested that in female athletes from aesthetic sports the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes is higher than in female athletes from other sports, mainly due to sport related factors like extreme training and practicing sports associated with high pressure and the idea that “being thin leads to success”. The study was conducted to examine the prevalence of disturbed eating attitudes and their relationship with body image concerns in aesthetic and non-aesthetic female athletes. Methods: 54 female athletes from aesthetic sports (synchronized swimming, artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, and dance), as well as 66 female athletes from non-aesthetic sports (volleyball, track and field, and soccer), completed the Eating Attitudes Test, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Figure Rating Scale (a visual scale used to assess body image dissatisfaction and body image dissatisfaction in relation to sport). Results: The results indicated that aesthetic athletes scored significantly higher than those involved in non-aesthetic sports in Dieting, and in Body Image Dissatisfaction. Moreover, aesthetic athletes demonstrated significantly lower BMI mean scores. Significant correlations were found between Body Mass Index and Oral Control, Body Image Dissatisfaction and Body Image Dissatisfaction in relation to Sport, and between Eating Attitudes Test and the Body Shape Questionnaire results in aesthetic athletes. Furthermore, significant associations were found between Body Mass Index and Body Shape Questionnaire, Body Image Dissatisfaction and Body Image Dissatisfaction in relation to Sport, and Eating Attitudes Test and Body Shape Questionnaire in non-aesthetic athletes. Conclusion: The study confirmed the relationship between body image concerns and pathological eating attitudes among female aesthetic sport athletes.

The paper presents results of the measurements of the tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration and meteorological parameters: temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, speed and wind direction. The data were collected from January 2016 to December 2016 at station located in locality Centre (Banja Luka), Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ozone is one of the most harmful pollutants to plants and health and highly reactive secondary pollutant. The present study covers investigation of the relationship between the concentration of ozone and meteorological parameters as well as time variations of ozone concentration (by hours, months, seasons). This topic has not been studied up to now in this region, although the recent research data indicates that there is a correlation between them and previously obtained from the world’s relevant scientific centres, as already cited above. Statistical analysis confirms string of rolls, which shows directional connection between tropospheric ozone and meteorological parameters, specially temperature (r = 0.148), air pressure (r = –0.292) and relative humidity (r = –0.292). These parameters are the most important meteorological factors influencing the variation in ozone levels during the research. The correlation ozone concentrations with speed and direction of wind is not significant, like other parameters.

The study was conducted to identify differences in bilateral coordination between boys and girls in the first grade of primary school. The sample consisted of 30 first grade students, at the age of 7 years ± 6 months. The children were divided into two groups consisting of boys (14) and girls (16). The level of the children’s bilateral coordination was assessed using the Bilateral Coordination (7 variables) subtests that are part of the BOT-2 - the Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test Battery. The tests are used as a standardized measure of the level of motor skills in children. The obtained data was processed in the SPSS 19 statistical programme, and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differences in bilateral coordination. After processing the data, it was noted that there are differences in bilateral coordination between boys and girls, but that they were not statistically significant. For more reliable results and, therefore, more conclusive results and conclusions, it is necessary to perform tests on a larger sample of children.

The purpose of this systematic review is to point out the application of the Fitlight trainer system in sports. The following electronic databases were used to search the literature: Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Mendeley, 2014-2020. Following the selection procedure according to the relevant criteria, 22 studies were selected as fit to needs of this systematic review. A review of researches that used the Fitlight training system in sports has revealed a rather heterogeneous selection of topics. The results obtained are classified according to the sports in which the research was conducted. The results summary provided us with the insight into the multiple uses of the Fitlight system in sports as a training and measurement tool. It can be used in both individual and team sports. It can test sensory-cognitive and various motor skills: reaction speed, speed of single movement, speed of running, agility. Based on all of the information provided, the possibility of multiple applications of the Fitlight system in sports was highlighted.

Through the extraction of resources and anthropogenic activities, heavy metals or potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) have entered the environment. The mobilization of these PTEs through anthropogenic activity has badly contaminated the environment. Since these PTEs are nonbiodegradable, they accumulate by entering the food chain and eventually contaminate it. These phenomena pose serious threats to the protection of agriculture and the health of organisms in the environment. Some are mutagenic, endocrine disruptors, carcinogenic and teratogenic, whereas others trigger changes in neurology and behavior. Because of these negative effects, due consideration is also required for the remediation of PTE-contaminated sites. Extreme constraints such as high costs, labor requirements, soil resource modification, and soil native microflora destruction have an impact on various chemical and physical methods used for this purpose. Phytoremediation is a safer approach to the problem when compared to physical and chemical methods of remediation. The use of plants in polluted sites and media to reduce toxicants is a relatively recent technology and is considered cost-effective, novel, eco-friendly, and solar-driven technology with strong public approval. This chapter allows readers to get cost-effective ideas about the occurrence of PTEs, their sources, and their removal techniques with future recommendations.

Faisalabad is one of the major industrial cities of Pakistan, which may cause noise pollution to the local residents due to the development of robust industrial and transport systems. This study aimed at (i) mapping the noise pollution levels at various locations of Faisalabad city; (ii) comparing noise pollution levels in the morning, the afternoon, and the evening for each source; and (iii) assessing nonauditory effects of noise on human health. Two industries and 43 famous/busy locations of Faisalabad Sadar were selected to study noise pollution by using the sound level meter for the period of 24 h. A questionnaire-based survey was carried out near the sampling points to get a public perception about the health impacts of noise pollution. The measured equivalent sound pressure levels (SPLeq) were higher than the permissible limits at all the sampling locations during morning, afternoon, and evening hours. The maximum sound pressure level (SPLmax) was 102 dB inside the production unit in the afternoon at Mian Muhammad Siddiq Textile Loom industry. The average SPL was found at State Bank road (102 dB), Children’s Hospital (101 dB), Jhang Bazar (100 dB) in the afternoon and at Punjab Medical College in the evening (97 dB). Based on the survey, 94% of respondents reported headache, 76% sleeplessness, 74% hypertension, 74% physiological stress, 64% elevated blood pressure levels, and 60% dizziness due to noise. Noise pollution is higher than the standard limits and causes auditory as well as nonauditory effects on humans. The vehicles and industrial machinery should be maintained, and sound proofing and protection equipment should be provided to the workforce in order to protect them from extreme noise levels.

The student population is one of the most sensitive populations today, whereby it is necessary to consider the relationship between health and physical activity in order to improve students’ quality of life. In addition to physical inactivity, health status is adversely affected by constant technological innovations and excessive socializing, consumption of alcohol, tobacco and narcotics. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between the communication approach and attitudes of first- and fourth-year students of the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education on the impact of sports on health and improvement of mental hygiene. Using a 60-item questionnaire, the study included 70 healthy respondents of both genders (Mean ± SD: 20.86±1.76 years). The respondents were divided into two subsamples, i.e. a group of first-year students (IG; n=34; F=15, M=19) and a group of fourth-year students (IVG; n=36; F=18, M=18). All obtained data are presented by descriptive parameters. The reliability of the survey in terms of internal compliance was tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The manifest space of attitudes was processed by the scaling technique. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to determine differences in attitudes between first- and fourth-year students. For statistical significance of the differences in results between groups, the p

Intensity of electromagnetic pollution is followed by rapid increasing of new telecommunication technologies over the years. In order to prevent enlarged exposed of general population with doses of electromagnetic radiation above allowed for general population, living as well as working environment around antenna systems should be tested. Using sophisticated measurement equipment we measure intensity of electric field emitted from base station located at shopping center in urban zone of the Banja Luka city. Theoretical estimation of exposition was preceded to measurement procedure, resulting in mapping of exposure at different altitude around antenna system. This thorough investigation of electromagnetic pollution will become a part of typical systematic testing of high frequency non-ionizing radiation pollution. Tested area, around shopping center, where are located educational institution and sports center is found safe from emitted radiation.

The management of air quality at landfills has, among other things, the objective of controlling of waste management efficiency at the landfill. Modern landfills, although built in accordance with domestic and European regulations, affect the quality of the air in the areawherethey are located. The challenges faced by sanitary landfills are the safe disposal of waste, the possibility of waste recovery and environmental protection (air and wastewater pollution). This paper analyses the problems of air quality management at the location of the Brijesnicalandfill in Bijeljina and the assessment of the sanitary waste disposal method efficiency based on the analysis of the results of the air quality measurement at the landfill site.

The study presents results of the measurements of the atmospheric nitrogen dioxide concentration and simultaneous meteorological variables: average temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity, speed and wind direction. The data were collected from July 2015 to June 2017 at stations located in Banja Luka (locality Centre). Nitrogen dioxide is one of the major environmental pollutants which has negative impact on plants growth, atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Levels of nitrogen dioxide in air samples and meteorological variables from urban zone of Banja Luka were determined at locality, which is highly populated area, with intensive traffic. The study presents average measured values of nitrogen dioxide, together with maximal and minimal values and relationship between nitrogen dioxide and meteorological variables, i. e. for pollution modelling together with meteorological variables. Statistical analysis confirms string of rolls, which shows directional connection between nitrogen dioxide and meteorological variables. Correlation between nitrogen dioxide and temperature (r= -0.207), wind speed (r= -0.130) and relative humidity (r= -0.048) was negative and significant during the measurement period.

The aim of this review paper is to determine the significance of game interruptions for scoring a goal during a football match by providing a detailed analysis of the relevant literature. The collection of compiled research articles covered the period between 2000 and 2018. The following electronic databases were used to search the relevant literature: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO, all referring to the period from 2000 to 2018. The search included both male and female players of different age categories. Scientific papers that were excluded from this analysis are the ones written in another language, those presenting results from the training sessions, but not from the competition matches, and the papers which did not analyze game interruptions. The results show statistically significant correlation between game interruptions and scoring a goal. The most goals were scored from free kicks, followed by corner kicks. About 30% of the goals from different competitions and games were achieved after a set play. The factors that have the highest effect on scoring goals after a set play are the number of players in the wall, a distance from the goal and the number of players in the field between the goalkeeper and the position of the free kick. The data showed little or no differences, expressed in percentages, in terms of correlation between male and female players, including both senior and junior categories. Game interruptions have a significant impact on scoring a goal. They are part of the standard game situation and as such they require special attention during analysis.

A green chemistry approach for fabrication of active carbon, enriched with remediated iron is shown. Detailed characterization (HRSTEM, STM, and N2 adsorption) was performed, followed by active carbon soaking in iron and manganese ionic solutions obtained from remediated mining sludge. Novel forms of active carbons with round or needle-like oxide particles on the surface were obtained by combining these materials. The materials were tested as filters for sulfur dioxide, on sulfur-rich coals fume. After adsorption, the iron structures seem to play a stronger catalytic role in the filter regeneration, transforming the adsorbed sulfur dioxide into sulfuric acid.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is known as a major air pollutant harmful to human health. Furthermore, it is a precursor gas of sulfate aerosol, which exerts a direct negative radiative forcing and thus leads to climate cooling. Anthropogenic SO2 sources are primarily associated with the combustion of sulfur-rich fossil fuels. While the operation of flue gas desulfurization devices has led to large SO2 reductions in western Europe, a hotspot of anthropogenic SO2 sources remains in the Balkan region as recently observed from space by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite. Large coal-fired power plants with no or only incomplete SO2 removal cause these high emissions.Targeting these strong emitters, the DLR Falcon 20 aircraft was equipped with an isotopically on-line calibrated Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (CI-ITMS) to obtain detailed in situ SO2 observations during the METHANE-To-Go-Europe aircraft campaign in autumn 2020. These SO2 measurements were complemented by in situ observations of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4), aerosol number concentrations, and other short-lived pollutants (CO, NO, NOy). Two flights, on November 2nd and 7th 2020, focused on characterizing the pollution plumes downwind of two coal-fired power plants located in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Tuzla) and Serbia (Nikola Tesla), respectively. These power plants belong to the ten strongest SO2 emitters in Europe, and according to the World Health Organization, both countries are among the most polluted ones in Europe.We present a detailed analysis of the two DLR Falcon flights with strongly enhanced SO2 mixing ratios (exceeding 50 ppb), which were observed at low flight altitude (2 column densities, and both flights were performed during cloud-free conditions. The airborne measurements and satellite data will also be complemented by hourly ground-based SO2 measurements near both power plants. In addition, measurements are combined with state-of-the art model simulations from (i) the regional atmospheric chemistry climate model MECO(n); (ii) the atmospheric transport and dispersion model HYSPLIT; and (iii) the chemistry coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model WRF-Chem to improve the emission quantification of these power plants.

Elevated noise level is an emerging global problem. Therefore, the present work is conducted that can improve, increase, and integrate the already known issue in literature with new information coming from an emerging country such as Pakistan. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the urban noise levels and traffic density of Chiniot and Jhang and (ii) to determine nonauditory health effects of noise levels on the residents of both cities. Noise levels were examined from 181 locations (103 from Jhang and 78 from Chiniot) and categorized into hospitals, educational, religious and recreational, residential, industrial areas, and traffic intersections. A-weighted noise level measurements were taken using an integrated sound level meter which recorded short-term road traffic noise continuously for 15 min at each location (LAeq15). The urban noise data showed 82% of the sites in Jhang (LAmax = 103 dB) and 95% in Chiniot (LAmax = 120 dB) exceeded the noise limits set by the National Environment Quality Standard of Pakistan (NEQS-Pak) and World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, higher intensity of noise levels (LAeq15 ≥ 100 dB) was recorded in Chiniot (17 sites) than in Jhang (1 site). Regression analysis showed a relatively strong relationship of traffic density with noise at Chiniot (R2 = 0.48) compared to Jhang (R2 = 0.31). However, spatial variability of noise with traffic density was observed in both cities. Survey study revealed that all the respondents in Jhang and Chiniot suffered from many noise-related health problems such as annoyance (53 and 51%), depression (45 and 47%), dizziness (61 and 65%), headache (67 and 64%), hypertension (71 and 56%), hearing loss (53 and 56%), physiological stress (65 and 65%), sleeplessness (81 and 84%), and tinnitus (70 and 62%) due to noise, respectively. We conclude that noise levels are higher in Chiniot primarily due to high road traffic and secondarily due to high population density. It is recommended that vehicle maintenance and family and urban planning could be effective measures to reduce urban noise levels.

Nanotechnology has appeared as an emerging field of science in which we use nano-sized particles (nanoparticles) for beneficial uses like soil and water remediation from different contaminants like heavy metals, to improve soil fertility by adding nanofertilizers to nutrient deficient soils, agents to cope with climate change, and use in the medical field as agents for drug delivery and rapid diagnostics. Apart from their benefits, there are some hazards associated with these nanoparticles. They can affect a wide array of organisms through their application, ingestion, or accidental release into environment. They can reduce plant growth, yield, and even cause plant death, and can cause human and animal organ disorders through cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc.

The study aim was to determine the effectiveness of vibration training on changes in strength in individuals of both sexes. Vibration training is a modern form of training that is becoming more and more widespread and frequent, and involves the application of vibrational stimulations of a certain form to cause functional and structural changes. It is used during strength training, where it can act in isolation on individual muscle regions or as whole body vibrational training. These observations provide an opportunity to apply a new method in training to improve the training itself and thus the performance of the athletes. The impact of this training on motor skills, and even strength, as one of the most studied areas, has not been extensively researched. This paper analyzes 14 studies on the effects of vibrational training on the change in power, and the papers are systematically analyzed. A review of research conducted in the field of this training shows that the effects of such training methods show in both professional and recreational athletes. In most of the studies analyzed, training has shown significant changes in power as well as in other motor skills.

Background. Monitoring the abilities of typically developed children is very important.Methods. This study aimed to determine the levels and differences in motor coordination of the upper extremities between first and third-grade primary school children using the subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT-2). The sample included 79 healthy subjects of both sexes, chronological age ranging from seven to nine years, body height 134.51 ± 8.43 cm (Mean ± SD), bodyweight 33.01 ± 8.65 kg (Mean ± SD). The Mann–Whitney U test determined differences between groups, for the benefit of the group of third-grade subjects in all upper extremity coordination variables.Results. The results showed that differences in age and biological growth and development in young children in some variables of upper-limb coordination influenced medium size (2ULC, 6ULC, 7ULC), but in most of the variables examined they had great influence (1ULC. 3ULC, 4ULC, 5ULC, TULC) according to Cohen’s criterion.Conclusion. It can be concluded that well-organized and expertly guided physical activities, as well as regular testing of children when it comes to developing coordination, can influence early detection of movement difficulties and eliminate problems in acquiring new coordination skills, and thus create an appropriate base for engaging in sports activities while growing up. Keywords: motor development, coordination, physical education.

For hospital personnel, a number of harmful chemicals exist. The paper deal with very different harmful chemicals, but all chemicals are important and continuing problems where the risks to health, if uncontrolled, are serious. In the research was used descriptive statistical operations and multivariate statistical method, factor analysis (FA), i.e. principal component analysis (PCA). An analysis of 24 organic and inorganic parameters was performed. Results of the correlation analysis suggest that these pollutants pairs might have similar sources or have been affected by similar factors. PCA she confirmed that the mutually correlated elements constitute a group of elements with a similar origin.

Microorganisms in the air of occupational indoor environments are associated with a wide range of adverse health effects with major public health impact. The aim of this study was testing the presence of microbiological parameters (bacteria and fungi) and microclimatic parameters (temperature and relative humidity) in the clinical hospital “St. Luke the Apostle” in Doboj, which is located in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Concentrations of bacteria ranged from 35 CFU/m3 to 6,295 CFU/m3. Maximum fungal concentration was 1,135 CFU/m3, while the minimum was 10 CFU/m3. The average levels of bacteria (1,113 CFU/m3) and fungi (186 CFU/m3) indicated that all hospital rooms were generally contaminated. Statistical analysis confirmed direct connection between the number of bacteria, fungi and microclimatic parameters, especially relative humidity.

Research subjects of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (∑16PAHs), humus and pH were determined. The main objective of the paper is to determine the concentration levels, to assess the probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater and to determine the ecological risk. The ∑16PAHs in soil (at depths of 30 cm, 100 cm, 200 cm, 300 cm and 400 cm) ranged from 0.99 to 2.24 mg/kg, from 0.34 to 0.46, from 0.24 to 0.32, from 0.13 to 0.27 and from 0.13 to 0.47, with mean values of 1.70 mg/kg, 0.40 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. The ∑16PAHs in groundwater ranged from 0.23 to 4.50 mg/m3, with a mean value of 1.42 mg/m3. Surface soil and groundwater are heavily contaminated. All values of ∑PAHs in soil layers were lower in the depths of the soil. Factor analysis indicates three sources of contamination, i.e. principal component (PC) PC1 (pyrogenic), PC2 (petrogenic) and PC3 (biomass), with 52.39%, 26.14% and 8.46% of the total variance, respectively. ∑PAH and PAHs indicate high ecological risk for most PAHs, which decreases with soil depth.