486 results on '"Precision Time Protocol"'
Search Results
2. Performance evaluation of portable time synchronization method using eBPF.
- Author
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Kobori, Kazuto, Lee, Chunghan, and Hirotsu, Toshio
- Subjects
VIRTUAL machine systems ,SYNCHRONIZATION ,VIRTUAL reality ,SOCIAL networks ,TIMESTAMPS - Abstract
Summary: The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a widely used protocol for high‐precision time synchronization, but it requires hardware or driver support for network interface card. Therefore, we propose a portable time synchronization method that is independent of them. Our method uses eBPF to synchronize time by recording timestamps of PTP packets in the kernel. eBPF is provided by the kernel and is backward‐compatible, making it independent of hardware or other software. To demonstrate the portability and high‐precision time synchronization capabilities of our method, we compared the time synchronization precision in physical environment and virtual machine. We also modified server settings that could affect time synchronization precision, and clarified the effects of these changes. The experiments showed that our method can achieve the similar level of time synchronization precision as conventional methods while remaining portable and independent of other components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Testing Rogowski Coils with Merging Units for Smart Grids.
- Author
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Daboul, Mayada, Orságová, Jaroslava, Jurák, Viktor, and Vrtal, Matěj
- Subjects
- *
SMART power grids , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *POWER electronics , *RELIABILITY in engineering , *CALIBRATION - Abstract
As smart grids incorporate renewable energy sources and advanced power electronics, ensuring accurate measurement systems becomes paramount due to the increased complexity and potential sources of disturbances. This article focuses on the laboratory calibration of Rogowski coils (RCs) and merging units (MUs), which are fundamental for measuring, controlling, and monitoring digital power systems. A comprehensive digital calibration system is introduced, utilizing precise, commercially available components such as a fluxgate current transducer and a National Instrument. The system assesses magnitude and phase displacement errors under various operating conditions, including abnormal scenarios. Additionally, the impact of uncertainty sources on the measurement chain analysis is discussed, with test results conforming to established standards. This research contributes to enhancing the accuracy and reliability of measurement systems in the context of evolving smart grids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Clock synchronization in industrial Internet of Things and potential works in precision time protocol: Review, challenges and future directions
- Author
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Balakrishnan K, Dhanalakshmi R, Bam Bahadur Sinha, and Gopalakrishnan R
- Subjects
Clock synchronization ,Precision time protocol ,Industrial Internet of Things ,Network time protocol ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,QA75.5-76.95 ,Science - Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to revolutionize users' daily lives by enabling seamless data exchange among various ubiquitous devices over the Internet. However, achieving this broad objective can pose significant challenges for applications that require synchronized timing, such as ensuring the temporal sequencing of data or synchronized performance of activities. IoT networks typically comprise entities with varying resources, making it challenging to implement existing time synchronization methods like N.T.P. (Network Time Protocol) on resource-constrained devices. On the other hand, solutions that work for constrained systems may not be scalable across diverse IoT deployments. This survey paper delves into the clock synchronization issues in IoT installations where applications require a unified perception of time. The article describes clock synchronization solutions for various models and their associated performance and discusses several research challenges related to clock synchronization. Additionally, a review of time synchronization techniques is provided to aid IoT practitioners in selecting the most relevant aspects for deployment.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Time sensitive networking security: issues of precision time protocol and its implementation
- Author
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Davide Berardi, Nils O. Tippenhauer, Andrea Melis, Marco Prandini, and Franco Callegati
- Subjects
Time synchronization ,Time sensitive networking ,Precision time protocol ,Cybersecurity attacks ,Computer engineering. Computer hardware ,TK7885-7895 ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,QA75.5-76.95 - Abstract
Abstract Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) will be an integral component of industrial networking. Time synchronization in TSN is provided by the IEEE-1588, Precision Time Protocol (PTP) protocol. The standard, dating back to 2008, marginally addresses security aspects, notably not encompassing the frames designed for management purposes (Type Length Values or TLVs). In this work we show that the TLVs can be abused by an attacker to reconfigure, manipulate, or shut down time synchronization. The effects of such an attack can be serious, ranging from interruption of operations to actual unintended behavior of industrial devices, possibly resulting in physical damages or even harm to operators. The paper analyzes the root causes of this vulnerability, and provides concrete examples of attacks leveraging it to de-synchronize the clocks, showing that they can succeed with limited resources, realistically available to a malicious actor.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. IEEE 1588 time synchronisation and data flow assessment for IEC 61850 based power transmission substations
- Author
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Han, Mingyu, Wang, Zhongdong, and Liu, Qiang
- Subjects
629.8 ,IEEE 1588 ,IEC 61850 ,Precision Time Protocol ,Substation automation systems ,Protection, automation and control ,Digital substation - Abstract
Substation automation systems (SAS) in accordance with IEC 61850 are gaining popularity in the power industry and is expected to dominate the design of substations worldwide in the near future. The standard offers a 'future-proof' solution for the protection, automation and control (PAC) systems with cost reduction in design, operation and maintenance. IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is widely considered for use in IEC 61850 based substations due to its achievable sub-microsecond accuracy over Ethernet, which satisfies the accuracy required by sampled value (SV) process bus and other advanced PAC applications. However, PTP is still not considered by many utilities to be a fully-mature technology for reliable time distribution in substations. The propagation delay variations of PTP messages caused by network traffic are sometimes suspected of resulting in unacceptable timing errors. Substation engineers also require sufficient understanding of the PTP timing principle and the characteristics of network devices to operate and maintain the system. Additional investigations are needed urgently to study the characteristics of communication network behaviours in the presence of all principle IEC 61850 traffic. Confidence must be given to the system operators that the intrinsic data flow interactions in the well-designed substation automation system does not degrade the performance of either time synchronisation or other PAC applications. This research focuses on the use of PTP for precision timing, and interactions between multi-protocol substation traffic. A hardware test platform consisting of commercially-available products (e.g. clocks, Ethernet switches, merging units and protection relays) was designed and built to explore the performance both at the individual component level and at the complete substation automation system level. Testing tools including a traffic generator / network impairment emulator, a time synchronisation measurement server, an OMICRON test set, a network capture card and an Ethernet tap were integrated into the test platform to simulate several network conditions in both electrical and data communication systems. These network conditions were critical to fully understand the network characteristics and identify performance boundaries. The results systematically demonstrate that it is feasible to implement PTP as an alternative for conventional dedicated timing systems. PTP can be used in conjunction with seamless redundancy protocols as defined in IEC 62439-3 to enhance the system reliability while still maintaining a sub-microsecond accuracy requirement. Meanwhile, care must be taken with system vulnerabilities discovered under time synchronisation attacks. Delay, modification, denial of service and systematic spoofing attacks can result in deterioration of synchronisation accuracy. A transformer differential protection scheme was selected as an example to evaluate, theoretically and experimentally, the effect of inadequate time synchronisation on operating characteristics. The transfer latency of various process bus data including PTP, SV and Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) is studied using in-service Ethernet switches supporting seamless redundancy protocols. The obtained data transfer characteristics can be used to enhance the accuracy of latency estimation. Using the hardware testbed with 'live' substation equipment discovers factors that often struggle to be found in simulation and analytical studies. The findings of this research can be used as a performance reference which is valuable for various stakeholders including the standard board, power utilities, manufacturers and other academic researchers.
- Published
- 2020
7. Clock synchronization in industrial Internet of Things and potential works in precision time protocol: Review, challenges and future directions.
- Author
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K., Balakrishnan, R., Dhanalakshmi, Sinha, Bam Bahadur, and R., Gopalakrishnan
- Subjects
INTERNET of things ,INDUSTRIAL applications ,AIR quality monitoring ,MULTIPLE criteria decision making ,DATA analysis - Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to revolutionize users’ daily lives by enabling seamless data exchange among various ubiquitous devices over the Internet. However, achieving this broad objective can pose significant challenges for applications that require synchronized timing, such as ensuring the temporal sequencing of data or synchronized performance of activities. IoT networks typically comprise entities with varying resources, making it challenging to implement existing time synchronization methods like N.T.P. (Network Time Protocol) on resource-constrained devices. On the other hand, solutions that work for constrained systems may not be scalable across diverse IoT deployments. This survey paper delves into the clock synchronization issues in IoT installations where applications require a unified perception of time. The article describes clock synchronization solutions for various models and their associated performance and discusses several research challenges related to clock synchronization. Additionally, a review of time synchronization techniques is provided to aid IoT practitioners in selecting the most relevant aspects for deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Development Board Implementation and Chip Design of IEEE 1588 Clock Synchronization System Applied to Computer Networking.
- Author
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Lan, Yan-Kai, Chen, Yee-Shao, Hou, Ting-Chao, Wu, Bo-Lin, and Chu, Yuan-Sun
- Subjects
COMPUTER networks ,CLOCKS & watches ,COMPUTER systems ,NETWORK PC (Computer) ,INDUSTRIAL robots ,NONLINEAR oscillators - Abstract
With the vigorous development of industrial automation and the Internet of things, the transmission of data is more dependent on immediacy, so network devices have higher and higher requirements for time synchronization accuracy. The clock source of common network devices is provided by the transistor oscillator in the server, but the oscillator will change with factors such as aging and temperature, and it cannot be guaranteed that the oscillator in the server will work at the same frequency. Time synchronization can be achieved by technologies such as IRIG-B, NTP, or IEEE 1588 (PTP), but the hardware cost of building IRIG-B is high, and NTP has the lowest cost, but it can only provide time accuracy from milliseconds to microseconds. PTP can provide sub-microsecond or even nanosecond time precision. It is a system of time synchronization mechanisms through Ethernet transmission. In this article, we first propose a time synchronization system using the development board and PDP protocol. On the Xilinx Zynq-7000 SOC platform of Petalinux, we implement the hardware solution of Linux PTP. The hardware time stamp is 20 ns. To improve the accuracy, the congenital frequency error between the oscillators must be considered. Therefore, a PTP auxiliary time stamp with dynamic frequency compensation is proposed and designed into a chip. Experimental results show that at 45 nm (TN40G) it can operate at 370 MHz and achieve 2.7 ns resolution, which can be applied to more demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Latency-driven performance in data centres
- Author
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Popescu, Diana Andreea and Moore, Andrew W.
- Subjects
Data centre ,Cloud computing ,Network latency ,Application performance ,Precision Time Protocol ,Cluster Scheduling ,Network measurement - Abstract
Data centre based cloud computing has revolutionised the way businesses use computing infrastructure. Instead of building their own data centres, companies rent computing resources and deploy their applications on cloud hardware. Providing customers with well-defined application performance guarantees is of paramount importance to ensure transparency and to build a lasting collaboration between users and cloud operators. A user's application performance is subject to the constraints of the resources it has been allocated and to the impact of the network conditions in the data centre. In this dissertation, I argue that application performance in data centres can be improved through cluster scheduling of applications informed by predictions of application performance for given network latency, and measurements of current network latency in data centres between hosts. Firstly, I show how to use the Precision Time Protocol (PTP), through an open-source software implementation PTPd, to measure network latency and packet loss in data centres. I propose PTPmesh, which uses PTPd, as a cloud network monitoring tool for tenants. Furthermore, I conduct a measurement study using PTPmesh in different cloud providers, finding that network latency variability in data centres is still common. Normal latency values in data centres are in the order of tens or hundreds of microseconds, while unexpected events, such as network congestion or packet loss, can lead to latency spikes in the order of milliseconds. Secondly, I show that network latency matters for certain distributed applications even in small amounts of tens or hundreds of microseconds, significantly reducing their performance. I propose a methodology to determine the impact of network latency on distributed applications performance by injecting artificial delay into the network of an experimental setup. Based on the experimental results, I build functions that predict the performance of an application for a given network latency. Given the network latency variability observed in data centers, applications' performance is determined by their placement within the data centre. Thirdly, I propose latency-driven, application performance-aware, cluster scheduling as a way to provide performance guarantees to applications. I introduce NoMora, a cluster scheduling architecture that leverages the predictions of application performance dependent upon network latency combined with dynamic network latency measurements taken between pairs of hosts in data centres to place applications. Moreover, I show that NoMora improves application performance by choosing better placements than other scheduling policies.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Time sensitive networking security: issues of precision time protocol and its implementation.
- Author
-
Berardi, Davide, Tippenhauer, Nils O., Melis, Andrea, Prandini, Marco, and Callegati, Franco
- Subjects
COMPUTER network security ,CLOCKS & watches ,DENIAL of service attacks ,CYBERTERRORISM - Abstract
Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) will be an integral component of industrial networking. Time synchronization in TSN is provided by the IEEE-1588, Precision Time Protocol (PTP) protocol. The standard, dating back to 2008, marginally addresses security aspects, notably not encompassing the frames designed for management purposes (Type Length Values or TLVs). In this work we show that the TLVs can be abused by an attacker to reconfigure, manipulate, or shut down time synchronization. The effects of such an attack can be serious, ranging from interruption of operations to actual unintended behavior of industrial devices, possibly resulting in physical damages or even harm to operators. The paper analyzes the root causes of this vulnerability, and provides concrete examples of attacks leveraging it to de-synchronize the clocks, showing that they can succeed with limited resources, realistically available to a malicious actor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. 基于软件无线电的双向时间同步系统设计与实现.
- Author
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杨君豪, 楚鹰军, 曹骏, 周志行, 夏文龙, and 郭庆功
- Subjects
GLOBAL Positioning System ,FAST Fourier transforms ,TWO-way communication ,RADAR interference ,WIRELESS communications ,TIMESTAMPS - Abstract
Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Testing Rogowski Coils with Merging Units for Smart Grids
- Author
-
Mayada Daboul, Jaroslava Orságová, Viktor Jurák, and Matěj Vrtal
- Subjects
low-power current transformer ,Rogowski coil ,merging unit ,IEC 61850-9-2 ,precision time protocol ,calibration procedure ,Technology - Abstract
As smart grids incorporate renewable energy sources and advanced power electronics, ensuring accurate measurement systems becomes paramount due to the increased complexity and potential sources of disturbances. This article focuses on the laboratory calibration of Rogowski coils (RCs) and merging units (MUs), which are fundamental for measuring, controlling, and monitoring digital power systems. A comprehensive digital calibration system is introduced, utilizing precise, commercially available components such as a fluxgate current transducer and a National Instrument. The system assesses magnitude and phase displacement errors under various operating conditions, including abnormal scenarios. Additionally, the impact of uncertainty sources on the measurement chain analysis is discussed, with test results conforming to established standards. This research contributes to enhancing the accuracy and reliability of measurement systems in the context of evolving smart grids.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Automotive Ethernet Physical Optimization and IEEE 1588 Implementation
- Author
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Agarwal, Yash, Shilpa, D. R., Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Nath, Vijay, editor, and Mandal, J. K., editor
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Design and Development of Time Synchronization System Based on GPS/IRNSS and PTP Protocol
- Author
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Kumar, Shubham, Barla, Abhilasha, Selvakumar, G., Sarimela, Valluri, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Maji, Arnab Kumar, editor, Saha, Goutam, editor, Das, Sufal, editor, Basu, Subhadip, editor, and Tavares, João Manuel R. S., editor
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Integrity Verification of Distributed Nodes in Critical Infrastructures.
- Author
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Sisinni, Silvia, Margaria, Davide, Pedone, Ignazio, Lioy, Antonio, and Vesco, Andrea
- Subjects
- *
INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) , *GLOBAL Positioning System , *DATA integrity , *TELECOMMUNICATION systems , *5G networks - Abstract
The accuracy and reliability of time synchronization and distribution are essential requirements for many critical infrastructures, including telecommunication networks, where 5G technologies place increasingly stringent conditions in terms of maintaining highly accurate time. A lack of synchronization between the clocks causes a malfunction of the 5G network, preventing it from providing a high quality of service; this makes the time distribution network a very viable target for attacks. Various solutions have been analyzed to mitigate attacks on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio-frequency spectrum and the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) used for time distribution over the network. This paper highlights the significance of monitoring the integrity of the software and configurations of the infrastructural nodes of a time distribution network. Moreover, this work proposes an attestation scheme, based on the Trusted Computing principles, capable of detecting both software violations on the nodes and hardware attacks aimed at tampering with the configuration of the GNSS receivers. The proposed solution has been implemented and validated on a testbed representing a typical synchronization distribution network. The results, simulating various types of adversaries, emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed approach in a wide range of typical attacks and the certain limitations that need to be addressed to enhance the security of the current GNSS receivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Sub-Microsecond Time Synchronization for Network-Connected Microcontrollers
- Author
-
Schleusner, Jens, Fahnemann, Christian, Pfleiderer, Richard, Blume, Holger, Schleusner, Jens, Fahnemann, Christian, Pfleiderer, Richard, and Blume, Holger
- Abstract
This paper presents a bare-metal implementation of the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) for network-connected microcontroller edge devices, enabling sub-microsecond time synchronization in automotive networks and multimedia applications. The implementation leverages the hardware timestamping capabilities of the microcontroller (MCU) to implement a two-stage Phase-locked loop (PLL) for offset and drift correction of the hardware clock. Using the MCU platform as a PTP master enables the distribution of a sub-microsecond accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) timing signal over a network. The performance of the system is evaluated using master-slave configurations where the platform is synchronized with a GPS, an embedded platform, and a microcontroller master. Results show that MCU platforms can be synchronized to an external GPS reference over a network with a standard deviation of 40.7 nanoseconds, enabling precise time synchronization for bare-metal microcontroller systems in various applications.
- Published
- 2024
17. Study and Implementation of Ethernet Based Synchronization in Distributed Data Acquisition System
- Author
-
Manjaly, Jismi S., Krishnan, Abi K., Bonifus, P. L., Xhafa, Fatos, Series Editor, Smys, S., editor, Senjyu, Tomonobu, editor, and Lafata, Pavel, editor
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. A Method for Improving the Accuracy of Time Stamp based on Ethernet Transmission
- Author
-
Yue-ming LIU and Hang DONG
- Subjects
ethernet transmission ,precision time protocol ,time stamp jitter ,uniform envelope rate characterization ,precise synchronization ,Applied optics. Photonics ,TA1501-1820 - Abstract
Ethernet transmission has high requirements of clock synchronization accuracy. Factors such as switching between different clock domains and data bit width conversion will enlarge the jitter amplitude of the time stamp in the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) frame, resulting in the problem of clock asynchronization. In order to solve this issue, this paper proposes a method that can eliminate the jitter of the time stamp to improve the accuracy of the time stamp-uniform envelope rate characterization, which ensures the uniformity of the Ethernet transmission data distribution by depicting a uniform data envelope. Therefore, the time stamp jitter can be eliminated and precise clock synchronization is achieved. Experimental data shows that after the data is characterized by a uniform rate envelope, the jitter amplitude of the time stamp is significantly reduced with obvious the jitter elimination, and the jitter range remains within±20 ns.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Clock Synchronization Algorithms Over PTP-Unaware Networks: Reproducible Comparison Using an FPGA Testbed
- Author
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Igor Freire, Camila Novaes, Igor Almeida, Eduardo Medeiros, Miguel Berg, and Aldebaro Klautau
- Subjects
Clock synchronization ,IEEE 1588 ,partial timing support ,precision time protocol ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
This work explores clock synchronization algorithms used to process timestamps from the IEEE 1588 precision time protocol (PTP). It focuses on the PTP-unaware network scenario, where the network nodes do not actively contribute to PTP's operation. This scenario typically imposes a harsh environment for accurate clock distribution, primarily due to the packet delay variation experienced by PTP packets. In this context, it is essential to process the noisy PTP measurements using algorithms and strategies that consider the underlying clock and packet delay models. This work surveys some attractive algorithms and introduces an open-source analysis library that combines several of them for better performance. It also provides an unprecedented comparison of the algorithms based on datasets acquired from a sophisticated testbed composed of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The investigation provides insights regarding the synchronization performance under various scenarios of background traffic and oscillator stability.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A Security Management Architecture for Time Synchronization Towards High Precision Networks
- Author
-
Hongxing Li, Dengkui Li, Xiaodong Zhang, Guochu Shou, Yihong Hu, and Yaqiong Liu
- Subjects
Time synchronization ,delay attacks ,precision time protocol ,software-defined networking ,network functions virtualization ,time-sensitive networking ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Time synchronization is quickly becoming a fundamental prerequisite for a smart society. With the development of the fifth-generation (5G) network, time-sensitive networking (TSN), and the rise of high-precision networks, its accurate and reliable features have attracted an increasing amount of attention. As the most promising protocol with sub-microsecond accuracy, precision time protocol (PTP) has been widely used for network synchronization, and its proper operation and security are critical to the industries that build the infrastructure for a smart society. In order to provide synchronization security as a service, this paper presents a scheme based on software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) principles for synchronization security. Security management is built as a virtual network function (VNF), and a mitigation mechanism is proposed to detect delay attacks and generate countermeasures. Finally, we investigate the impact of random delay attacks, constant delay attacks, and linear delay attacks and verify the performance of the proposed mitigation mechanism through experiments. The results show that the scheme is capable of detecting PTP delay attacks and mitigating their impact on time synchronization.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Towards an Increased Detection Sensitivity of Time-Delay Attacks on Precision Time Protocol
- Author
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Lea Schonberger, Mohammad Hamad, Javier Velasquez Gomez, Sebastian Steinhorst, and Selma Saidi
- Subjects
Precision time protocol ,real-time ,response time analysis ,security ,time-delay attack ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Precision time protocol (PTP) is one of the most widely used protocols for clock synchronization in packet-switched networks, on which, among others, the transaction synchronization of the stock markets relies. PTP was not standardized with security as a core requirement and is therefore vulnerable and attractive to manifold kinds of malicious attacks, such as time-delay attacks (TDAs). TDAs, in short, corrupt the exchange of timestamped messages and thus cause an incorrect synchronization process. The annex P of the IEEE 1588-2019 standard has defined a number of security mechanisms for clock synchronization, but, however, none of these can protect a PTP-based system completely against TDAs. In this work, we enhance existing approaches by introducing a so-called observation task and analytically deriving attack parameters of an ongoing TDA. Following the recommendation of the annex P of the IEEE 1588-2019 standard, these attack parameters can serve as an additional input for intrusion detection systems and allow for a more reliable and sensitive detection of TDAs. In a comprehensive evaluation, we experimentally investigate the impact different attack parameter combinations can have on a system.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. IEEE 1588 High Accuracy Default Profile: Applications and Challenges
- Author
-
Francisco Girela-Lopez, Jose Lopez-Jimenez, Miguel Jimenez-Lopez, Rafael Rodriguez, Eduardo Ros, and Javier Diaz
- Subjects
GPS backup ,high accuracy profile ,IEEE 1588 ,time dissemination ,precision time protocol ,PTP ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Highly accurate synchronization has become a major requirement because of the rise of distributed applications, regulatory requests and position, navigation and timing backup needs. This fact has led to the development of new technologies which fulfill the new requirements in terms of accuracy and dependability. Nevertheless, some of these novel proposals have lacked determinism, robustness, interoperability, deployability, scalability or management tools preventing them to be extensively used in real industrial scenarios. Different segments require accurate timing information over a large number of nodes. Due to the high availability and low price of global satellite-based time references, many critical distributed facilities depend on them. However, the vulnerability to jamming or spoofing represents a well-known threat and back-up systems need to be deployed to mitigate it. The recently approved draft standard IEEE 1588-2019 includes the High Accuracy Default Precision Time Protocol Profile which is intensively based on the White Rabbit protocol. White Rabbit is an extension of current IEEE 1588-2008 network synchronization protocol for sub-nanosecond synchronization. This approach has been validated and intensively used during the last years. This paper revises the pre-standard protocol to expose the challenges that the High Accuracy profile will find after its release and covers existing applications, promising deployments and the technological roadmap, providing hints and an overview of features to be studied. The authors review different issues that have prevented the industrial adoption of White Rabbit in the past and introduce the latest developments that will facilitate the next IEEE 1588 High Accuracy extensive adoption.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Testbed Evaluation of Distributed Radio Timing Alignment Over Ethernet Fronthaul Networks
- Author
-
Igor Freire, Igor Almeida, Eduardo Medeiros, Miguel Berg, Chenguang Lu, Elmar Trojer, and Aldebaro Klautau
- Subjects
5G ,clock synchronization ,Ethernet ,fronthaul ,precision time protocol ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
This work investigates a mechanism for alignment of the timing on which spatially distributed and cooperative radio units transmit in radio-frequency (RF) when served over a packet-based fronthaul. It analyzes the problem by considering the imperfect clock synchronization of the radio units and the packet delay variation that fronthaul packets are subject to. Following the analysis, this paper proposes an implementation architecture for distributed RF transmission timing alignment based on synchronized triggering among radio units and centralized processing units. Throughout this discussion, special attention is given to the scheme's impact on the overall achievable fronthaul latency. Subsequently, this work discusses both hardware and software aspects of a prototype that was developed based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In the end, it presents results obtained on an Ethernet fronthaul testbed where the referred FPGA-based prototypes implement radio units that are synchronized using the IEEE 1588 precision time protocol or by pulse-per-second references. Results validate the functionality of the proposed architecture and illustrate various relevant choices concerning system parameters.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Integrity Verification of Distributed Nodes in Critical Infrastructures
- Author
-
Silvia Sisinni, Davide Margaria, Ignazio Pedone, Antonio Lioy, and Andrea Vesco
- Subjects
trusted computing ,remote attestation ,global navigation satellite system ,5G networks ,precision time protocol ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
The accuracy and reliability of time synchronization and distribution are essential requirements for many critical infrastructures, including telecommunication networks, where 5G technologies place increasingly stringent conditions in terms of maintaining highly accurate time. A lack of synchronization between the clocks causes a malfunction of the 5G network, preventing it from providing a high quality of service; this makes the time distribution network a very viable target for attacks. Various solutions have been analyzed to mitigate attacks on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio-frequency spectrum and the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) used for time distribution over the network. This paper highlights the significance of monitoring the integrity of the software and configurations of the infrastructural nodes of a time distribution network. Moreover, this work proposes an attestation scheme, based on the Trusted Computing principles, capable of detecting both software violations on the nodes and hardware attacks aimed at tampering with the configuration of the GNSS receivers. The proposed solution has been implemented and validated on a testbed representing a typical synchronization distribution network. The results, simulating various types of adversaries, emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed approach in a wide range of typical attacks and the certain limitations that need to be addressed to enhance the security of the current GNSS receivers.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. 一种基于以太网传输提高时间戳精度的方法.
- Author
-
刘月明 and 董航
- Abstract
Copyright of Study on Optical Communications / Guangtongxin Yanjiu is the property of Study on Optical Communications Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Time-Synchronization Method for CAN–Ethernet Networks with Gateways.
- Author
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Kim, Hyeong Jun, Lee, Uri, Kim, Manho, and Lee, Suk
- Subjects
OPTICAL radar ,LIDAR ,INTELLIGENT transportation systems ,TIMESTAMPS ,DRIVERLESS cars - Abstract
Featured Application: Authors are encouraged to provide a concise description of the specific application or a potential application of the work. This section is not mandatory. Time-synchronization technology can provide a common notion of time among the participating nodes on a network. This is essential not only for protocol operation for time-critical services but also for the time stamp for information included in the message. Precise time information can be very crucial for such things as autonomous driving because there are various sensor measurements from multiple cameras, and radio detection and ranging (radar) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are used for perceiving the current situation via sensor fusion. A well-known synchronization method, IEEE 1588, denoted as the precision time protocol (PTP), can be used for various applications. For in-vehicle networks of autonomous cars, we have to consider that the network may be comprised of subnetworks based on different protocols such as controller area network (CAN) and Ethernet. However, implementing PTPs on such heterogeneous vehicle networks causes several problems. First, the PTP procedure must be modified to be implement on a CAN network. Second, to calculate the delay and offset for PTP, the processing delay that occurs during message conversion must be considered. In this paper, we propose a synchronization method for CAN–Ethernet networks to solve these problems. The performance of the proposed synchronization method is evaluated by experiments on a real CAN–Ethernet network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. PTP-based time synchronisation of smart meter data for state estimation in power distribution networks
- Author
-
Maman Ahmad Khan and Barry Hayes
- Subjects
distribution networks ,power system state estimation ,power system measurement ,power engineering computing ,power distribution control ,synchronisation ,smart power grids ,phasor measurement ,protocols ,distributed power generation ,smart meters ,distribution system monitoring ,power distribution networks ,low voltage distribution networks ,ieee-123 bus unbalanced test networks ,three-phase state estimation simulation ,ptp synchronisation ,phasor measurement units ,msm-based distribution network monitoring system ,existing smart meter sensor ,smart meter measurements ,ptp-based time synchronisation ,msm device ,smart meter data ,accurate time synchronisation ,modified smart meter ,precision time protocol ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
This paper develops a novel approach for distribution system monitoring and state estimation, where time synchronisation of smart-meter measurements is carried out via the Precision Time Protocol (PTP). The approach is based on the concept of a Modified Smart Meter (MSM), a distribution system monitoring instrument that enables accurate time synchronisation of smart meter data. The design, application, communication technique and protocols of the MSM are described in detail. The proposed MSM device features PTP-based time synchronisation of smart meter measurements, and the concept of unbundling is applied to collect measurements utilising the existing smart meter sensors. This is expected to reduce the overall implementation cost of an MSM-based distribution network monitoring system compared to a system based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The problem of requiring open sky access for GPS links can potentially be solved by means of PTP synchronisation. Three-phase state estimation simulations using the IEEE-13 and 123 bus unbalanced test networks are employed to demonstrate the applicability of the MSM, and its performance is compared to standard PMU devices. The results indicate that the MSM may represent a workable monitoring solution for MV and LV distribution networks, with an acceptable trade-off between cost and performance.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Precise Clock Synchronization in High Performance Wireless Communication for Time Sensitive Networking
- Author
-
Deep Shrestha, Zhibo Pang, and Dacfey Dzung
- Subjects
Clock synchronization ,clock drift factor ,industrial wireless sensor network ,precision time protocol ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
In this paper, an enhanced precision time protocol (PTP) to enable precise clock synchronization between the nodes within an industrial wireless sensor network deployed for critical control and automation applications is proposed. As it will be shown, by incorporating clock drift factor, the accuracy of clock offset estimation of conventional PTP scheme can be significantly improved. Furthermore, in order to enhance the application of proposed clock synchronization scheme, typically in non-line-of-sight industrial communication environment, the problem of efficient symbol timing synchronization is also studied, and a simplified, yet efficient, start of the frame detector that enables robust timestamp message decoding during clock synchronization period is also proposed.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A Case for Feedforward Control with Feedback Trim to Mitigate Time Transfer Attacks.
- Author
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ANWAR, FATIMA M. and SRIVASTAVA, MANI
- Subjects
FEEDFORWARD control systems ,COMPUTER crimes ,DATA packeting ,DISTRIBUTED computing ,COMPUTER network architectures - Abstract
We propose a new clock synchronization architecture for systems under time transfer attacks. Facilitated by a feedforward control with feedback trim-based clock adjustment, coupled with packet filtering and frequency shaping techniques, our proposed architecture bounds the clock errors in the presence of a powerful network attacker capable of attacking packets between a master and a client. A key advantage is consistent measurements, timely coordination, and synchronized actuation in distributed systems. In contrast, current time synchronization architectures behave poorly under attacks due to assumptions that the network is benign and delays are symmetric. The usage of feedback controllers aggravates poor performance. We provide an architecture that is indifferent to delays and eases the integration to traditional protocols. We implement a delay attack-resistant precision time protocol and validate the results on a hardware-supported testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Space and Time Parallel Multigrid for Optimization and Uncertainty Quantification in PDE Simulations
- Author
-
Grasedyck, Lars, Löbbert, Christian, Wittum, Gabriel, Nägel, Arne, Schulz, Volker, Siebenborn, Martin, Krause, Rolf, Benedusi, Pietro, Küster, Uwe, Dick, Björn, Barth, Timothy J., Series editor, Griebel, Michael, Series editor, Keyes, David E., Series editor, Nieminen, Risto M., Series editor, Roose, Dirk, Series editor, Schlick, Tamar, Series editor, Bungartz, Hans-Joachim, editor, Neumann, Philipp, editor, and Nagel, Wolfgang E., editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Provision of a Global Time Base
- Author
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Trsek, Henning, inIT - Institut für industrielle Informa, and Trsek, Henning
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Delay and Offset Calibration Schemes for the INO ICAL Electronics
- Author
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Kaur, P. K., Mondal, N. K., Pathaleswar, Saraf, M. N., Satyanarayana, B., Sil, D., Upadhya, S. S., and Bhuyan, Bipul, editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Recent Advances in Precision Clock Synchronization Protocols for Power Grid Control Systems
- Author
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Terry Jones, Doug Arnold, Frank Tuffner, Rodney Cummings, and Kang Lee
- Subjects
clock synchronization ,time service ,Distributed Time Protocol ,Precision Time Protocol ,IEEE 1588 ,Technology - Abstract
With the advent of a new Precision Time Protocol specification, new opportunities abound for clock synchronization possibilities within power grid control systems. The third iteration of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard 1588 specification provides several new features specifically aimed at complex, wide-area deployments in which situational awareness and control require precise time agreement. This paper describes the challenges faced by existing technology, introduces the new time distribution specification, and provides examples to explain how it represents a game-changing innovation.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Development Board Implementation and Chip Design of IEEE 1588 Clock Synchronization System Applied to Computer Networking
- Author
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Yan-Kai Lan, Yee-Shao Chen, Ting-Chao Hou, Bo-Lin Wu, and Yuan-Sun Chu
- Subjects
Computer Networks and Communications ,Hardware and Architecture ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Signal Processing ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,IEEE 1588 ,precision time protocol ,time synchronization ,IoT - Abstract
With the vigorous development of industrial automation and the Internet of things, the transmission of data is more dependent on immediacy, so network devices have higher and higher requirements for time synchronization accuracy. The clock source of common network devices is provided by the transistor oscillator in the server, but the oscillator will change with factors such as aging and temperature, and it cannot be guaranteed that the oscillator in the server will work at the same frequency. Time synchronization can be achieved by technologies such as IRIG-B, NTP, or IEEE 1588 (PTP), but the hardware cost of building IRIG-B is high, and NTP has the lowest cost, but it can only provide time accuracy from milliseconds to microseconds. PTP can provide sub-microsecond or even nanosecond time precision. It is a system of time synchronization mechanisms through Ethernet transmission. In this article, we first propose a time synchronization system using the development board and PDP protocol. On the Xilinx Zynq-7000 SOC platform of Petalinux, we implement the hardware solution of Linux PTP. The hardware time stamp is 20 ns. To improve the accuracy, the congenital frequency error between the oscillators must be considered. Therefore, a PTP auxiliary time stamp with dynamic frequency compensation is proposed and designed into a chip. Experimental results show that at 45 nm (TN40G) it can operate at 370 MHz and achieve 2.7 ns resolution, which can be applied to more demands.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Long-term subsea observatories: Comparison of architectures and solutions for infrastructure design, interfaces, materials, sensor protection and deployment operations
- Author
-
Auffret, Y., Blandin, J., Choqueuse, D., Compère, C., Delauney, L., Drogou, J.-F., Jégou, P., Lévêque, C., Rolin, J.-F., Valdy, P., Favali, Paolo, Beranzoli, Laura, and De Santis, Angelo
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Time-synchronized Network Architecture for Data Acquisition Phase I - Final Report
- Author
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Skulski, Wojciech
- Published
- 2012
37. Time-Synchronization Method for CAN–Ethernet Networks with Gateways
- Author
-
Hyeong Jun Kim, Uri Lee, Manho Kim, and Suk Lee
- Subjects
time synchronization ,CAN–Ethernet network ,in-vehicle network ,IEEE 1588 ,precision time protocol ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Time-synchronization technology can provide a common notion of time among the participating nodes on a network. This is essential not only for protocol operation for time-critical services but also for the time stamp for information included in the message. Precise time information can be very crucial for such things as autonomous driving because there are various sensor measurements from multiple cameras, and radio detection and ranging (radar) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are used for perceiving the current situation via sensor fusion. A well-known synchronization method, IEEE 1588, denoted as the precision time protocol (PTP), can be used for various applications. For in-vehicle networks of autonomous cars, we have to consider that the network may be comprised of subnetworks based on different protocols such as controller area network (CAN) and Ethernet. However, implementing PTPs on such heterogeneous vehicle networks causes several problems. First, the PTP procedure must be modified to be implement on a CAN network. Second, to calculate the delay and offset for PTP, the processing delay that occurs during message conversion must be considered. In this paper, we propose a synchronization method for CAN–Ethernet networks to solve these problems. The performance of the proposed synchronization method is evaluated by experiments on a real CAN–Ethernet network.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Синхронизация распределенного эксперимента с обратной связью (на базе IEEE 1588 – PTP и White Rabbit)
- Subjects
group operations ,distributed controlled experiment ,распределенный управляемый эксперимент ,White Rabbit ,синхронизация ,групповые операции ,synchronization ,Precision Time Protocol - Abstract
Предложен децентрализованно выполняемый способ синхронного запуска действий группы физических объектов – участников управляемого эксперимента. В нем объекты обнаруживают появление событий, требующих совместных действий всех объектов, и без участия управляющего центра создают общую команду для начала выполнения действий объектов одновременно или с заданными для каждого объекта дополнительными задержками. Для этого объекты обмениваются сообщениями через не содержащий вычислительных средств ретранслятор сигналов, формируют в нем общую команду и выполняют вспомогательные вычисления. Обеспечен необходимый для этих действий одновременный приход в ретранслятор сообщений объектов с совмещением их одноименных двоичных разрядов. В целом, в способе группа объектов функционирует как распределенная управляющая система, с минимальными задержками корректирующая выполнение эксперимента в ответ на появление непредвиденных или ожидаемых в неизвестные моменты времени событий., We propose a method decentralized executed synchronous initiation of actions of a group of physical objects participants of a controlled experiment. Here, the objects detect the occurrence of events, which require joint actions of all objects, and without the participation of the control center create a common command to initiate the actions of the objects simultaneously or with additional delays prescribed for each object. For this purpose, objects exchange messages via a signal repeater that does not contain computational means, form a common command in it, and perform auxiliary calculations. Necessary for these actions the simultaneous arrival in the repeater messages objects with the alignment of their binary digits of the same name is provided. In general, in the method, a group of objects functions as a distributed control system, which corrects the execution of the experiment with minimum delays in response to the appearance of unforeseen or expected at unknown points in time events., Управление большими системами: сборник трудов, Выпуск 103 2023, Pages 171-189
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Feasibility of S-plane configuration for shared radio units among mobile network operators
- Author
-
Tatsuya Shimada, Tomoaki Yoshida, Hirofumi Yamamoto, and Takahashi Keita
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,Cellular network ,Precision Time Protocol ,business ,Computer network ,Time synchronization - Published
- 2021
40. Measuring Network Conditions in Data Centers Using the Precision Time Protocol
- Author
-
Diana Andreea Popescu and Andrew W. Moore
- Subjects
Measure (data warehouse) ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Network packet ,Real-time computing ,Cloud computing ,Network monitoring ,Packet loss ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Latency (engineering) ,business ,Precision Time Protocol ,Block (data storage) - Abstract
Increased network latency and packets losses can affect substantially application performance. Due to the scale of data centers, custom network monitoring tools have been developed to measure network latency and packet loss. In this paper, we use the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to estimate one-way delay and to quantify packet loss ratios. We propose PTPmesh as a cloud network monitoring tool which uses PTPd as a building block. We present an analysis of PTPmesh latency and packet loss measurements collected in ten data centers from three cloud providers. Our findings reveal different latency, latency variance, packet loss and path symmetry characteristics across data centers. To foster further research in this area, we make our dataset available at Popescu and Moore (2018).
- Published
- 2021
41. Planning and control of mobile manipulator’s operation on objects with restricted motion in intelligent environment
- Author
-
Kun Xu and Zhiliang Wang
- Subjects
Computer science ,Mobile manipulator ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Library and Information Sciences ,Visual servoing ,Computer Science Applications ,CAN bus ,Hardware and Architecture ,Control theory ,Obstacle avoidance ,Motion planning ,Precision Time Protocol ,Robotic arm ,Simulation - Abstract
With the rapid development of science and technology, the current ordinary industrial manipulator cannot complete the task well, because it is difficult to control. This research mainly discusses the planning and control of the mobile manipulator for the operation of restricted motion objects in an intelligent environment. In this study, the rapid search random tree (RRT) method is used to study the obstacle avoidance motion planning of the manipulator. The 6-axis robotic arm system uses CAN (controller area network) bus to connect each joint in series and then connect to the multi-axis controller Maestro, and the host computer and Maestro send and receive control commands based on the TCP/IP protocol. A 1-DOF grip is installed at the end of the robotic arm, and the grip is connected to the end of the robotic arm (i.e., at the wrist joint of the robotic arm) through a 6-dimensional force 1 torque sensor. The operating system of the host computer is Ubuntu 14.04. The position of the object is recognized through Kinect, and the position of the object is sent to the robotic arm control software. The PTP (precision time protocol) of the robotic arm moves to a certain distance in front of the object, and then the movement of the robotic arm is controlled by visual servoing to complete the object capture. Each joint of the manipulator uses a speed control mode. In a single control cycle, the joint angular velocity of the manipulator remains unchanged. The controller used by the robotic arm is a 51-core STC12C5410AD single-chip microcomputer, which ensures the response speed of the joint motor linkage. In the environment of multiple obstacles, the RRT algorithm has 10 simulation experiments, the average sampling time is 95.651 s, and the average sampling point is 1308. The results show that the RRT algorithm proposed in this study enables the manipulator to move from the starting point to the endpoint in the environment of multiple obstacles, while avoiding the obstacles, and the mobile manipulator can better operate the motion-limited objects.
- Published
- 2021
42. White Rabbit Time Synchronization for Radiation Detector Readout Electronics
- Author
-
Shawn Hoover and Wolfgang Hennig
- Subjects
Ethernet ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Detector ,Gigabit Ethernet ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,Particle detector ,Clock synchronization ,Synchronization ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Precision Time Protocol ,business ,Field-programmable gate array ,Nuclear Experiment ,Computer hardware - Abstract
As radiation detector arrays in nuclear physics applications become larger and physically more separated, the time synchronization and trigger distribution between many channels of detector readout electronics become more challenging. Clocks and triggers are traditionally distributed through dedicated cabling, but newer methods such as the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol and White Rabbit allow clock synchronization through the exchange of timing messages over Ethernet. Consequently, we report here the use of White Rabbit in a new detector readout module, the Pixie-Net XL. The White Rabbit core, data capture from multiple digitizing channels, and subsequent pulse processing for pulse height and constant fraction timing are implemented in a Kintex 7 field programmable gate array (FPGA). The detector data records include White Rabbit timestamps and are transmitted to storage through the White Rabbit core’s gigabit Ethernet data path or a slower diagnostic/control link using an embedded Zynq processor. The performance is characterized by time-of-flight style measurements and by time correlation of high energy background events from cosmic showers in detectors separated by longer distances. Software for the Zynq processor can implement “software triggering,” for example to limit recording of data to events where a minimum number of channels from multiple modules detect radiation at the same time.
- Published
- 2021
43. Model-Based Evaluation and Improvement of PTP Syntonisation Accuracy in Packet-Switched Backhaul Networks for Mobile Applications
- Author
-
Wolter, Katinka, Reinecke, Philipp, Mittermaier, Alfons, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, and Thomas, Nigel, editor
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Detection and Mitigation Model for PTP Delay Attack in an IEC 61850 Substation.
- Author
-
Moussa, Bassam, Debbabi, Mourad, and Assi, Chadi
- Abstract
Smart grid applications demand the availability of a reliable and accurate time signal. Measurements and events need to be correctly aligned to enable proper actions and decisions. Precision time protocol (PTP) is the favored protocol for time distribution across smart grid domains. The correct functionality of PTP is of paramount importance and its security is of high priority. To harden its security, detection, and prevention mechanisms against attacks targeting PTP are needed. In this paper, we propose detection and mitigation mechanisms against the known PTP delay attack. We apply model checking to quantify the effect of the delay attack. Moreover, the validity of the proposed mechanism is formally proven. The suggested approach is tested on a physical system. The collected results support the usefulness of the mechanism in detecting the delay attacks targeting PTP, and preserving the system functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. A survey on high-precision time synchronization techniques for optical datacenter networks and a zero-overhead microsecond-accuracy solution.
- Author
-
Ahmed, Tanjila, Rahman, Sabidur, Tornatore, Massimo, Kim, Kwangjoon, and Mukherjee, Biswanath
- Abstract
A datacenter, which is a highly distributed multiprocessing system, needs to keep accurate track of time across a large number of machines. Precise time synchronization has become a critical component due to stringent requirements of several time critical applications such as real-time big data analytics, high-performance computing, and financial trading. Our study starts with a survey on the most relevant time synchronization techniques for datacenter networks. Then, we propose a zero-overhead microsecond-accuracy solution to synchronize a packet-switched optical network for datacenters. To achieve the desired time accuracy, we consider precision time protocol to synchronize the server clocks with a central controller clock. Zero-overhead is maintained by using data traffic to carry the time messages instead of a separate control channel. Through simulation, we show that microsecond level of time accuracy can be achieved. We also discuss the dependency of the accuracy on different traffic loads, traffic distributions, and packet lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Characterization of Substation Process Bus Network Delays.
- Author
-
Santos, Andre dos, Soares, Bruno, Fan, Chen, Kuipers, Martijn, Sabino, Srgio, Grilo, Antonio M. R. C., Pereira, Paulo Rogerio B. A., Nunes, Mario Serafim, and Casaca, Augusto
- Abstract
This paper presents the characterization of network delays in an IEC61850 process bus substation area network, both through theoretical analysis and simulations. Several design targets were defined considering the recommendations of standards and good design practices: number of network hops, total network delay, probability of the delay being exceeded, link load, network topology and availability. An analytical delay estimation methodology is proposed, considering both the steady-state traffic and traffic resulting from a breaker failure event. A complete substation is taken as an example for characterizing the network delays, considering a star network topology. Simulations allow to obtain the cumulative distribution functions and percentile values of network delays. Results show a good agreement between the simulation and the analytical analysis. While the delay is best characterized statistically through simulation, finding the maximum network delay through simulations can be very time consuming, making the analytical analysis more suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Progress in the development of the EAST timing synchronization system upgrade based on precision time protocol.
- Author
-
Zhang, Z.C., Xiao, B.J., Ji, Z.S., Wang, Y., and Wang, P.
- Subjects
- *
SYNCHRONIZATION , *SUPERCONDUCTORS , *MANUSCRIPTS , *TRIGGER warnings , *COMPUTER network protocols - Abstract
The timing synchronization system (TSS) plays an important role in the experiments of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The purpose of this system is to synchronize each subsystem of EAST according to the reference clock and delay trigger signal, and ensuring stable operation of the EAST fusion device. A prototype TSS module based on precision time protocol (PTP) has been developed using the PXI bus standard and FPGA devices. This new TSS can provide reference clock signals with frequency of up to 50 MHz with isolation fan-out devices. The maximum trigger skewing between different nodes is less than 10 ns. This new TSS is more expandable and suitable for the synchronization and timing control of the EAST fusion experiment. It has been in steady operation since the 2016 EAST experimental campaign. This paper concentrates on the modifications of the TSS, the details about the system architecture and test results will be described in this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Estimation Theory-Based Robust Phase Offset Determination in Presence of Possible Path Asymmetries.
- Author
-
Karthik, Anantha K. and Blum, Rick S.
- Subjects
- *
ESTIMATION theory , *GLOBAL Positioning System , *NETWORK Time Protocol (Computer network protocol) , *WIRELESS communications - Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of robust clock phase offset estimation for the IEEE 1588 precision time protocol in the presence of unknown asymmetric network path delays. The presence of an unknown asymmetry between the path delays can lead to significant degradation in the performance of a phase offset estimation scheme. Assuming multiple master-slave communication paths are available, we first provide lower bounds on the best achievable performance for a phase offset estimation scheme in the presence of asymmetric master-slave communication paths. We then present a novel phase offset estimation scheme that employs the expectation-maximization algorithm to identify the asymmetric master–slave communication paths. After discarding information from these paths, we employ the minimax optimum vector location parameter estimator for estimating the phase offset. Simulation results are presented to show that the proposed phase offset estimation scheme exhibits performance close to the lower bounds in a wide variety of network scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Olm: A Hands-on Approach
- Author
-
Willis, Stephen and Bos, M. J., editor
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Monitoring and Analysis of SMPTE ST 2059-2 PTP Networks and Media Devices
- Author
-
Thomas Kernen and Nikolaus Kero
- Subjects
Consistency (database systems) ,Backup ,Computer science ,Event (computing) ,Real-time computing ,Media Technology ,Time transfer ,Fault tolerance ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Precision Time Protocol ,Protocol (object-oriented programming) ,Networking hardware - Abstract
As All-IP studios leveraging the SMPTE ST 2110 document suite gain traction, one of the fundamental pillars upon which such systems rely is an accurate and reliable time transfer protocol. SMPTE ST 2059 standardized such a model based on the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP). Every element, whether it be network or media devices, impacts the overall time transfer accuracy. This impacts the timing of the ST 2110 media streams that are generated or received by the media nodes. While PTP does provide fault tolerance capabilities, performance degradation of time transfer is not always well understood. This can significantly impact operations in live networks, it being due to a sudden event or a degradation over time. Therefore, an overarching view of the end-to-end timing system including backup, standby, and network devices is required. Monitoring of such capabilities should be common to all devices, whenever possible, including different means to verify in-band and out-of-band measurements as to how devices are performing, with respect to time transfer. Combined with historical archiving of the monitored data, this provides the framework for tracking and correlating possible events. This paper describes the different monitoring capabilities, their advantages and weaknesses, and the value they provide to the monitored datasets. It further focuses on the means to make the process uniform across all monitored devices to ensure consistency in the collected data. Finally, we discuss the ongoing efforts in SMPTE and other standardization bodies around PTP monitoring, the common trends, expected outcomes, and how these will contribute to streamlining time transfer monitoring, supervision, and analysis .
- Published
- 2021
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