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Duffing equation can describe many important nonlinear physical systems. In this paper a coupled approach based on quasilinearization and Bessel polynomial collocation method has been suggested to solve nonlinear duffing oscillator equation. The nonlinearity in duffing oscillator can be of various variety. This approach is very efficient, stable and reliable to deal with any kind of nonlinearity. Numerical examples demonstrate the validity and applicability of the approach on various types of nonlinear duffing oscillator equation.

This paper presents a coupled approach to solve the Kuramoto-Shivashinsky equations. This approach isa combination of modified variation iteration method and a rational approximation by mathematical software MATHEMATICA. Numerical examples illustrate that this combination of two techniques improves accuracy.

Extraction and carrier mediated transport through bulk liquid membrane and supported liquid membrane systems have wide applications in separation technology. This paper highlights the use of six noncyclic receptors (podands) having variations in chain length and end group for the removal of urea using liquid membrane system. These receptors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 are diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively. The sequence of extraction and transport of urea by BLM system using various receptors is R2 > R3 > R1 > R4 > R5 > R6 and R6 ≈ R3 > R5 > R4 > R1 > R2 respectively. Receptor R2 containing butyl end group is best extractant while receptor R6 with flexible backbone is best carrier and this carrier efficiency is used to remove urea using BLM system from the feed phase by recyclization process up to 88.16%. The experimental results influenced by concentration of receptors and urea. Effect of time was also studied. Keywords: Liquid-liquid extraction, Bulk liquid membrane (BLM) and supported liquid membrane (SLM) transport system, Hydrophobicity, Podands, Recyclization

The study assessed the energy use efficiency and economics of low input-intensive hill crops under the valley farming system in Indian central Himalaya. It was conducted in the Uttarakhand state by using sample survey techniques. A total eleven crops viz. paddy, finger millet, barnyard millet, soybean, horse gram, wheat, lentil, barley, mustard, potato and pea were studied along with seven prevalent cropping system of the valley farming system viz. rice–pea, pulses pea, pulses–potato, rice–wheat, pulses–mustard, barnyard millet–wheat, finger millet–fallow. It was found among all inputs the different operations, seed consumed the bulk of energy for all crops except field pea. The total input energy consumption was found highest for pea (16.89 GJ/ha) followed by potato (8.89 GJ/ha) and rice (3.83 GJ/ha) whereas lowest for mustard (0.84 GJ/ha). The pea followed by potato is giving a maximum yield in terms of rice equivalent yield. Comparing the economic and energy efficiency together the most remunerative crop sequences were estimated as pulses–pea, followed by rice–pea as output per rupee investment is higher than other sequences although as far as energy profitability is concerned, finger millet–fallow followed by rice–wheat and barnyard millet–wheat are better options for valley farming system in Indian central Himalaya.

Radio is one of the most powerful mass media for the dissemination of agricultural information and its effectiveness has been well established by many researchers. Krishi Samriddhi radio programme is a farm radio programme which is being sponsored by ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora and broadcasted through All India Radio, Akashvani, Almora since July 2009 with the prime objective to disseminate modern agricultural information amongst the local hill farmers as per their need. The present study was conducted to analyze the talks broadcasted in Krishi Samriddhi farm radio programme in a year and its effectiveness as perceived by the farmer listeners. The analysis showed that a total of 53 radio talks were broadcasted during this period mostly on the topics related to crop production (30.19%) followed by crop improvement (24.53%), social science (20.75%), crop protection (15.09%), animal husbandry (7.55%) and horticulture (1.89%). Majority of the farmer listeners perceived that presentation of the radio talks is appealing (96.67%), credible information is shared through this program (96.67%), duration of the programme is sufficient (95%), broadcast timing of the topics is as per with local agricultural practices (95%), time of broadcasting of the programme is very conducive for farmers to listen regularly (93.33%), program is increasing the knowledge of farmers regarding improved farm practices (93.33%), language used in the talks is easily understandable (91.67%), topics are of diverse nature and cover every sphere of agriculture (91.67%), broadcasted topics are very much relevant (90%) and frequency of broadcasting of the programme is adequate (90%). Findings of this study suggest that radio should be utilized with all its possible applications to communicate agricultural information in local dialect in rural areas.

Weather forecasting which is a key player in everyday life is a remarkable advantage of science and technology. Weather prediction can support people as protecting the assets and lives of them. The persons involved in outdoor occupations can be benefited by the weather prediction as they needed to know the weather previously. In the paper, the concept of supervised learning is used, which is one of the learning techniques in machine learning. The paper presents the algorithm, which applies the concept of linear regression and artificial neural network, to predict the variation of temperatures such as high and low values as features in a linear combination. The main features focus on maximum or minimum temperature, mean values of humidity, and atmospheric pressures considering the previous two days. The paper focuses on prediction and analysis of weather forecasting which further entirely applies the concept of machine learning.

In this paper, Improved Iteration Method (IIM) is proposed for the thermal analysis of some fin problems. Fin is the extended surface that helps to transfer heat from hot body to the external environment. Thermal efficiency of fin can be analyzed with the help of temperature distribution of fin, which can be modelled by nonlinear differential equation. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by solving few nonlinear fin problems with different values of thermal conductivity parameter. The numerical results obtained by the proposed method show the excellent agreement with exact solution as well as with the solutions obtained by some recently developed methods. Convergence analysis of the proposed method has also been discussed.

This paper propose an idea and implementation of the power optimization for the solar operated IoT sensor node for the data uploading on cloud. We have used Wemos D1 Mini board for the data recording, uploading data on cloud and power consumption optimization. The whole system is working on rechargeable 4000 mAh Li-ion battery which is charging through TP 4056 Charging Board. We have used BME280 sensor. The BME280 is a combined digital humidity, pressure and temperature sensor, we have sensed only humidity and temperature. For charging the battery we have used mini solar panel. The system is fully autonomous and working on solar power only. We have prepared one casing for the system so that all the circuit and components can placed inside the case for environmental protection.

A blacksmith is a person who forges, or shapes, metal by first heating it until it is red-hot, then uses tools like chisels and hammers to force the metal into the shape he desires. Blacksmiths usually work standing up and have to bend over to work on pieces of metal. The work can involve heavy lifting, use of power tools such as power hammers, drills, air chisels and hydraulic presses. However, use of such power tools and poor body posture lead to MSDs. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common health problem throughout the world and a major cause of disability in the workplace. MSDs are found due to Inappropriate and poor working postures, lack of task variation, poor ergonomic design of work places, and poor design of plant layout, long working hours, low salaries and awkward schedules are all areas where relatively simple intervention can significantly reduce the rate of exposure to MSDs. They also deal with extremely hot objects and face a constant worry about fire and heat. The blacksmiths perform repetitive hammering jobs that give shape to the instruments. This type of job not only requires skill but is also time consuming. Hammering jobs are responsible for most of the incidents. In Iron & Steel and other manufacturing industries, foundries and forges produce a lots of pollutants in the environment – both working and ambient environment. In these processes, metals are extracted and produced from ores by various metallurgical processes and processes for moulding, melting and castings etc. are accompanied by evolution of heat, noise, dust fines, fly-ash, oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur and metals. Particulate matters are generated in large quantities when preparing mould core sands and moulds melting metals, pouring metal, knocking out poured moulds and loading and unloading raw materials. Here metals are given a specific shape by metal castings for various engineering purposes. Gaseous matters like gases, vapours, fumes and smoke are produced during melting and pouring operations. The major pollutants are emitted from various work areas in Foundry i.e. Pattern shop, Sand preparation, moulding and core making, mould drying and ladle heating, cupola, electric arc furnace, pouring and mould cooling, knockout, fettling, heat treatment etc. In addition, various air pollutants and noise pollutants (Davis, 2002) are produced from forge shops and other manufacturing industrial units. So keeping all these factors in mind, a study was conducted to assess the risks involved among forging workers of Uttrakhand state of India. For this purpose 120 workers were taken through snowball technique. The data revealed that the most common problem faced by the workers was improper working posture and inappropriate working environment. Due to poorly designed work place, working environment, and working tools, workers physiological and psychological cost of work was high they reported to have health problems like back ache, shoulder ache and difficulty in movement of hands while in operation. Workers were also observed to be found irritated and restless.

Women have long occupied a central place in agriculture production in developing countries, ensuring food security for their household and communities, but this role is not performed without adverse consequences for health. The major consequences include health risks owing due to women’s use and exposure to hazardous agro-chemicals/pesticides, farm-related accidents or physical injuries and exposure to hazardous solid fuel in the interior house. Developing countries like India have many polluting sources that produce high level of human exposure. Indoor air pollution in developing countries from biomass smoke is considered to be a significant source of public health hazard, particularly to the poor and vulnerable women and children. Women and children face the greatest exposure to the harmful health effects of pollution. Women traditionally carry out most household chores and spend a considerable part of their time indoors. The pollution also affects young children under their mothers’ care. Another source of high risk of ill health in rural India is exposure to spray of pesticides in the fields. In India, 70% of the population is farmers and they are the target group to be affected by the hazards of pesticide applications. In India, 70% of the population is farmers and they are the target group to be affected by the hazards of pesticide applications. Moreover, in developing countries the users are rather careless in handling pesticides. The high risk groups exposed to pesticides include the production workers, formulators, sprayers, mixers, loaders and agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the possibility of hazards may be more because the processes involved are not risk free. In India, 70% of the population is farmers and they are the target group to be affected by the hazards of pesticide applications. Moreover, in developing countries the users are rather careless in handling pesticides. All pesticides in a given chemical group generally affect the human body in the same way; however, severity of the effects varies depending on the formulation, concentration, toxicity and route of exposure of the pesticide. Descriptive cum experimental research design was chosen for the study. The study was carried out in two districts Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital. Purposive cum Random sampling design was used to select the study area. Total sample size was comprised of 240 women from rural areas of Uttarakhand state in India. Experimental data was recorded through various scientific instruments and descriptive data was collected through interview schedule, awareness scales, and observation sheet. On the basis of anthropometric measurements the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile was calculated for the designing of personal protective equipments (gloves and coverall) through CAD for reducing the hazards of pesticide spraying and designing of chimney for minimizing the hazards of smoke originated by traditional cooking source. It was found from investigation that indoor air pollution and pesticide hazards were almost same for the families of hill region but sufferings related to indoor air pollution and pesticide hazards were more in the plain region as compare to hill region. The healthy and natural environmental conditions in the hill region and less dense housing of this region were the cause of less suffering from cooking smoke and pesticide spraying conditions. Taking the above fact into account the chances of diseases, risks and hazards were less for families of hill region.

Utilization and distribution of foodgrain always remain as an un-ending riddle to the policy makers and administrators despite surplus in foodgrain production in an agriculture dominated economy. At one hand, glut in market leads to distress sale by the debt-ridden farmers and consequent disinterest in farming among village youth in long run; on the other hand rural societies in difficult terrain faces regular cycle of seasonal hunger due to climate, crop and infrastructure related reasons. The time has come to think beyond the overburdened public distribution system to channelize the surplus produce properly since more than 20 million tonnes of grains produced are destroyed annually due to improper transport, inadequate storage facilities both in institutionalized sector as well as farmers' home. Grain banking is a remedy to the food loss and food insecurity, is mostly applied for tribal areas and difficult terrain with high seasonality of agriculture and harsh climate. It has been successfully applied in Odisha, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand, where community managed grain banks with set rules and norms provide the needy with grain, who in turn returns it through cash or kind. Clusters all over the country could be conceptualized with grain banks in glut region and the nearest starved region exchanging food and that may be hoped to reduce distress sale, wastage and hunger. Present paper is an attempt to review the grain bank concept implemented in India, its pros and cons along with the strategies for scaling up.

Often when we imagine the kind of workers who get workplace injuries, we think of those who need to exert a lot of physical energy on the job. It is true that employees in these work environments may be at greater risk for injury, but office workers are also at risk. Front Office work is rapidly changing, as new developments in computer technology come along which can make our jobs easier, but which also can present new problems for both management and employees. There is enough information contained here to allow a single employee to set up their own workstation to suit the way they work. This paper provides with the information and tools necessary to analyze office jobs related health problems. A descriptive research enumerates the existing conditions in which the researcher has no control over the variables and can report only actual conditions. The interview schedule was found to be an appropriate tool, which would adequately gather information pertaining to research work. Considering the objective of the study, research was carried out at Pancham Hotel of Bareilly. A sample size is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Total sample sizes of 30 were selected. Many office injuries are caused by the repetitive tasks that put strain on our muscles and joints. There are several health related problems faced by office workers which affect their daily working schedule such as chronic back pain, gastric bronchial, asthma, diabetes, depression, arthritis, anaemia and headache. Sixty percent respondents quite seldom suffered from digestion difficulties whereas 12 percent respondents quite often and only 16 percent respondent almost always suffered from digestion difficulties. Several research studies reveals that gastrointestinal complaints of gastric upset, gas, constipation, poor eating etc. are strongly correlated with front office work.

Nursing, the profession of caring for the sick and the convalescent, the disabled and the helpless, is one of the noblest professions throughout the world. From the general ward to the operation theatre in the hospital, nursing is the most important component of patient care. The process of restoring patients to normal health depends as much, if not more, on nurses as on doctors or surgeons. In fact, the availability of effective nursing services is an indicator of the health of a country's medicare system. Stress in the nursing profession is an ongoing worldwide problem. Of all health care professionals, nurses have been found to have especially high levels of stress. A study among a large sample of Swedish nurses revealed that more than 80 per cent of the nurses reported high or very high job strain. Job stress in the nursing profession has been associated with decreased job satisfaction, increased psychological and physical complaints and absenteeism. Work conditions that have been associated with stress outcomes are inappropriate levels of formalization of work procedures (too much or too little formalization of work procedures), lack of adequate communication within the organization, and organizational politic. On the whole, it was observed that 40 per cent of nurses were suffering from headache and few nurses i.e. 17.5 per cent having back pain. The individual observation of government nurses (27.14 per cent) reported headache from the job which were temporary in nature. However, skin rashes and allergy was reported by 17.14 per cent. Further, 17.14 per cent government nurses suffered from temporary cough and cold due to other sources then their work. Occurrence of common illness among private nurses reveals that maximum of 42 per cent nurses were suffering from temporary back pain from job and only 8 per cent reported skin rashes and allergy which was due to their job. Temporary cough, cold and fever were reported by 24 per cent of private nurses from other sources. Most prevalent chronic illness was anemia among 19.17 per cent nurses. A very few of 1.67 per cent of nurses were having thyroid problem. The prevalence of chronic illness among government nurses indicates that 8.57 per cent nurses suffering from temporary respiratory disease. Anemia due to other sources (apart from job) which was temporary in nature was reported by 15.17 per cent nurses. Continuous problem of blood pressure was prevalent among 17.14 per cent government nurses which were originated due to long hours of job. Again a few proportion of government nurses (15.71 per cent) reported problem of diabetes mellitus. In case of private nurses, each of 12 percent nurses reported problems of anemia and gastrointestinal disorder. Only, 4 per cent nurses were suffered from temporary respiratory diseases. However, 8 per cent nurses reported continuous problem of diabetes mellitus and blood pressure.

In this paper, a modified iteration method (MIM) has been proposed to solve nonlinear second-order ODEs. Convergence analysis and error estimate of the proposed method are also discussed. Computational efficiency of this method is illustrated through numerical examples.

Lane–Emden type equations have been interesting since long time due to their wide applications in mathematical physics and astrophysics. In this paper, a coupled approach has been proposed for the solution of nonlinear singular value problems of Lane–Emden type.

In this paper, a coupled approach based on an integral operator and polynomial least square method is introduced to solve a singular initial value problem: Lane–Emden equation. In this approach first, using an integral operator, Lane–Emden equation is converted into nonlinear Volterra integral equation which is further solved using polynomial least square method. The accuracy and validity of the method are demonstrated using many numerical examples.

Structures such as buildings and bridges consist of a number of components such as beams, columns, and foundations, all of which act together to ensure that the loadings that the structure carries is safely transmitted to the supporting ground below. The study of the design and deflection of the beam under load play an important role in the strength analysis of a structure. In the present paper, we have applied high-order compact finite difference scheme using MATLAB to approximate the solution of Euler–Bernoulli beam equation which determines the deflection of the beam under the load acting on the beam.

There is a huge influx of computer workstation designing and related health and safety issues of users. An increased number of ergonomically designed computer workstation in the work areas has lime...

Indian Agricultural Research Institute is known for developing improved varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) which have spread to different corners of India. However, understanding farmers' preferences is important for successful adoption of improved varieties. The objective of this study was to find out the preferences of farmers for IARI developed varieties in the western Indo Gangetic Plains of India. For this data were collected from 69 respondent farmers sampled from four adopted villages under IARI transfer of technology programme. Nineteen important traits of crop varieties were identified by interviewing experts, extension scientists and identified farmers. The weighted score of all the nineteen traits was determined with the help of focused group discussion with the farmers. The preferences of the farmers were measured by using ‘rice preference index (RPI)’. The farmers ranked improved varieties, in following order: i) Pusa Basmati 1509, ii) Pusa Basmati 1121, iii) Pusa Basmati 1, iv) Pusa 2511 and v) Pusa Rice Hybrid 10. Incorporation of farmers’ preferences in development of rice varieties in breeding process would increase likelihood of adoption of the varieties.

In this paperwe have considered an integro-differential equation which describes the charged particle motion for certain configurations of oscillating magnetic fields. This equation contains variable coefficients with large expressions which complicate the application of any numerical method. We have used variational iteration method to find its numerical solution by developing MATHEMATICA modulae and solved a number of numerical examples. The results show high accuracy and efficiency ofour approach.

Prosperity of nation depends on status of its women, as they not only constitute nearly half of its population, but also positively influence growth of remaining half of population. Hence, a study was conducted to study personal profile of women farmers, performance of women in tea cu ltivation, pota to cultivation a nd livestock activities. Physiological assessment was done in terms of RPE and REBA. By simple random sampling, 30 women were selected in Nilgiri district. Seventy percent were 30 years of age and educated up to high school. About 67 percent were dependent on tea cultivation for livelihood. Sixty three percent women had income in the range of Rs 5,000 to 10,000/-. All women performed bed preparation activity, whereas sowing was done by 20 percent women. Weeding activity was actually done by 63.33 percent respondents. Regarding harvesting of potato crops, 76.67 percent women performed it. Mean rating of perceived exertion was in the range of 1 to 1.27. REBA results showed that 40 percent women respondents were in AL3 category which means that they were in high risk level.