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Strychnine is a natural product that, through isolation, structural elucidation and synthetic efforts, shaped the field of organic chemistry. Currently, strychnine is used as a pesticide to control rodents1 because of its potent neurotoxicity2,3. The polycyclic architecture of strychnine has inspired chemists to develop new synthetic transformations and strategies to access this molecular scaffold4, yet it is still unknown how plants create this complex structure. Here we report the biosynthetic pathway of strychnine, along with the related molecules brucine and diaboline. Moreover, we successfully recapitulate strychnine, brucine and diaboline biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana from an upstream intermediate, thus demonstrating that this complex, pharmacologically active class of compounds can now be harnessed through metabolic engineering approaches.

Main conclusion Using virus-induced gene silencing, we demonstrated that the enzymes GES, ISY, and MLPL are responsible for nepetalactone biosynthesis in Nepeta cataria. Abstract Nepetalactone is the main iridoid that is found in the Nepeta genus and is well-known for its psychoactive effect on house cats. Moreover, there is a burgeoning interest into the effect of nepetalactone on insects. Although the enzymes for nepetalactone biosynthesis have been biochemically assayed in vitro, validation of the role that these enzymes have in planta has not been demonstrated. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a silencing method that relies on transient transformation and is an approach that has been particularly successful when applied to a variety of non-model plants. Here, we use a recently designed visual-marker dependent VIGS system to demonstrate that the nepetalactone biosynthetic enzymes GES, ISY, and MLPL impact nepetalactone biosynthesis in Nepeta cataria.

Today, e-learning is mostly used and is acquiring prominence. E-learning delivers a learning environment. Platform by using electronic media and data Communications Innovations. As alternative terms such as computer-based learning, online schooling or technology-enhanced learning, we will use E-learning as other alternative terms. The goal of creating an E-Learning Frontend Web Application is to provide anyone with an integrated online self-learning site. We make a comparison between JSON and XML, then use JSON as data-transferring format in an actual project. This paper suggest that JSON is more suitable as a data-loading tool for Ajax applications. The idea behind using AngularJS in web application is to make your web application modular and easy to maintain. AngularJS brings MVC (Model View Controller) capability to your application. After using modified and compressed files in your application, the size reduces to some KBs which will results in faster loading of page. Single-Page Applications are Web apps that load a single HTML page and dynamically update that page as the user interacts with the app. Building Single Page E-learning Application instead of Multi page E-learning application With Improve Navigation. Solving the migration problem from traditional websites to single-page applications using new technology.

To achieve success in any teaching program it is very important to have adequate communication between teachers and students. Feedback given by student helps teachers to improve on performance and behavior. Semantic web (SW) technology is a promising approach for data selection and retrieval. Different web mining techniques are used for extracting useful information from web data. In this paper the main focus is to extract knowledge from the feedback given by the students and this can be done by firing Sparql Query in Ontology. This knowledge can be represented in meaningful form.