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The word “negligence” is always damaging to the reputation of doctors, related to some damage to the patient and a challenge before the judges. In recent years, sudden spurt in the cases of “Criminal negligence” and decision of the Supreme Court raises a fresh debate. This paper deals with current scenario of “Criminal Negligence”, applicability of Section 304 & 304-A IPC in cases of death of patient during treatment, remedial measures available to a doctor facing the charge of ‘Criminal Negligence’ and a brief discussion of important cases related to the issue, including recent case. Negligence is a term of art, but has distinct meanings in different jurisdictions. In ‘Tort’, damage is an essential ingredient but that element is not necessary in the law of master and servant. In criminal law, there are series of offences based on negligence in which loss or injury is not material; it is enough if the act is likely to cause injury or endanger life. Operation of patient without consent is an example of negligence (Statutory Damage) even without actual apparent damage. Dictionary meaning of term ‘Negligence’ is ‘Lack of Proper Care’. As defined by Baron Alderson negligence means: “Omission to do something which a reasonable man guided by those consideration which regulate conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a reasonable man would not do”. Same definition is quoted in many decisions of the court. ‘Criminal Negligence’ is an offence against the State while ‘Civil Negligence’ is an offence against the individual act, which leads to injury i.e. physical injury, hurt- Section 319, grievous hurt- Section 320 Indian Penal Code (IPC). Loss of property (financial loss) due to some negligent act is always a civil negligence. The decision of the Supreme Court delivered on last years raises a fresh debate on the issue of ‘Criminal Negligence by the Doctors’. In this case the Supreme Court relied on various decisions of the House of Lords.

Harmonization of international intellectual property laws has been the object of considerable recent effort under both public international law and international trade law. The GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) resulted in significant steps toward harmonization. However, most of the harmonization efforts implemented to date have focused on procedural matters, such as international patent application procedures, and the duration of patents. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) conducted negotiations toward substantive harmonization under the auspices of the United Nations. However, WIPO negotiations, whether viewed as favorable to developing or developed nations, were routinely foiled. Conflicting policy concerns resulted in polarized approaches to IPR regulation where in developed nations sought protection of their economic interests and developing nations sought protection of their sovereign rights. Consequently, under the international public law regime, negotiations for IPR as an isolated issue failed because neither developed nor developing nations compromised. In 1994, on conclusion of the GATT Uruguay Round, regulation of international IPR shifted from the public law regime to the trade law regime. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) incorporated significant regulation of international IPR as a requirement for parties to GATT, and was a major first step toward substantive harmonization of international IPR.

Public awareness of medical negligence in India is growing. Hospital managements are increasingly facing complaints regarding the facilities, standards of professional competence, and the appropriateness of their therapeutic and diagnostic methods. After the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, has come into force some patients have filed legal cases against doctors, have established that the doctors were negligent in their medical service, and have claimed and received compensation. As a result, a number of legal decisions have been made on what constitutes negligence and what is required to prove it.Negligence is the breach of a legal duty to care. It means carelessness in a matter in which the law mandates carefulness. A breach of this duty gives a patient the right to initiate action against negligence. Persons who offer medical advice and treatment implicitly state that they have the skill and knowledge to do so, that they have the skill to decide whether to take a case, to decide the treatment, and to administer that treatment. This is known as an “implied undertaking” on the part of a medical professional. Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code of 1860 states that whoever causes the death of a person by a rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of two years, or with a fine, or with both. The burden of proof of negligence, carelessness, or insufficiency generally lies with the complainant. The law requires a higher standard of evidence than otherwise, to support an allegation of negligence against a doctor. In cases of medical negligence the patient must establish his claim against the doctor.

There is a well-established statutory, administrative and judicial framework to safeguard intellectual property rights in India, whether they relate to patents, trademarks, copyright or industrial designs. Well-known international trademarks have been protected in India even when they were not registered in India. The Indian Trademarks Law has been extended through court decisions to service marks in addition to trade marks for goods. Computer software companies have successfully curtailed piracy through court orders. Computer databases have been protected. The courts, under the doctrine of breach of confidentiality, accorded an extensive protection of trade secrets. Right to privacy, which is not protected even in some developed countries, has been recognized in India. There would be two brands – Tata Indicomm and Virgin. Tata Indicomm positioned as a mass market brand, while Virgin would be positioned as a youth brand pitted against brands like Hutch. This is been done as Tata Indicom does not appeal to everyone in terms of popularity and appeal. Tata Indicom has already established itself in the mass market category while Richard Branson’s touch could bring in more subscribers.Mergers or amalgamation, result in the combination of two or more companies into one, wherein the merging entities lose their identities. No fresh investment is made through this process. However, an exchange of shares takes place between the entities involved in such a process. Generally, the company that survives is the buyer which retains its identity and the seller company is extinguished (Ramaiya, 1977). A merger can also be defined as an amalgamation if all assets and liabilities of one company are transferred to the transferee company in consideration of payment in the form of equity shares of the transferee company or debentures or cash or a mix of the above modes of payment. An acquisition, on the other hand, is aimed at gaining a controlling interest in the share capital of acquired company. It can be enforced through an agreement with the persons holding a majority interest in the company's management or through purchasing shares in the open market or purchasing new shares by private treaty or by making a take-over offer to the general body of shareholders.

Definitely, according to the various scholars of different countries, all the treaties which came under International Code have been serving all their purposes. We have so many examples like Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963, in which the U.S. and USSR agreed to no longer test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space, etc. on which we can say that because of certain treaty and because of binding certain International Law, we can not drop a nuclear bomb on any of the nation whichever we want. I agree, that the importance of nuclear power have been increasing day by day and in future, only those nations will exist, those will be having a strong nuclear energy like U.S. But it also might happen that the nations who strictly following their International treaties like India will more powerful than U.S. because of strong participation in International treaties, strictly execution of International Law and of introduction as a peaceful nation in all over the world. Nuclear Power has possessed a gigantic History with some favorable as well as critical opinion of the various Nation. A nuclear weapon is a weapon which derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fission or fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a relatively small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives, and a single weapon is capable of destroying an entire city.

Feminist jurisprudence is a general term that encompasses many theories and approaches based on examining gender, sexuality, and power in relation to the legal system. As a field of legal scholarship and theory, feminist jurisprudence had its beginnings in the 1960s. By the 1990s it had become an important and vital part of the law, informing many debates on sexual and domestic violence, inequality in the workplace, and gender-based discrimination at all levels of U.S. society. The feminist political movement began in the nineteenth century with a call for female suffrage. At a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, a group of women and men drafted and approved the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. This document, modeled on the language and structure of the Declaration of Independence, was a bill of rights for women, including the right to vote. Throughout the late 1800s, feminist leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were persistent critics of male society's refusal to grant women political and social equality. In the mid-nineteenth century, many state legislatures passed married women's separate property acts. These acts gave women the legal right to retain ownership and control of property they brought into the marriage. Until these enactments a husband was permitted to control all property, which often led to the squandering of a wife's estate. Finally, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1920, women gained voting rights in the United States. Feminist Jurisprudence is related with four kinds and specially enumerated with a particular part of society that is Women, and deals all matter relating to Women. A philosophy of law based on the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes, feminist thought began during The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montage and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women's education and many liberals, such as Jeremy Bentham, demanding equal rights for women in every sense. One of the early modern proponents of feminist themes was Mexican nun, Juana Ines de la Cruz (1651-1695), particularly in her essay entitled 'Reply to Sor Philotea'. The first scientific society for women was founded in Middleberg, a city in the south of the Dutch republic, in 1785. Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well. Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is one of the first works that can unambiguously be called feminist, although by modern standards her comparison of women to the nobility, the elite of society, coddled, fragile, and in danger of intellectual and moral sloth, does not sound like a feminist argument. Wollstonecraft believed that both sexes contributed to this situation and took it for granted that women had considerable power over men.

A nuclear weapon is a weapon which derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fission or fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a relatively small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives, and a single weapon is capable of destroying an entire city. The first nuclear weapons were created in the United States, by an international team including many displaced emigrant scientists from central Europe with assistance from the United Kingdom and Canada, during World War II as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project While the first weapons were developed primarily out of fear that Nazi Germany would develop them first, they were eventually used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. The Soviet Union developed and tested their first nuclear weapon in 1949, based partially on information obtained from Soviet espionage in the United States. Both the U.S. and USSR would go on to develop weapons powered by nuclear fusion (hydrogen bombs) by the mid-1950s. With the invention of reliable rocketry during the 1960s, it became possible for nuclear weapons to be delivered anywhere in the world on a very short notice, and the two Cold War superpowers adopted a strategy of deterrence to maintain a shaky peace. Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages. Other nations also developed nuclear weapons during this time, including the United Kingdom, France, and China. These five members of the 'nuclear club' agreed to attempt to limit the spread of nuclear proliferation to other nations, though at least three other countries (India, South Africa, Pakistan, and most likely Israel) developed nuclear arms during this time. At the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the Russian Federation inherited the weapons of the former USSR, and along with the U.S., pledged to reduce their stockpile for increased international safety. Nuclear proliferation has continued, though, with Pakistan testing their first weapons in 1998, and North Korea claiming to have developed nuclear weapons in 2004 and on recently May 2009. In January 2005, Pakistani metallurgist Abdul Qadeer Khan confessed to selling nuclear technology and information of nuclear weapons to Iran, Libya, and North Korea in a massive, international proliferation ring. Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction. There have been (at least) four major false alarms, the most recent in 1995, that almost resulted in the U.S. or USSR/Russia launching its weapons in retaliation for a supposed attack. Additionally, during the Cold War the U.S. and USSR came close to nuclear warfare several times, most notably during the Cuban Missile Crisis. As of 2005, there are estimated to be at least 29,000 nuclear weapons held by at least seven countries, 96 percent of them in the possession of the United States and Russia. The environmental destruction that certain scientists contend would probably result from the hundreds of nuclear explosions in a nuclear war. The damaging effects of the light, heat, blast, and radiation caused by nuclear explosions had long been known to scientists, but such explosions' indirect effects on the environment remained largely ignored for decades. In the 1970s, however, several studies posited that the layer of ozone in the stratosphere that shields living things from much of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation might be depleted by the large amounts of nitrogen oxides produced by nuclear explosions. Further studies speculated that large amounts of dust kicked up into the atmosphere by nuclear explosions might block sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface, leading to a temporary cooling of the air. Scientists then began to take into account the smoke produced by vast forests set ablaze by nuclear fireballs, and in 1983 an ambitious study, known as the TTAPS study (from the initials of the last names of its authors, R.P. Turco, O.B. Toon, T.P. Ackerman, J.B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan), took into consideration the crucial factor of smoke and soot arising from the burning petroleum fuels and plastics in nuclear-devastated cities. (Smoke from such materials absorbs sunlight much more effectively than smoke from burning wood.) The TTAPS study coined the term "nuclear winter," and its ominous hypotheses about the environmental effects of a nuclear war came under intensive study by both the American and Soviet scientific communities. The basic cause of nuclear winter, as hypothesized by researchers, would be the numerous and immense fireballs caused by exploding nuclear warheads. These fireballs would ignite huge uncontrolled fires (firestorms) over any and all cities and forests that were within range of them. Great plumes of smoke, soot, and dust would be sent aloft from these fires, lifted by their own heating to high altitudes where they could drift for weeks before dropping back or being washed out of the atmosphere onto the ground. Several hundred million tons of this smoke and soot would be shepherded by strong west-to-east winds until they would form a uniform belt of particles encircling the Northern Hemisphere from 30° to 60° latitude. These thick black clouds could block out all but a fraction of the Sun's light for a period as long as several weeks. Surface temperatures would plunge for a few weeks as a consequence, perhaps by as much as 11° to 22° C (20° to 40° F). The conditions of semidarkness, killing frosts, and subfreezing temperatures, combined with high doses of radiation from nuclear fallout, would interrupt plant photosynthesis and could thus destroy much of the Earth's vegetation and animal life. The extreme cold, high radiation levels, and the widespread destruction of industrial, medical, and transportation infrastructures along with food supplies and crops would trigger a massive death toll from starvation, exposure, and disease. A nuclear war could thus reduce the Earth's human population to a fraction of its previous numbers. A number of scientists have disputed the results of the original calculations, and, though such a nuclear war would undoubtedly be devastating, the degree of damage to life on Earth remains controversial.

Linking major rivers may save life, property and generate enormous prosperity. In a presentation to President A P J Kalam, Water Resources Minister P R Dasmunsi charted a clear schedule, while highlighting the fact that a technical consensus group would submit their observations on the project, The National Water Development Agency would complete its feasibility report of 18 links out of 30 before December 31, 2005, he added. Resurrected after nearly 30 years by the previous government, the river-linking project is a grand plan to transfer water from surplus basins to deficient ones by building a series of links across the country. But the project, estimated to cost Rs 560,000 crores, has also raised protests from environmental groups. With some states having raised questions too about the project's feasibility, Dasmunsi is planning to meet the chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan to try and build a political consensus. The Minister makes another presentation, on the progress and future course of action, before the Prime Minister on October. Interestingly, in a bid to grab some credit for the project, Dasmunsi has been saying that it was an "idea conceived by Indira Gandhi''. There's also an attempt to highlight its mention in the Common Minimum Programme, which says: "The UPA Government will make a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of linking the rivers of the country starting with the southbound rivers. The assessment will be done in a fully consultative manner." The idea of the "linking of rivers", dormant for a hile, has acquired new prominence now, particularly in the context of the Cauvery dispute. A recent public interest litigation (PIL) has led to directions from the Supreme Court for an acceleration of the "linking". The propriety of judicial directions on such a subject is debatable, but leaving that aside, this article will examine the idea itself. The notion of the linking of the rivers in the subcontinent is an old one. In the 19th Century, Sir Arthur Cotton had thought of a plan to link rivers in southern India for inland navigation. The idea was partially implemented but was later abandoned because inland navigation lost ground to the railways. Even the canal that was constructed went into decline. A phrase that caught the imagination of the people and passed into popular parlance was "Garland Canal". This idea (which was not quite the same as the linking of rivers) was mooted by Capt. Dinshaw J. Dastur, an air pilot. It was merely a fanciful notion that never commanded respect among knowledgeable people. The catchy phrase refuses to die and keeps surfacing from time to time, but does not merit serious discussion here. The "inter-linking of rivers" is also often referred to as "inter-basin transfers". Essentially, the thinking is that the disparities in the different river basins of India call for water transfers from the "surplus" basins to the "defici" basins. This has exercised the minds of the Indian water-resource planners for a long time. One such idea was (and continues to be) that of tapping the surplus resources of the mighty Brahmaputra. A significant part of the water resources of India, estimated in terms of the flows near the terminal points of the river systems, lies in the Brahmaputra, which, unfortunately, is in a remote corner of the country, far from the areas where the demand for water is high. There has therefore been a preoccupation with the idea of a transfer of water from that river to places where it is needed.

A gentleman was walking past a playground and noticed a young boy playing cricket with bat. A colleague of his was bowling. The boy missed the first the second and third, but went on saying 'I am going to hit the next ball'. He noticed the gentlemen and shouted 'See, how I missed three balls, I am going to be the best wicket-keeper in the world'. Well, this is optimism. Likewise this optimism play an important role in every young adult’s life for creating a good career, the most important decision one takes in a young adult age is the selection of career. It is one of the most crucial decisions one has to be taken in life. Many educated people in India are unemployed today and it is largely due to unrealistic professional aspirations of the job seeker who continue to seek traditional careers where job opportunities are limited. One has to realize that career is an integrated life long plan of earning a living. Choosing of a career requires meticulous thought, care and planning. While doing so, one has to keep in mind his goals and have a clear idea about the expectations from that career. Education demands a special kind of awareness: one has to have an understanding of what is needed today and what will meet the needs of tomorrow. Education also seek to preserve, transmit and advance knowledge. It is an important instrument for change and progress. The quality of education at the higher level is more important than mere acquisition of a degree. The quality of education of a student depends on his own perception, the teaching standards to which he is exposed, the educational facilities and environment accessible in the institution of his studies and last but not least the student’s own temperament and approach to studies. Every young adult have different qualities, different aspects to see their career and different dreams which specify their life but there are some defects in our education system which has been restricted to raised them.