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The collective memory of the English Civil Wars, a watershed moment in the history of England, is shaped by the surplus number of historical and fictional writings produced on the topic every year....

Deana Heath, Colonial Terror: Torture and State Violence in Colonial India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), xi + 223 pp.

The Singapore Grip (1978) is the third instalment of the Empire trilogy by Booker Prize-winning novelist James Gordon Farrell. It inscribes colonial Singapore’s socio-economic situation through the story of a British tycoon who is engaged in multi-commercial enterprises, mainly rubber business, in the colony of Singapore. The present paper examines the titular phrase “Singapore Grip” in the novel. It argues that Farrell explores many aspects of British colonialism in Singapore through this phrase. By decoding the multiple connotations of the phrase, through reading instances from the novel, the paper will foreground the social, political, and economic issues critical in understanding colonialism in colonial Singapore.

The present paper examines the use and description of colonial medicine for cholera and its practices in J.G. Farrell’s historical novel, The Siege of Krishnapur (1973). The paper shows that by engaging the two doctors stationed at the British residency in Krishnapur in a debate, Farrell contextualises an episode in British medical history to foreground popular medical beliefs on the aetiology of cholera and its treatment prevalent in nineteenth century Britain. The paper then argues that Farrell’s critique of an outdated medicinal theory and welcoming of the scientific future of colonial medicine simultaneously is an attempt to reinstate the position of “civilised medicine” in colonial India. It further establishes a vital link between Farrell and cholera by bringing in contemporary contexts, and discusses how cholera served as a dual tool to not only satisfy his compulsive interest in disease and doctors but also his aspirations for historical creativeness.

Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi is a recently released Indian historical biopic of Rani Lakshmi Bai. Through historical re-imagining, the film renders several potential social and political issues...

The nineteenth century is a crucial phase in America’s history. Key features such as geographical expansions, the industrial revolution, development in science and technology, and America’s emergence as a super power, after the American Revolution and the War of 1812, mark the century. The Civil War becomes the most important historical event of this phase that will impact the lives of Americans in the years to come. The century has literary importance also because, during this phase, forerunners of American literature, like, Edgar Allen Poe, James Cooper, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, etc., come to the scene. Thus, the century as the setting has always been a literary choice for historical novelists.

In this paper, we are examining the sponsored advertisement posts/regular post on Facebook of a few business enterprises based in India to promote their products during first two phases of COVID-19 lockdown period. As a marketing and product promotion strategy, many business companies use social media platforms like Facebook and others to advertise their product through quick sponsored posts from time to time. As the use of social media has increased during the lockdown period when people are spending their whole time at home for a more extended period, these sponsored posts are more likely to be hit by the viewers. The present paper studies the contents of select sponsored posts/regular posts on Facebook to show how the “lockdown” period created atmospherics for E-commerce businesses. It also argues that by using topical words and phrases like “quarantine” and “work from home” respectively, as a tempting marketing strategy, the capitalist enterprises are using this time of distress, global misery and tribulation, for promoting their business.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging field comprising of sensor nodes as basic units. These sensor nodes have limited resources like power, memory etc. WSNs can be used to monitor the remote areas where recharging or replacing the battery power of sensor nods is not possible. This limitation of WSNs makes energy consumption as a most challenging issue. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is an easiest and first significant protocol which consumes less amount of energy while routing the data to the base station. A lot of work has been done to improve energy efficiency of routing protocol by taking LEACH as a base protocol. In this review paper section I has introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks, section II has introduction of LEACH Protocol and all descendant protocols of LEACH with comparison table have been discussed in section III.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging field comprising of sensor nodes with limited resources like power, memory etc. It is used to monitor the remote areas where recharging or replacing the battery power of sensor nodes is not possible. So, energy is a most challenging issue in case of WSN. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is the first significant protocol which consumes less amount of energy while routing the data to the base station. In this paper LEACH protocol has been analyzed with different percentage of cluster heads at different locations of base station in the network.