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Abstract Mosquitoes are important vectors for the transmission of several infectious diseases that lead to huge morbidity and mortality. The exhaustive use of synthetic insecticides has led to widespread resistance and environmental pollution. Using essential oils and nano-emulsions as novel insecticides is a promising alternative approach for controlling vector borne diseases. In the current study, Lantana camara EO and NE were evaluated for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Anopheles culicifacies. The inhibitory effect of EO and NE on AChE, NSE (α/β), and GST was also evaluated and compared. GC-MS analysis of oil displayed 61 major peaks. The stable nano-emulsion with an observed hydrodynamic diameter of 147.62 nm was formed using the o/w method. The nano-emulsion exhibited good larvicidal (LC50 50.35 ppm and LC90 222.84 ppm) and pupicidal (LC50 54.82 ppm and LC90 174.58 ppm) activities. Biochemical evaluations revealed that LCEO and LCNE inhibited AChE, NSE (α/β), and GST, displaying LCNE to be a potent binder to AChE and NSE enzyme, whereas LCEO showed higher binding potency towards GST. The nano-emulsion provides us with novel opportunities to target different mosquito enzymes with improved insecticidal efficacy. Due to its natural origin, it can be further developed as a safer and more potent larvicide/insecticide capable of combating emerging insecticide resistance.

Abstract Background Assessment of wild edible vegetables (WEVs) from the ethnobotanical approach is a significant key to understanding indigenous knowledge systems. The available literature has revealed a tremendous decline in knowledge of WEVs over the last few decades. The main purpose of this study was to document and analyse the traditional knowledge of WEVs among the two major ethnic groups of Mizoram regarding their use and the diversity associated with the importance of traditional medicines. Secondly, a market survey will be conducted to determine the status of available WEVs. Methods This study conducted an ethnobotanical survey among 72 informants through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires besides direct field observations. The documented data were quantitatively analysed using various ethnobotanical indices, including Informant’s consensus factor (ICF), Fidelity level value (Fl), and Direct matrix ranking (DMR). A marketing survey was conducted in the Bara Bazar, Mizoram's most prominent local market. A total of 38 vendor informants were interviewed to observe and collect the price of commonly sold WEVs. Results A total of 70 WEVs, distributed in 58 genera under 36 families, were documented and identified. Of these, 33 WEVs were of medicinal importance. Leafy vegetables were documented as the most frequently consumed parts (55.71%). The majority (44.29%) of the plants documented were consumed in fried form. The highest level of agreement among informants for food used categories was observed for plants combined with dry fish (ICF = 1). The Informant’s consensus factor (ICF) of disease categories ranges from 0.75 to 1, with the highest being reported for convulsion (ICF = 1), sleep inducer (ICF = 1), and antiseptic (ICF = 1). Picria fel-terrae was the most preferred plant for hypertension treatment (100% FL). Direct matrix ranking (DMR) indicated that Dysoxylum excelsum was highly utilized by the inhabitant for multipurpose species (DMR = 64). Jaccard similarity index (JI) between the two ethnic groups was revealed at 1.26. Forty-seven WEVs were found to be commercialized in the Bara Bazar market, Aizawl, with a price range from 0.1 to 2.4 USD. Ensete superbum was reported as near threatened per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Conclusion This work highlighted the importance and rich diversity of WEVs in Mizoram, which are presently used among different age groups for food and medicine. Informants have good knowledge of WEVs, which was shared to a great extent among the inhabitants; this legacy of traditional culture must be conserved. This study further suggests a priority setting for conserving multipurpose WEVs in human-inhabited sites, investigating the recorded species' nutritional properties and pharmacological activities.

Plants and bacteria are co-evolving and interact with one another in a continuous process. This interaction enables the plant to assimilate the nutrients and acquire protection with the help of beneficial bacteria known as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). These beneficial bacteria naturally produce bioactive compounds that can assist plants’ stress tolerance. Moreover, they employ various direct and indirect processes to induce plant growth and protect plants against pathogens. The direct mechanisms involve phytohormone production, phosphate solubilization, zinc solubilization, potassium solubilization, ammonia production, and nitrogen fixation while, the production of siderophores, lytic enzymes, hydrogen cyanide, and antibiotics are included under indirect mechanisms. This property can be exploited to prepare bioformulants for biofertilizers, biopesticides, and biofungicides, which are convenient alternatives for chemical-based products to achieve sustainable agricultural practices. However, the application and importance of PGPB in sustainable agriculture are still debatable despite its immense diversity and plant growth-supporting activities. Moreover, the performance of PGPB varies greatly and is dictated by the environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. This review emphasizes the role of PGPB in plant growth-promoting activities (stress tolerance, production of bioactive compounds and phytohormones) and summarises new formulations and opportunities.

Cryoconite is a granular structure present on the glaciers and ice sheets found in polar regions including the Himalayas. It is composed of organic and inorganic matter which absorb solar radiations and reduce ice surface albedo, therefore impacting the melting and retreat of glaciers. Though climate warming has a serious impact on Himalayan glaciers, the biodiversity of sub-glacier ecosystems is poorly understood. Moreover, cryoconite holes are unique habitats for psychrophile biodiversity hotspots in the NW Himalayas, but unfortunately, studies on the microbial diversity of such habitats remain elusive. Therefore, the current study was designed to explore the bacterial diversity of the Hamtah Glacier Himalaya using both culturable and non-culturable approaches. The culturable bacterial count ranged from 2.0 × 103 to 8.8 × 105 colony-forming units (CFUs)/g at the different locations of the glacier. A total of 88 bacterial isolates were isolated using the culturable approach. Based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA), the identified species belong to seven genera, namely, Cryobacterium, Duganella, Janthinobacterium, Pseudomonas, Peribacillus, Psychrobacter, and Sphingomonas. In the non-culturable approach, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes (using MiSeq) showed unique bacterial community profiles and represented 440 genera belonging to 20 phyla, namely, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, Elusimicrobia, Armatimonadetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Nitrospirae, Chlamydiae, Chlorobi, Deferribacteres, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and others. High relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were observed in the samples. Phototrophic (Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi) and nitrifier (Nitrospirae) in bacterial populations indicated sustenance of the micro-ecosystem in the oligotrophic glacier environment. The isolates varied in their phenotypic characteristics, enzyme activities, and antibiotic sensitivity. Furthermore, the fatty acid profiles of bacterial isolates indicate the predominance of branched fatty acids. Iso-, anteiso-, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids together constituted a major proportion of the total fatty acid composition. High cold-adapted enzyme activities such as lipase and cellulase expressed by Cryobacterium arcticum (KY783365) and protease and cellulase activities by Pseudomonas sp. strains (KY783373, KY783377-79, KY783382) provide evidence of the possible applications of these organisms. Additionally, antibiotic tests indicated that most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics. In conclusion, the present study contributed for the first time to bacterial diversity and biopotentials of cryoconites of Hamtah Glacier, Himalayas. Furthermore, the cold-adapted enzymes and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may provide an opportunity for biotechnology in the Himalayas. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) analyses showed the presence of several elements in cryoconites, providing a clue for the accelerating melting and retreating of the Hamtah glacier.

Micro-electrical discharge machining (μEDM) is severely affected by tool wear and its process variants, which can lead to compromised precision and dimensional disruptions in micro-part production. Several attempts have been made to address this problem by suggesting offline and online (real-time) tool wear compensation strategies. Research efforts in this area have intensified over the last 20 years. However, most methods proposed were applicable only for a few work-tool combinations and in limited input process parametric settings. Instead of tool wear compensation, several research articles have focused on strategies to reduce the negative impact of tool wear on the quality of fabricated parts. The present study systematically reviews various investigations conducted in this area and aims to add cutting-edge compensation for tool wear to future inquiries. The articles reviewed here are explored in detail. Critical findings/innovations are classified into four categories: tool wear in μEDM, tool wear compensation techniques, and offline and online compensation methods.

Bacterial endophytes are a crucial component of the phytomicrobiome, playing an essential role in agriculture and industries. Endophytes are a rich source of bioactive compounds, serving as natural antibiotics that can be effective in combating antibiotic resistance in pathogens. These bacteria interact with host plants through various processes such as quorum sensing, chemotaxis, antibiosis, and enzymatic activity. The current paper focuses on how plants benefit extensively from endophytic bacteria and their symbiotic relationship in which the microbes enhance plant growth, nitrogen fixation, increase nutrient uptake, improve defense mechanisms, and act as antimicrobial agents against pathogens. Moreover, it highlights some of the bioactive compounds produced by endophytes.

Objective Tobacco use begins at an early age and typically leads to a long-term addiction. The age of initiation for tobacco use is not well studied in South Asia, where 22% of tobacco smokers and 81% of smokeless tobacco (SLT) users reside.Methods Data from the nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Surveys in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan were analysed to examine patterns of initiation among smokers and smokeless tobacco users.Results Data on 94 651 individuals were analysed, of which 13 396 reported were ever daily smokers and 17 684 were ever SLT users. The proportion of individuals initiating tobacco use before the age of 15 years has increased over time. The rates of SLT initiation among those aged 15–24 years increased markedly in Bangladesh (by 7.8%) and Pakistan (by 37.7%) between 1983 and 1999–2000. Among males, the increase in SLT initiation was higher in individuals aged below 15 years compared with other age groups in India and Bangladesh. Smoking initiation among females aged below 15 years has also significantly increased in India over time. Compared with the initiation of tobacco smoking before the age of 15 years, a greater increase in the proportion of SLT users was observed in urban areas.Conclusion Our findings indicate that the proportion of youth initiating tobacco (both smoking and smokeless) before the age of 15 years has increased over time in all three countries. Moreover, variations in age at initiation for different types of tobacco products across countries, and by rurality, were noticeable. Younger youths (aged up to 15 years) should therefore be a priority population for tobacco control interventions. Strategies such as raising the legal age of tobacco sale and use to 21 years, and, other measures under WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), may prevent underage use and avert lifelong addiction to tobacco products.

Genetic modifications are made through diverse mutagenesis techniques for crop improvement programs. Among these mutagenesis tools, the traditional methods involve chemical and radiation-induced mutagenesis, resulting in off-target and unintended mutations in the genome. However, recent advances have introduced site-directed nucleases (SDNs) for gene editing, significantly reducing off-target changes in the genome compared to induced mutagenesis and naturally occurring mutations in breeding populations. SDNs have revolutionized genetic engineering, enabling precise gene editing in recent decades. One widely used method, homology-directed repair (HDR), has been effective for accurate base substitution and gene alterations in some plant species. However, its application has been limited due to the inefficiency of HDR in plant cells and the prevalence of the error-prone repair pathway known as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The discovery of CRISPR-Cas has been a game-changer in this field. This system induces mutations by creating double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome and repairing them through associated repair pathways like NHEJ. As a result, the CRISPR-Cas system has been extensively used to transform plants for gene function analysis and to enhance desirable traits. Researchers have made significant progress in genetic engineering in recent years, particularly in understanding the CRISPR-Cas mechanism. This has led to various CRISPR-Cas variants, including CRISPR-Cas13, CRISPR interference, CRISPR activation, base editors, primes editors, and CRASPASE, a new CRISPR-Cas system for genetic engineering that cleaves proteins. Moreover, gene editing technologies like the prime editor and base editor approaches offer excellent opportunities for plant genome engineering. These cutting-edge tools have opened up new avenues for rapidly manipulating plant genomes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of plant genetic engineering, focusing on recently developed tools for gene alteration and their potential applications in plant research.

Long-term use of asbestos-contaminated talcum power has been reported to be the main causative agent for carcinogenesis in many research studies. In recent developments Johnson & Johnson has lost multimillion-dollar lawsuits for being associated with the development of mesothelioma and ovarian cancer by its talc-based baby powder. In May 2020, the company announced, the end of the sale of its baby powder in the USA and Canada and in August 2022, announced the global discontinuation by 2023. However, in India vast proportions of people are using talc-based baby powder and the products are readily available in the market. The purpose of this communication is to create awareness and draw attention of authorities for effective regulation, including prohibition of sale and retraction of the contaminated talc-based products from the Indian market at the earliest.

Respiratory tract infections remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden is further increased by polymicrobial infection or viral and bacterial co-infection, often exacerbating the existing condition. Way back in 1918, high morbidity due to secondary pneumonia caused by bacterial infection was known, and a similar phenomenon was observed during the recent COVID-19 pandemic in which secondary bacterial infection worsens the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) condition. It has been observed that viruses paved the way for subsequent bacterial infection; similarly, bacteria have also been found to aid in viral infection. Viruses elevate bacterial infection by impairing the host’s immune response, disrupting epithelial barrier integrity, expression of surface receptors and adhesion proteins, direct binding of virus to bacteria, altering nutritional immunity, and effecting the bacterial biofilm. Similarly, the bacteria enhance viral infection by altering the host’s immune response, up-regulation of adhesion proteins, and activation of viral proteins. During co-infection, respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were found to adapt and co-exist in the airways of their survival and to benefit from each other, i.e., there is a cooperative existence between the two. This review comprehensively reviews the mechanisms involved in the synergistic/cooperativity relationship between viruses and bacteria and their interaction in clinically relevant respiratory infections.

Abstract Objective: Tobacco consumption among low- and middle-income countries where food insecurity remains a challenge poses several concerns. This review examines the available global evidence linking smokeless tobacco (SLT) use with public health nutrition and its implications. Design: Systematic review of articles extracted from PubMed and Scopus from January 2000 to December 2020. Setting: Included studies that demonstrated the relationship between SLT and nutrition-related factors, that is, BMI, malnutrition, anaemia, poor birth outcomes and metabolic disorders. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines have been followed to conduct the systematic evidence review. Participants: A total of thirty-four studies were finally used in the systematic review, which included cross-sectional (thirty-one) and cohort (three). Results: SLT use has a huge impact on body weight, alteration in taste, poor oral health, and consumption of fruits and vegetables leading to malnutrition. Maternal use of SLT not only leads to anaemia but also hampers birth outcomes. Increased risk of metabolic syndrome and gallstone disease among SLT users are also well documented in the studies. Conclusion: The review highlights the linkages between SLT usage and poor nutritional outcomes. Tobacco control efforts should be convergent with public health nutrition to achieve overall health benefits. Attention is also required to explore suitable mechanisms for SLT cessation combined with enhancing food and nutrition security at the community level in sync with investments in public health nutrition intervention.

This proposed work describes a miniaturized and simple power divider that uses coupled lines for a triple-band filtering response. The intended setup includes an isolation resistor connecting the output feed lines through Structure-3 and coupled line-based microstrip resonators connected to the input feed line. The presented power divider achieves three passbands with a filtering response. The first and second passbands are achieved by the coupled line structure that includes Resonator-1 and Resonator-2. The third passband is realized due to Resonator-3. Furthermore, by varying the structural parameter of the designed triple-band filtering power divider, the resonance frequencies of all three passbands can be controlled because of changes in their equivalent lumped parameters. The resonance frequency mainly depends on its equivalent inductance and capacitance value. For validation of the simulation result, the filtering power divider structure has been fabricated and tested. The experimental results denote that the prototype has a fractional bandwidth ( $\vert \text{S}21\vert < $ -3 dB) of about 20.0 % (1.1 GHz to 1.35 GHz), 37.0 % (2.0 GHz to 2.9 GHz), and 15.0 % (3.25 GHz to 3.8 GHz) respectively for first, second and third pass-bands respectively. This arrangement shows isolation above 18 dB for all three bands with a downsized of $0.10\lambda _{g}\times 0.12\lambda _{g}$ (25 mm $\times 30$ mm) according to the operating frequency of the first frequency passband. The triple band performance of the developed component shows a good input reflection coefficient. The operating frequencies, which are suitable for the application of the $L$ -band, WLAN, sub-6 GHz band of 5G, include 1.23 GHz, 2.41 GHz, and 3.55 GHz.

Problem considered: Tobacco use is the second most common preventable cause of death in the world and quitting tobacco is an important strategy to prevent premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the correlates of quit attempts among tobacco users in India from GATS-2 data. Methods: Complex sample analysis was considered for logistic regression analysis to identify the correlates of quit attempts using Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)- 2 (2016–17) data. Weighted estimates were calculated for sample statistics. Results: A marked difference was observed in quit attempt rates across various states of India (p

Abstract Bright, energetic, and directional electron bunches are generated through efficient energy transfer of relativistic intense (~ 1019 W/cm2), 30 femtosecond, 800 nm high contrast laser pulses to grating targets (500 lines/mm and 1000 lines/mm), under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions. Bi-directional relativistic electron bunches (at 40° and 150°) are observed exiting from the 500 lines/mm grating target at the SPR conditions. The surface plasmon excited grating target enhances the electron flux and temperature by factor of 6.0 and 3.6, respectively, compared to that of the plane substrate. Particle-in-Cell simulations indicate that fast electrons are emitted in different directions at different stages of the laser interaction, which are related to the resultant surface magnetic field evolution. This study suggests that the SPR mechanism can be used to generate multiple, bright, ultrafast relativistic electron bunches for a variety of applications.

Abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, cold, heat, and heavy metals, extensively reducing global agricultural production. Traditional breeding approaches and transgenic technology have been widely used to mitigate the risks of these environmental stresses. The discovery of engineered nucleases as genetic scissors to carry out precise manipulation in crop stress-responsive genes and associated molecular network has paved the way for sustainable management of abiotic stress conditions. In this context, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas (CRISPR/Cas)-based gene-editing tool has revolutionized due to its simplicity, accessibility, adaptability, flexibility, and wide applicability. This system has great potential to build up crop varieties with enhanced tolerance against abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on understanding the mechanism of abiotic stress response in plants and the application of CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene-editing system towards enhanced tolerance to a multitude of stresses including drought, salinity, cold, heat, and heavy metals. We provide mechanistic insights on the CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology. We also discuss applications of evolving genome editing techniques such as prime editing and base editing, mutant library production, transgene free and multiplexing to rapidly deliver modern crop cultivars adapted to abiotic stress conditions.

Objectives With the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare professionals (HCPs) have experienced high levels of stress and anxiety because of the high risk of infection for themselves and their families. This has led to acute sleep problems for HCP. This study was designed to assess the anxiety and sleep quality of HCPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 370 HCPs employed at All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna over 3 months, using the standard Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) for suspected GAD and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep quality. Results were tabulated and multivariable binomial logistic regression analysis was done to determine the predictors of poor sleep. Significance was attributed to p

Introduction: Acute surge in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) cases was reported during mid-May 2021, which was later declared an epidemic in various states of India including Bihar. Objective: We carried out a rapid investigation of CAM cases to describe the epidemiological and clinical profiles and find plausible predictors to guide the initiation of public health actions. Methods: A team of public health specialists contacted all the CAM cases reported to our hospital to collect relevant information using a case-investigation-form. In addition, the team visited the Flu Clinic and Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) outpatient department (OPD) to capture CAM cases on daily basis during the period of the acute surge of CAM cases. Results: About 88% of 130 CAM cases reported during the period of the acute surge were in the advanced stage of mucormycosis. The majority of the CAM cases were younger (less than 60 years) [76.2%], diabetics [65.4%], un-vaccinated [86.9%], and had used steroids for management of COVID-19 [64.6%]. Other findings of public health importance were summarized and possible public health actions were recommended for the prevention of outbreaks in future. Conclusion: Optimum management of diabetes including screening for each COVID case, rational use of steroids only when necessary, strict adherence to COVID appropriate behavior by health professionals as well as the public, increasing COVID vaccine coverage, CAM awareness, and setting up a CAM surveillance mechanism may be the key to prevent and control CAM outbreaks in future.

Cyanobacterial species are ancient photodiazotrophs prevalent in freshwater bodies and a natural reservoir of many metabolites (low to high molecular weight) such as non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, ribosomal peptides, alkaloids, cyanotoxins, and isoprenoids with a well-established bioactivity potential. These metabolites enable cyanobacterial survival in extreme environments such as high salinity, heavy metals, cold, UV-B, etc. Recently, these metabolites are gaining the attention of researchers across the globe because of their tremendous applications as antimicrobial agents. Many reports claim the antimicrobial nature of these metabolites; unfortunately, the mode of action of such metabolites is not well understood and/or known limited. Henceforth, this review focuses on the properties and potential application, also critically highlighting the possible mechanism of action of these metabolites to offer further translational research. The review also aims to provide a comprehensive insight into current gaps in research on cyanobacterial biology as antimicrobials and hopes to shed light on the importance of continuing research on cyanobacteria metabolites in the search for novel antimicrobials.

Summary: Background: Smoking and smokeless tobacco use during the postpartum period is well studied in high-income countries, whereas low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack evidence. Methods: In this cross-sectional study we used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in 78 LMICs between January 2010 and December 2019 to study tobacco use among 0.32 million sample lactating women. Age-standardized prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use was estimated and presented with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for 78 LMICs. Pooled estimates overall and by WHO regions were obtained using random-effects meta-analyses. Country-level and community-level variance to understand contextual factors was also quantified using multilevel modelling. Findings: Pooled prevalence of any tobacco use among breastfeeding women in LMICs was 3.61% (95% CI 3.53–3.70); with the lowest prevalence in regions of the Americas (1.44%, 1.26–1.63) and the highest in the Southeast Asia region (6.13%, 6.0–6.27). The pooled prevalence of tobacco smoking was reported to be 1.16% (1.11–1.21), with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean region (4.27%, 3.88–4.67) and the lowest in the African region (0.81%, 0.76–0.86). The pooled prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was reported to be 2.56% (2.49–2.63), with the highest prevalence in the Southeast Asia region (4.92%, 4.80–5.04). Illiterate and poor women in LMICs bore the enormous burden of tobacco use. Interpretation: The prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use among lactating women in LMICs varied considerably across different WHO regions. Considering the cross-sectional design of the study, caution is required while interpreting the results. To improve mothers' and children's health and nutrition outcomes and reduce health inequalities in LMICs, reducing tobacco use through evidence-based interventions is critical. Funding: None.

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption is associated with multiple adverse health effects and mortality, with the highest burden in India. The WHO FCTC has banned tobacco advertisement, promotion and sponsorship via Article 13. Indian laws also prohibit any kind of direct or indirect advertisements in all forms of audio, visual, and print media; brand promotion; and sponsorship of tobacco products. However, the tobacco industry continues to find aggressive marketing ways to advertise their products. This study aims to assess the extent of surrogate advertisement of smokeless tobacco products through frequency modulation (FM) radio stations in the city of Delhi (National Capital Territory of India). In this study, the advertisements broadcasted over FM radio across different channels (private and government owned) in total 162 h were analyzed. The time duration was spread evenly over morning peak hours, off hours, and evening peak hours. It was found that multiple brands including Vimal, Kamla Pasand, and Rajshree have used surrogate advertising to market their brands that are commonly associated with smokeless tobacco products. However, no such advertisement was found to be aired on government-owned FM channels. The total surrogate advertisements broadcasted were over 286 times, where no significant difference was found in distribution among peak and non-peak hours. The study indicated that the tobacco industry is making its way to sell the products through indirect advertisements. The need of the hour is to not only enforce tobacco advertising ban laws in all forms of advertising media but also to strictly regulate smokeless tobacco products.

Abstract Background Andrographis paniculata is a well-known medicinal plant that contains various classes of bioactive secondary metabolites. It is widely used by the traditional medicinal healers for treatment of malaria and other diseases. There is an urgent need for screening of potent novel compounds from the methanol extract of A. paniculata. Earlier, we obtained appreciable in vitro anti-malarial activity (IC50-10.75 μg/ml) in the same plant. In current study, we developed novel analytical methods for rapid identification and characterization of diterpenes and flavones using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques and identified major compounds that might possess anti-malarial activities. Results Based on the chromatographic and mass spectrometric features, we have identified a total of 74 compounds (25 compounds from positive ion mode; 49 compounds from negative ion mode). The mass spectrum data predicted andrographolide (15%) presence in the highest amount in both positive and negative ion modes. Based on the percentage purity, Andrographolide and skullcapflavone I was selected as representative class of diterpenes and flavones for fragmentation studies. Conclusions The result led to identification of Neoandrographolide, andrographolactone, 14-dehydroxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, skullcapflavone I, and 5-Hydroxy-2′,7,8-tri methoxy flavone from the methanolic extract of A. paniculata that is used in traditional medicine by tribal healers of Amarkantak region for treating malaria. These could be lead compounds for the development of novel anti-malarial drugs.

Background: Earlier serosurveys in India revealed seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) of 0.73% in May–June 2020 and 7.1% in August–September 2020. A third serosurvey was conducted between December 2020 and January 2021 to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the general population and healthcare workers (HCWs) in India. Methods: The third serosurvey was conducted in the same 70 districts as the first and second serosurveys. For each district, at least 400 individuals aged ≥10 years from the general population and 100 HCWs from subdistrict-level health facilities were enrolled. Serum samples from the general population were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S1-RBD) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, whereas serum samples from HCWs were tested for anti-S1-RBD. Weighted seroprevalence adjusted for assay characteristics was estimated. Results: Of the 28,598 serum samples from the general population, 4585 (16%) had IgG antibodies against the N protein, 6647 (23.2%) had IgG antibodies against the S1-RBD protein, and 7436 (26%) had IgG antibodies against either the N protein or the S1-RBD protein. Weighted and assay-characteristic-adjusted seroprevalence against either of the antibodies was 24.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.0–25.3%]. Among 7385 HCWs, the seroprevalence of anti-S1-RBD IgG antibodies was 25.6% (95% CI 23.5–27.8%). Conclusions: Nearly one in four individuals aged ≥10 years from the general population as well as HCWs in India had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 by December 2020.

Problem considered: Globally, smokeless tobacco (SLT) users are highest in India. Whilst, studies examined prevalence and determinants of SLT use, no evidence exists which examined the quantity of SLT consumed. Methods: Study utilized national representative data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) which adopted a multistage stratified area probability cluster sampling design. First, we computed the average SLT consumption per day (in grams) from the LASI data. Consecutively, we further utilized the projected population approximations from the 26th round of the official United Nations population estimates and prevalence rate of current SLT use from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS-2) and LASI Survey, separately to estimate SLT use pattern for the entire Indian population aged 45 or above. Results: The prevalence of current SLT use among older adults was 17.2% wherein the SLT use is higher among men (20.8%). On average, an older adult consumes 1.01 g of SLT on a daily basis. The range of SLT quantity consumed by users’ according to the LASI and GATS-2 prevalence, varies from 65,000 kg to 85,000 kg per day whereas, annual consumption ranges from 23 million kilograms to 32 million kilograms, respectively. Conclusion: The development of SLT cessation services examining the quantitative aspects of SLT use would be beneficial in tackling the high SLT burden in India and improving the rates of intention to quit.

Introduction: This study hypothesises that the presence of a third person during the interaction between the survey investigator and the woman respondent leads to underreporting of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use by Indian women, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16 was analysed for SLT use among women aged 15–49. Multivariate logistic regression examined the odds of SLT use reporting by women respondents in the presence of their husbands and other male or female adults. Results: SLT use reporting by women significantly varied by the presence of someone during the interview. The analysis shows that the odds of reporting SLT use among women who were neither pregnant nor lactating was 20.6% lower when they were interviewed in the presence of their husbands than when they were interviewed alone. Similarly, compared to those interviewed alone, the odds of women reporting SLT use was 16.5% lower among pregnant and breastfeeding women interviewed in the presence of any adult female. The odds of women under-reporting SLT use were higher in Central and Western India. Conclusions: This study argues that the current survey estimates misconstrue the authentic prevalence of tobacco use among women in India, including pregnant and lactating women. Due to social desirability or the presence of a third person during the survey interview, those respondents who do not report their tobacco use status are also more likely to forego essential support for successful tobacco cessation. Survey methodology must be strengthened to avert the presence of a third person during the interview to ensure better reporting and population health estimates.

Manufacturing organisations adopt various kinds of green interventions to make their operations more environment friendly. However not all interventions have a similar impact on enhancing the environmental efficiency of supply networks. The present study aims to identify the most effective green interventions for effective green supply chain management (GSCM) using the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique. GSCM includes the implementation of green interventions to enhance the environmental viability of their products and processes. First, a set of green interventions is identified through literature and expert opinions, and then these are analysed using the ISM technique. The green interventions ‘developing environmental strategies, policies and procedures’ and ‘performance review and long term action plan’ are identified as the most influential green interventions as they have low dependence and high driving power, which means that it is important to give emphasis on these interventions for effective green supply chain management. Additionally, the study identifies that ‘adoption of cutting edge technology’, ‘cleaner production’, and others are the interventions with high dependence and high driving power. Among all the interventions analysed none has an independent character. Sustainability managers can use this technique and the results in improving sustainability in their SCM.

Abstract The excessive usage of antibiotics in humans and veterinary medicine has lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and now requires the use of novel antibiotics. There has been increased interest towards plants as source of drugs because of their pharmacological potency and long traditional usage. The aim of the current study was to evaluate bioactive components, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extracts of Murraya paniculata, a plant traditionally used in Indian medicinal system. Evaluations were made for phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, membrane stabilizing, and antimicrobial activities. The methanol extract displayed the highest flavonoid and phenolic content, the acetone extract demonstrated considerable ABTS inhibitory activity (IC50value:555.18 ± 1.68 µg/mL) and the hexane extract exhibited highest H2O2 radical scavenging activity (IC50value: 509.84 ± 3.03 µg/mL). The aqueous extract displayed 19.4 ± 0.66% RBC hemolysis and 80.5 ± 0.66% protection caused by hypotonic solution at high concentration of the extract. The fractions of hexane extract revealed a higher zone of inhibition than crude extract. The major components found in the fractions were cyclohexane (40.11%) and 3-(6-Methoxy-3-methyl-2-benzofuranyl) Cyclohexanone (13.68%) as analyzed by GC–MS/MS technique. The current results validate the traditional use of the M. paniculata and warrant its potential in drug development programs in further investigations.

Background: Abundant research studies has recorded availability, accessibility and quality of antenatal care and safe delivery in India but comparatively less information is known for postnatal care and furthermore limited attempts at capturing the whole spectrum of obstetric and newborn health services. Assessing discontinuity in maternal and child health service utilization provides us holistic information about existing health inequities and barriers in service provision. Objective: Current study evaluated the coverage of quality antenatal care (QANC), delivery care (QDC) and postnatal care (QPNC) in India as a part of a single continuum accounting for significant regional and sub-regional disparities. Methods: This study analyzed nationally representative data obtained from NFHS-4 (2015–16). Included in the data, were 190 898 Indian women who had a recent birth in last five years. Coverage of QANC, QDC and QPNC was examined at the national, state and district level. Bivariate association of key sociodemographic variables with coverage of services was assessed during chi-squared analysis. Multilevel logistic regression analysis examined correlates associated with coverage of services. The output was presented using odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI. Findings: About 23.5% women utilized QANC out of which 92.9% opted for QDC and 35.1% of newborns received QPNC. About 400 and 471 districts out of 640 had less than 30% coverage of QANC and QPNC, respectively. Women residing in rural regions of Bihar and Northeastern states were found with less than 10% coverage of QANC. Regression analysis shows that women with more than 12 years of education and belonging to richest households had increased odds of availing QANC (OR 1.95; 95%CI: 1.84–2.06) and QDC (OR: 2.86; 95%CI: 2.27–3.60), respectively. Conclusion: Focused interventions targeting the delivery of quality services especially ANC and PNC among newborns are imperative to achieve SDG-3 goals to achieve improvement in maternal and newborn health.

Introduction: Newer coexisting conditions should be identified in order to modify newer risk factors. Aim was to identify patients with non-classical or less common coexisting conditions in patients infected of COVID 19. Method: Single centred study from June 2020 to May 2021 at a tertiary centre in North India. A preformed questionnaire was used to record clinical and laboratory parameters and to identify cases which are in addition to CDC list and Indian data. Results: 0.67% (46) cases out of 6832 patients were identified to have non-classical coexisting illness. It was divided into 2 groups-infections A (60.1%) and non-infections B (39.9%). Group A included-tuberculosis- pulmonary (14.3%) & extra pulmonary (32.9%), bacterial (25.0%) viral infections [dengue, hepatitis B & C] (14.3%), HIV disease (10.7%) and malaria (3.6%). Group B included- organ transplant (27.8%), autoimmune [myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, psoriasis] (22.6%), haematologic [Haemophilia, ITP, Aplastic anaemia, APML, CML] (27.8%), uncommon malignancies [disseminated sacral chordoma and GTN] (11.1%) and snakebite (11.1%). Serum Procalcitonin was not helpful for diagnosis of bacterial infection in COVID-19 disease. Group A had significantly longer duration of illness, hepatitis and elevated CRP. The mortality in group A & B were 32.1% and 43.8% respectively. Death in non-severe COVID cases was in tetanus and snakebite. 30.7% death among tuberculosis patients. More than 70% of deaths were attributable to COVID 19 in both the groups. Conclusion: In Indian settings, comorbidities like tuberculosis and bacterial infections can precipitate severe COVID 19 unlike other parts of the world where tuberculosis is relatively uncommon.

Abstract Background The objectives of the current study are to evaluate the traditionally used medicinal plants Andrographis paniculata for in vitro anti-malarial activity against human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and to further characterize the anti-malarial active extract of A. paniculata using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Results The chloroform extract of A. paniculata displayed anti-malarial activity with IC50 values 6.36 μg/ml against 3D7 strain and 5.24 μg/ml against K1 strains respectively with no evidence of significant cytotoxicity against mammalian cell line (CC50 > 100 μg/ml). LC-MS analysis of the extract led to the identification of 59 compounds based on their chromatographic and mass spectrometric features (a total of 35 compounds are present in positive ion and 24 compounds in negative ion mode). We have identified 5 flavonoids and 30 compounds as diterpenoids in positive ion mode, while in the negative mode all identified compounds were diterpenoids. Characterization of the most promising class of compound diterpenoids using HPLC-LC-ESI-MS/MS was also undertaken. Conclusions The in vitro results undoubtedly validate the traditional use of A. paniculata for the treatment of malaria. The results have led to the identification of diterpenoids from IGNTU_06 extract as potential anti-malarial compounds that need to be further purified and analyzed in anti-malarial drug development programs. Graphical abstract

Background: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) improves emergency room diagnosis and is a prognostic marker of acutely decompensated heart failure (HF) after hospitalization. We tried to assess the prognosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) using the biomarker. Methods: Patients were categorized into HFpEF (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≥50%) (n = 102), HF with midrange EF (LVEF of 40%–49%) (n = 106), and HFrEF (LVEF ≤40%) (n = 112) as per the ESC classification of HF subtypes. Prognosis by absolute and percentage change in NT-proBNP at admission and at the 10th day of treatment was found in 3-month follow-up. Mortality after discharge was also assessed. Results: Among all HF groups, a reduction of NT-proBNP

AbstractBackground and aim The fruit of Garcinia is a rich and valuable source of bioactive compounds and is traditionally used for treating wounds and ulcers. The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of chromatographically standardized fruit extract of Garcinia cowa (GCE) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats and its possible mechanisms.Methods The effect of GCE (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated by determining various gastric ulcer parameters like gastric wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) content, microvascular permeability, endogenous antioxidant enzyme, and gastric histopathological study.Results and conclusions Oral administration of GCE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited significant (p

Vast stretches of India comes under meteorological drought this year or the other. A huge population base in rural India are rendered highly vulnerable to this drought because of their primary dependency on agriculture and in turn they may respond through temporary migration out of the drought affected rural areas in search of alternative livelihoods. This study aims to investigate the association between drought and temporary migration in rural India by fitting binary logistic regression models on a cross-sectional dataset involving both National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 64th round data and India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall data. The paper also examines whether this association varies across the different socio-economic groups. Out of the total temporary migrants generated in rural India in the study period, 99.46% migrated internally and 67.12% were rural to urban migrants. The study finds that there is a positive association between drought instances and probability of a household to have at least one temporary migrant member in rural India (OR 1.64 with p

IntroductionSuicide is one of the serious health problems among Indian adolescents. Adolescence helps with the transition of an individual into an adult, so it is important to understand the suicidal behavior of adolescents. Several studies have been carried out in different states in India on the suicidal behavior of adolescents, but there is no review that studied the national patterns, trends, and major risk factors. Therefore, this review aims to study the patterns, trends, and major risk factors of suicidal behavior among Indian adolescents.MethodsThe study will be conducted as per the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework and the Joanna Briggs institute Reviewers' manual. The Population, Concept and Context strategy (PCC) will ensure the review questions, eligibility criteria and search strategy. The Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) will be used for the findings of the study of Scoping Review. The literature search will be done using electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Psycinfo, Web of Science, Google, and Cochrane library by specific keywords such as "patterns"; "suicide"; "trends"; "risk factors"; "depression"; "anxiety"; "mental health"; "adolescent"; "teenager"; and "youth";" India" etc. Additional studies will be considered using cross-references.Ethics and disseminationThis study does not involve the collection of primary data; there is no requirement of any ethical approval.Strengths and limitations of the studyThe proposed scoping review is the first study on patterns, trends, and major risk factors of adolescent suicide in India as per the information available on the online platforms.This proposed scoping review will bring together all the previously available data into one place for better study.This evidence-based study will be highly helpful for healthcare professionals and policymakers. This study will be limited to English language and electronically available evidence.

ObjectivesThis study examines the association between quality Postnatal Care (PNC) considering timing and providers' type on neonatal mortality. The aim extends to account for regional disparities in service delivery and mortality including high and non-high focus states.MethodsEver-married women aged 15-49 years (1,87,702) who had delivered at least one child in five years preceding the survey date surveyed in National Family Health Survey (2015-16) were included in the study. Neonatal deaths between day two and seven and neonatal deaths between day two and twenty-eight were considered dependent variables. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were conducted.ResultsChances of early neonatal mortality were 29% (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.59-0.84) among newborns receiving PNC within a day compared to ones devoid of it while 40% (OR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.51-0.71) likelihood for the same was noted if PNC was delivered within a week. Likelihood of neonatal mortality decreased by 24% (OR: 0.76; 95%CI: 0.65-0.88) when skilled PNC was delivered within 24 hours. Receiving quality PNC by skilled providers within a day in a non-high focus state decreased the chances of neonatal mortality by 26% (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.59-0.92) compared to ones who did not receive any PNC.ConclusionsNeonatal deaths were significantly associated with socioeconomic and contextual characteristics including age, education, household wealth, social group and region. Timing of PNC delivered and by a skilled healthcare provider was found significant in reducing neonatal mortality.

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz is a widely used plant in traditional medicine systems. The tribal communities of Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh (India) are using this plant for the treatment of general weakness, blood related complications like blood deficiency, blood purification and for the treatment of symptoms related to sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a genetic disease with life threatening complications. In the absence of any drugs without any side effects, the alternative plant based therapies that may either reduce/ reverse the sickling of the red blood cells can be safe and effective therapeutic agents. We evaluated W. fruticosa extracts for phytoconstituents, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Anti-sickling properties of the extracts were evaluated by estimation of reverse sickling, polymerization inhibition and osmotic fragility assays. Chemical profiling of the methanol extract was done using LC-MS analysis. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, steroids, tannin, and saponins were present in all the extracts. Methanol extract displayed maximum reversal (66 ± 1%) of sickled Red blood Cells (RBC) and significantly inhibited Hb polymerization. The hexane and methanol extracts led to minimum hemolysis of sickled RBC in the osmotic fragility assays. Total tannin (365 ± 2.4 TAE) content was highest in acetone extract, while the total flavonoid and phenolic content (156.9 ± 2.0 QE) and (113.7 ± 0.7 GAE) were highest in methanol extract. The methanol extract displayed minimum IC50 (8.1 ± 1.5) in 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) while the acetone extract had minimum IC50 (215.8 ± 5.7) in 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay. The hexane extract displayed maximum Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) value (1.5 ± 0.5 mM Fe(II)/mg dry weight) that were higher than methanol and aqueous extracts (1.45 ± 0.1, 1.45 ± 0.05 mM Fe(II)/mg dry weight). The methanol extract provided maximum RBC protection from hemolysis (73.8 ± 0.8%). Maximum Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition was observed by the acetone and methanol extracts at 400 μg/mL while the hexane extract displayed maximum Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition (57.0 ± 0.5%). LC-MS profiling of the methanol extract identified several secondary metabolites that might be responsible for the observed activities. The results validate the traditional use of W. fruticosa and present us with potential compounds for further development of novel anti sickling agents.

Abstract Introduction: A high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and premature mortality is observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, new biomarkers that may help predict the development of CVD in early stages of CKD are being investigated along with other traditional risk factors. Objective: To investigate cathepsin S as an early biomarker for CVD in patients with CKD. Methods: A total of 64 patients with CKD were included and classified into 2 groups: CKD patients with established CVD and CKD patients with non-established CVD. All patients were submitted to routine investigations including complete blood count, random blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, total protein, total albumin, calcium total, phosphorous, uric acid, vitamin D, parathormone, lipid profile, liver function test, measurement of serum cathepsin S (Cat S), and 2D Echo of the heart. Results: The level of serum Cat S was increased in CKD patients with CVD (p

Background COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. The pandemic has stressed the healthcare system of India impacting the psychological status and functioning of health care workers. The aim of this study is to determine the burnout levels and factors associated with the risk of psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCW) engaged in the management of COVID 19 in India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2020 to 30 November 2020 by telephonic interviews using a web-based Google form. Health facilities and community centres from 12 cities located in 10 states were selected for data collection. Data on socio-demographic and occupation-related variables like age, sex, type of family, income, type of occupation, hours of work and income were obtained was obtained from 967 participants, including doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, emergency response teams, lab personnel, and others directly involved in COVID 19 patient care. Levels of psychological distress was assessed by the General health Questionnaire -GHQ-5 and levels of burnout was assessed using the ICMR-NIOH Burnout questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the risk of psychological distress. The third quartile values of the three subscales of burnout viz EE, DP and PA were used to identify burnout profiles of the healthcare workers. Results Overall, 52.9% of the participants had the risk of psychological distress that needed further evaluation. Risk of psychological distress was significantly associated with longer hours of work (≥ 8 hours a day) (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI(1.66–3.41), income≥20000(AOR = 1.74, 95% CI, (1.16–2.6); screening of COVID-19 patients (AOR = 1.63 95% CI (1.09–2.46), contact tracing (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI (1.1–3.81), High Emotional exhaustion score (EE ≥16) (AOR = 4.41 95% CI (3.14–6.28) and High Depersonalisation score (DP≥7) (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI (1.28–2.51)). About 4.7% of the HCWs were overextended (EE>18); 6.5% were disengaged (DP>8) and 9.7% HCWs were showing signs of burnout (high on all three dimensions). Conclusion The study has identified key factors that could have been likely triggers for psychological distress among healthcare workers who were engaged in management of COVID cases in India. The study also demonstrates the use of GHQ-5 and ICMR-NIOH Burnout questionnaire as important tools to identify persons at risk of psychological distress and occurrence of burnout symptoms respectively. The findings provide useful guide to planning interventions to mitigate mental health problems among HCW in future epidemic/pandemic scenarios in the country.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was originally known as a virus that infects animals and rarely can be transmitted to humans in large populations, is now transformed into one of the most feared pandemics causes worldwide. Infection by a virus that is officially known as COVID-19 has caused global concern mainly due to the number of deaths caused. Since it was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, now COVID-19 has spread to almost all parts of the world with a very rapid spread rate. The main symptom of this infection is a respiratory disease accompanied by other symptoms that resemble flu-like illness. Everyone can suffer from COVID-19, but the elderly, toddlers, pregnant women, and people with certain diseases and disorders of the immune system show more severe symptoms. The disease is transmitted through inhalation or contact with droplets, where the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days. Until now, specific therapy to treat COVID-19 has not been found, with preventive measures taken to control its spread. In this mini-review, we will explain important information related to COVID-19.

Abstract Background Carica papaya is an eminent medicinal plant used all over the world to treat several diseases like malaria, dengue, inflammation, and skin infections. In this study, preliminary phytochemical screening for C. papaya flowers was carried out using different methods as TLC screening and UV-spectroscopy along with evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods were also developed for TLC and UV-visible spectroscopic analysis of the extracts. Results Results of phytochemical screening revealed that the methanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins as major components. Saponins and tannins were present in chloroform and n-hexane extracts; however, steroids and flavonoids were additionally found in n-hexane extract. Flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were present in aqueous extract of papaya flower. TLC and UV-visible spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in different plant extracts. The total phenolic content (0.76 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g dry weight) and total flavonoid content (1.53 ± 0.10 mg QE/g dry weight) were the highest in the n-hexane extract of the flower. Antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay was the highest in n-hexane extract (64.07%). Antibacterial screening was carried out using well diffusion method against two pathogens Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial assays of the extracts displayed the highest activity in methanolic extract against both E. coli (4.00 ± 0.08) and B. subtilis (01.00 ± 0.05). Conclusion This is the first report for the presence of alkaloids and saponins in C. papaya flowers. Also, it is the first report for determination of total phenolics and total flavonoids in C. papaya flowers. Methanolic extract displayed considerable antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phytochemical extracts make them attractive alternative complementary medicines. More chemical investigation for chemical constituents is important for further drug development programs. Graphical abstract

Introduction: COVID-19 and subsequent country-wide lockdown has impacted smokeless tobacco (SLT) product availability in India. We aimed to examine SLT quitting during COVID-19 lockdown among SLT users who consented to be enrolled in a cessation programme. Methods: Between January–March 2020, we screened 227 exclusive SLT users to be enrolled in a randomized-controlled feasibility study on SLT cessation. However, all activities were suspended due to national lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. To examine the quitting intention and behaviour during COVID-19 lockdown, we re-contacted these individuals telephonically; during September–October 2020. Results: Of 227 participants, 87 (38.3%) could not be contacted on phone. We conducted telephonic qualitative interviews and assessed the SLT use status, willingness to quit and participate in the SLT cessation trial among the remaining 140 participants. Among these, 12.1% (17/140) showed no willingness to participate in the study due to migration. Since COVID-19 lockdown, 32.1% (45/140) participants reported quitting SLT due to non-availability, increased cost of products, shifts in community norms and family pressures. Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic presented an opportunity for tobacco cessation as stringent bans and isolation from social circles enabled tobacco cessation. It also triggered improvement in dissemination of public health information at an unprecedented scale, particularly related to the vulnerability of tobacco users to co-morbidities and harm from SARS CoV-2 infection. Implementation of strict bans on sale and consumption of SLT and strengthening of cessation support may lead to sustainable tobacco control. This study provides insight into effective policy strategies to reduce SLT use; which need to be substantiated with adequate cessation support.

Brugada syndrome, a rare genetic disease increases the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Various trigger factors has been associated with Brugada syndrome. Arrhythmias have been reported in COVID 19. We report a patient with transient Brugada like pattern in ECG triggered by COVID 19.

Objective Areca nut is one of the most widely consumed substances globally, after nicotine, ethanol and caffeine and classified as carcinogenic to humans. This study examines the disparity and determinants of areca nut consumption with and without tobacco in India.Design Nationally representative cross-sectional study.Participants We used the nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016–2017. The analytical sample size was 74 037 individual’s aged 15 years and above with a response rate of 92.9%.Measures Current consumption of areca nut without tobacco and with tobacco.Method We examined determinants of areca nut consumption (without tobacco and with tobacco) using multinomial logistic regression, accounting for the survey design.Results About 23.9% (95% CI 23.1 to 24.8) of the adult population consume areca nut, that is, approximately 223.79 million people in India; majority of users (14.2%–95% CI 13.5 to 14.9) consumed areca nut with tobacco. When compared with women, men were more likely to consume areca nut (with tobacco relative risk (RR)=2.02; 95% CI 1.85 to 2.21 and without tobacco RR=1.13; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.20). Age, marital status, education, occupation, caste, religion and region were significantly associated with areca nut consumption. However, the direction and magnitude of association differ with respect to the areca nut consumption with and without tobacco.Conclusion The ongoing tobacco control efforts would not address the majority of areca nut users until greater attention to areca nut consumption with and without tobacco is reflected in health policies in India.

Background and Aims: Patients undergoing breast cancer surgeries face significant post-operative pain. We aimed to compare pectoral nerve (PECS) block with erector spinae (ESP) block in these patients in terms of analgesic efficacy and adverse effects. Methods: Sixty four American Society of Anesthesiologists' status I and II female patients between age 18 to 60 years scheduled for unilateral modified radical mastectomy (MRM) under general anaesthesia, were enrolled in this prospective randomised study. Patients in group I received ultrasound guided (USG) ESP block (20 cc 0.2% ropivacaine) while group II received USG guided PECS II block (25 cc 0.2% ropivacaine). General anaesthesia was administered in a standardised manner to both the groups. The various parameters observed included sensory blockade, duration of analgesia and any adverse effects. The primary outcome was the total morphine consumption in 24 hours. Results: The total morphine consumption in 24 hours was less in group II (4.40 ± 0.94 mg), compared to group I (6.59 ± 1.35 mg; P = 0.000). The mean duration of analgesia in patients of group II was 7.26 ± 0.69 hours while that in the group I was 5.87 ± 1. 47 hours (P value = 0.001). 26 patients in group II (PECS) had blockade of T2 as compared to only 10 patients in group I. (P value = 0.00). There was no incidence of adverse effects in either group. Conclusion: PECS II block is a more effective block when compared to ESP block in patients of MRM in terms of postoperative analgesia and opioid consumption.

Table-top, femtosecond lasers provide the highest light intensities capable of extreme excitation of matter. A key challenge, however, is the efficient coupling of light to matter, a goal addressed by target structuring and laser pulse-shaping. Nanostructured surfaces enhance coupling but require “high contrast” (e.g., for modern ultrahigh intensity lasers, the peak to picosecond pedestal intensity ratio >1012) pulses to preserve target integrity. Here, we demonstrate a foam target that can efficiently absorb a common, low contrast 105 (in picosecond) laser at an intensity of 5 × 1018 W/cm2, giving ∼20 times enhanced relativistic hot electron flux. In addition, such foam target induced “micro-optic” function is analogous to the miniature plasma-parabolic mirror. The simplicity of the target—basically a structure with voids having a diameter of the order of a light wavelength—and the efficacy of these micro-sized voids under low contrast illumination can boost the scope of high intensity lasers for basic science and for table-top sources of high energy particles and ignition of laser fusion targets.

Micronutrients like copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Zinc (Zn) are essential for plants, and their functions are tightly linked for vital metabolism. The normal concentration range for each of these metals in the plant is narrow, with both deficiencies and excesses causing severe physiological implications. Maintaining an optimum level of these redox-active metals in the plant requires balanced activities of transporters that mediate import into the cell, proper distribution to where it is needed and storage, and use in metalloproteins and metalloenzymes within the cell. Understanding the complexities of interaction between Fe and other micronutrients and how it defines the health of the plants would facilitate improved plant growth strategies on soils with the low/high levels of these metals, with implications for agriculture and phytoremediation. The review briefly discusses the role of these metals in plant and expands on iron homeostasis and its crosstalk with Cu, Zn, and Mn.