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Background: T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) occurs in 10%-12% of renal allografts. TCMR manifests as a rise in serum creatinine, decreased urine output, fever, and graft tenderness. It has a negative impact on long-term allograft function. Hence, we did a retrospective analysis of patients with TCMR to know the pattern, risk factors, and treatment outcome. Materials and Methods: We analyzed retrospectively clinical characteristics, laboratory data, renal biopsy reports, precipitating factors, treatment modalities, and outcomes from case records and biopsy registers of 30 patients with TCMR between July 2019 and June 2021 in our institution. Results: Out of 30 patients studied, 80% were males and 20% were females. The mean age was 29.67 ± 8.8 years. Live-related renal transplantation accounted for 80% of patients. Native kidney disease was not known in 63%. The mean duration of rejection was 21.73 ± 23.24 months. Among the various risk factors studied, low tacrolimus levels were seen in 56.7%, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). All the patients were treated for rejection, and improvement was seen in most and 10.7% showed no improvement. Conclusion: Most patients with TCMR improved with treatment. Inadequate immunosuppression was the risk factor for TCMR in the maximum number of our patients. Compliance was good in most patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among transplant recipients varies from 5% to 15% across the globe. We conducted a retrospective study to identify the incidence of TB among kidney transplant recipients in our transplant unit. Materials and Methods: We assessed the patients who underwent kidney transplantation in our transplant unit during the study period from January 2014 to June 2018 and included those recipients who had bacteriologically confirmed TB. We excluded the patients who had TB before transplant and those recipients who were initiated on antituberculosis treatment (ATT) empirically. The details collected were: 1. Clinical data, the presenting symptoms, and clinical findings. 2. Diagnostic investigation: Microbiological/histopathological/radiological/bronchoalveolar lavage/fluid (pleural/peritoneal/ cerebrospinal fluid) analysis. 3. Antituberculous regimen, dose, and duration of the therapy. 4. Relapse/patient and graft outcome after treatment. Results: The total number of patients who underwent kidney transplantation during the study period was 177. TB occurred in 21 patients after transplantation. The incidence of TB in our transplant unit was 11.86%. In these 21 recipients, 8 had pulmonary TB and the remaining 13 had extrapulmonary/disseminated TB, which included two patients with disseminated TB and one patient with allograft dysfunction with thrombotic microangiopathy which was attributed to TB as it responded to first‑line antituberculous drugs. The mortality rate was 23.8%, as five patients expired. After excluding patients who expired, the graft survival at 1 year after ATT completion was 90.5%. Conclusion: For most developing nations, the World Health Organization’s “End TB Strategy” remains far from their dream. An ideal investigation to detect TB in its early stage is essential in posttransplant recipients to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinical use of tacrolimus has been challenging due to its narrow therapeutic index and highly variable pharmacokinetics. In this study, we compared patients who received body weight-based tacrolimus dosing pre-transplant (transplanted from 2016 to 2018) with those who received CYP3A5 genotype-based dosing (2018 to 2020). Methods: Eighty-two renal transplant recipients were non-randomly assigned to genotype-adapted or bodyweight-based tacrolimus dosing groups. The primary end point was to study the proportion of subjects who achieved the target tacrolimus C0 on post-op day 4. Secondary end points included clinical outcomes and safety. Results: The proportion of subjects who achieved the target tacrolimus C0 on postoperative days 4 and 10 were significantly higher in the adapted group, 53.6% and 47.5%, compared to 24.3% and 17% in controls, respectively (P = 0.01). Adapted group subjects achieved their first target tacrolimus C0 significantly earlier (4 days) compared to 25 days in controls (P = 0.01). The total number of tacrolimus dose modifications required in the first postop month were lower in the adapted group; 47 compared to 68 in the controls (P = 0.05). The proportion of subjects with sub-therapeutic tacrolimus exposure on postoperative day 4 was significantly higher in the controls, 56% versus 10% in the adapted group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups in the rate of biopsy proven acute rejections, adverse events, and graft function at the end of 3 months follow up. Conclusion: Genotype-based tacrolimus dosing leads to more subjects achieving the target tacrolimus C0 earlier. However, there may be a higher risk of tacrolimus nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute porphyrias are metabolic disorders resulting from deficiency of a specific enzyme involved in heme biosynthetic pathway. These deficiencies also affect normal renal physiology, as kidneys are also involved in heme synthesis. Sometimes, this could even lead to end stage renal disease. Acute Intermittent Porphyria, an autosomal dominant disorder arising from half-normal activity of hydroxymethylbilane synthase, is characterized by occurrence of vague neurovisceral attacks (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation and neuropsychiatric symptoms), with urinary excretion of porphyrin precursors, such as 5-Amino-levulinic acid (ALA) and Porphobilinogen (PBG). Acute attacks are triggered by dehydration, diarrhea, steroids, low calorie diets. Treatment includes avoidance of precipitating factors, adequate hydration, high carbohydrate diet and heme replacement. Here, we present an adolescent female who had presented with recurrent abdominal pain, dyselectrolyemia with associated seizures, was diagnosed with Acute Intermittent Porphyria and recovered well with symptomatic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) constitutes less than 5% of all kidney transplantais in India. A retrospective analysis of 173 deceased donor renal transplants performed in a public funded government hospital was done. Mean age of the recipients was 36 years (male:female ratio 2.4:1), and that of the donors was 32.3 years (male:female ratio 6:1). The cold ischemic time was 340 ±170 minutes. Mean follow-up period was 36 months. Forty one patients died, 75% of them in the first post-transplant year. Sepsis and cardiovascular disease were the most common causes of death. Twenty two percent had acute rejection. There was no significant difference in the incidence in the rate of acute rejection, bacterial, fungal infections and death rate between the cohorts of induction and non induction immunosuppression. The patient and death censored graft survival at 1 year were 80 and 82.6% and at 5 years were 76 and 80% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]