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In the current paper, we endeavour to execute a numerical analysis in connection with the boundary layer flow induced in a non-Newtonian liquid by a stretching sheet with heat and mass transfer. The effects of chemical reactions and local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) conditions are considered in the modelling. The LTNE model is based on energy equations, and provides unique heat transfer for both liquid phases. As a result, different temperature profiles for both the fluid and solid phases are used in this work. The model equation system is reduced by means of appropriate similarity transformations, which are then numerically solved by employing the classical Runge–Kutta (RK) scheme along with the shooting method. The resultant findings are graphed to show the effects of various physical factors on the involved distributions. Outcomes reveal that Jeffrey fluid shows improved velocity for lower values of porosity when compared to Oldroyd-B fluid. However, for higher values of porosity, the velocity of the Jeffery fluid declines faster than that of the Oldroyd-B fluid. Jeffery liquid shows improved fluid phase mass transfer, and decays more slowly than Oldroyd-B liquid for higher values of chemical reaction rate parameter.

There are several regularly reported applications for the dispersion of nanoparticles in a conventional fluid along a vertical wall in clinical medicine, architecture and agriculture fields. On the other hand, it still has not been reported the effect of electromagnetohydrodynamic convective flow of nanofluid through a radiating, moving Riga plate with heat absorption. As a result, this paper examines a water-based nanofluid comprising copper and aluminum oxide along a moving Riga plate, taking into cognizance λ = 0 (stationary Riga plate) λ = ± 1 (moving Riga plate). The Laplace transform technique is used to solve the ODEs obtained after employing the similarity variables on the governing equations. The effect of various variables on the shear stress coefficient, Nusselt number, velocity and temperature distribution is explored and graphically shown. Driven by the electromagnetic force effect, the increased modified Hartmann number and radiative impact increase copper nanofluid over aluminum oxide nanofluid on the moving plate. Simultaneously, heat absorption favors a modest decrease in aluminum oxide nanofluid's thermal and velocity fields over copper nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aetiology and significance of internal carotid artery variations at the skull base remain controversial after decades, with limited available literature. Approximately 10–40 per cent of the general population has parapharyngeal internal carotid artery variations. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted on internal carotid artery variations in 36 cadavers, in a tertiary care hospital, between March 2019 to March 2020. Results: The most common internal carotid artery variation observed in the specimens was tortuosity, in 30 per cent, followed by kinking in 18 per cent and coiling in 10 per cent. Thirty per cent of specimens had variations present bilaterally. A loop pattern of the internal carotid artery was identified. Coiling of the internal carotid artery may present as a node; hence, meticulous dissection is advocated near the skull base to avoid complications. These variations hold utmost importance for otorhinolaryngologists performing pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal surgical procedures. Conclusion: A detailed knowledge of anatomy, along with its variations, and surgical expertise, will help reduce the incidence of surgical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]