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3. Hazardous Changes in Soil CO2 Emissions at Vulcano, Italy, in 2021.

Author

Di Martino, R. M. R., Gurrieri, S., Camarda, M., Capasso, G., and Prano, V.

Subjects
SOIL air, VOLCANIC soils, MOHOROVICIC discontinuity, CARBON emissions, CARBON isotopes, VOLCANIC gases, SOIL surveys
Abstract

The La Fossa volcano on the Island of Vulcano, Italy, showed signs of more energetic fumarolic–solfataric activity during 2021. Several increases in volcanic gas emissions and seismicity, namely, "crisis," punctuated the passive degassing at Vulcano that had ensued after the last 1888–1890 vulcanian eruption. Most of the gases (i.e., up to 90%) were emitted at the crater cone while the diffuse degassing of CO2 at Vulcano Porto accounted for more than 10% of the volcanic emissions. Two anomalous degassing zones at the base of the volcanic cone (i.e., Palizzi and Faraglione) showed notable changes in the gas output during the volcanic crisis. In these zones, increases of soil CO2 flux (φCO2) had several practical implications other than of volcanological interest, owing to the risk related to people's exposure to volcanic gas emissions. The results of this study reveal variations of the average φCO2 from 74 g m−2 d−1 during September 2021 to 370 g m−2 d−1 in November 2021, which were 27% and 538% higher than the statistical background since 1988 (φCO2 ≈ 58 g m−2 d−1), respectively. These observations helped in volcanic surveillance at Vulcano. The soil CO2 partitioning determined using both φCO2 and carbon isotope measurements, helped track changes in the volcanic CO2 output from 9.97 · 104 to 101.15 · 104 kg d−1. Estimates for volcanic CO2 suggest that the instability of a magmatic body caused a transition from background fumarolic–solfataric activity toward an unrest event after September 2021. Plain Language Summary: A noticeable increase in volcanic outgassing occurred at Vulcano, Italy, in 2021. Although the volcano has not achieved critical conditions to produce an eruption, the soil CO2 emissions have prevented access into some zones of the island, due to the volcanic risk known as the gas hazard. Specialized instruments such as fluxmeters and spectrophotometers were used to measure the soil CO2 flux and the carbon isotopes of CO2 during four soil gas surveys. To understand why the volcanic system evolved toward a period of unrest, we modeled our measurements using mass balance calculations. We find that the CO2 increase, almost 10 times its baseline, was most likely due to the instability of a magmatic body within the mantle to crustal boundary known as the Moho discontinuity. Because of this magmatic instability, the volcanic CO2 emissions resumed in some zones of the island where volcanic activity had been dormant for decades. The resumption of volcanic degassing in a short period had not been recorded before at Vulcano, and it is important to understand its cause because future changes in magmatic activity might produce larger CO2 emissions that will have the added risk of gas hazards as well as that of an explosion. Key Points: Diffuse degassing surveys help track transition toward volcanic unrest periodsCarbon isotope composition allows quantification of the volcanic CO2 emitted by soilsSignificant changes in volcanic outgassing state caused increases in soil CO2 emissions and gas hazard at Vulcano—Italy—during 2021 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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5. Hazardous Changes in Soil CO2Emissions at Vulcano, Italy, in 2021

Author

Di Martino, R. M. R., Gurrieri, S., Camarda, M., Capasso, G., and Prano, V.

Abstract

The La Fossa volcano on the Island of Vulcano, Italy, showed signs of more energetic fumarolic–solfataric activity during 2021. Several increases in volcanic gas emissions and seismicity, namely, “crisis,” punctuated the passive degassing at Vulcano that had ensued after the last 1888–1890 vulcanian eruption. Most of the gases (i.e., up to 90%) were emitted at the crater cone while the diffuse degassing of CO2at Vulcano Porto accounted for more than 10% of the volcanic emissions. Two anomalous degassing zones at the base of the volcanic cone (i.e., Palizzi and Faraglione) showed notable changes in the gas output during the volcanic crisis. In these zones, increases of soil CO2flux (φCO2) had several practical implications other than of volcanological interest, owing to the risk related to people's exposure to volcanic gas emissions. The results of this study reveal variations of the average φCO2from 74 g m−2d−1during September 2021 to 370 g m−2d−1in November 2021, which were 27% and 538% higher than the statistical background since 1988 (φCO2≈ 58 g m−2d−1), respectively. These observations helped in volcanic surveillance at Vulcano. The soil CO2partitioning determined using both φCO2and carbon isotope measurements, helped track changes in the volcanic CO2output from 9.97 · 104to 101.15 · 104kg d−1. Estimates for volcanic CO2suggest that the instability of a magmatic body caused a transition from background fumarolic–solfataric activity toward an unrest event after September 2021. A noticeable increase in volcanic outgassing occurred at Vulcano, Italy, in 2021. Although the volcano has not achieved critical conditions to produce an eruption, the soil CO2emissions have prevented access into some zones of the island, due to the volcanic risk known as the gas hazard. Specialized instruments such as fluxmeters and spectrophotometers were used to measure the soil CO2flux and the carbon isotopes of CO2during four soil gas surveys. To understand why the volcanic system evolved toward a period of unrest, we modeled our measurements using mass balance calculations. We find that the CO2increase, almost 10 times its baseline, was most likely due to the instability of a magmatic body within the mantle to crustal boundary known as the Moho discontinuity. Because of this magmatic instability, the volcanic CO2emissions resumed in some zones of the island where volcanic activity had been dormant for decades. The resumption of volcanic degassing in a short period had not been recorded before at Vulcano, and it is important to understand its cause because future changes in magmatic activity might produce larger CO2emissions that will have the added risk of gas hazards as well as that of an explosion. Diffuse degassing surveys help track transition toward volcanic unrest periodsCarbon isotope composition allows quantification of the volcanic CO2emitted by soilsSignificant changes in volcanic outgassing state caused increases in soil CO2emissions and gas hazard at Vulcano—Italy—during 2021 Diffuse degassing surveys help track transition toward volcanic unrest periods Carbon isotope composition allows quantification of the volcanic CO2emitted by soils Significant changes in volcanic outgassing state caused increases in soil CO2emissions and gas hazard at Vulcano—Italy—during 2021

Published
2022
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6. Chemistry of atmospheric depositions over two polluted industrial areas of Sicily (Italy)

Author

Filippo Brugnone, D’alessandro, W., Saino, F., Brusca, L., Bellomo, S., Prano, V., Lorenza Li Vigni, Parello, Francesco, Sprovieri, M., Sergio Calabrese, and Brugnone F., D’Alessandro W., Saino F., Brusca L., Bellomo S., Prano V., Li Vigni L., Parello F., Sprovieri M., Calabrese S.

Subjects
atmospheric deposition, dry deposition, wet deposition, trace metals, major ions, Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia
Abstract

Dry and wet depositions provide the pathways through which particles and gases emitted into the atmosphere return to the Earth’s surface. Bulk deposition is defined as the sum of dry and wet deposition, which is characterized by water-soluble and insoluble chemical species. Recent studies (e.g. Castillo et al., 2017) showed that most of the atmospheric deposition in Europe occurs in the wet form, but in southern European regions the role of dry contribution can be as significant as that of wet deposition. In the framework of the multidisciplinary project “CISAS” (Centro Internazionale di Studi Avanzati su Ambiente, ecosistema e Salute umana), bulk depositions were monthly sampled over two polluted industrial areas of Sicily (Milazzo and Priolo), through a network of 12 bulk collectors, from June 2018 to July 2019. In that period, 137 samples were collected and subdivided into 4 aliquots for different analytical determinations: (i) unfiltered aliquots for the total alkalinity; (ii) filtered aliquots (0.45 µm filters) for major anions by ionic chromatography (IC); (iii) filtered and acidified (with Ultrapure HNO3) for the analysis of major cations and a large suite of trace elements, respectively by ICP-OES and ICP-MS; (iv) unfiltered and acidified aliquots for the same suite of trace elements, to evaluate the contribution of less-soluble species. The filtration of the rain samples allows the separation of the water-soluble fraction from the particulate fraction (> 0.45 µm), which is retained by the filter. The comparison between filtered and unfiltered aliquots allowed to highlight the different geochemical mobility of the trace elements, and their distribution among the two fractions. The unfiltered aliquots, therefore, represent the less-soluble species found in the particulate under typical rainwater pH values (4 – 8), that becomes soluble due to the acidification of the samples (pH < 1). Results showed that the less-soluble fraction represents a significant part of the bulk deposition for several trace metals, especially during dry-dominated periods which are characterized by a long-range transport of geogenic particles (e.g. desert dust). In particular, Al, B, Ba, Fe, Li, Sr, and Ti showed significant enrichment if the less-soluble fraction is included. Similar enrichments are noteworthy also for As, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se Tl, Te and V which can be attributed to the local industrial atmospheric pollution, as well as to Mt. Etna that is a permanent source of several volcanogenic elements (Brugnone et al., 2020).

7. Monitoraggio Geochimico del Fiume Oreto: primi risultati

Author

Calabrese S., Brugnone F., Pedone B., Aiuppa A., Parello F., Bellomo S., Brusca L., D'Alessandro W., Li Vigni L., Prano V., and Grassa F.

Subjects
Fiume Oreto, Monitoraggio Geochimico, Elementi in Traccia, Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia

8. Atmospheric Deposition around the Industrial Areas of Milazzo and Priolo Gargallo (Sicily–Italy)—Part A: Major Ions

Author

Filippo Brugnone, Walter D’Alessandro, Francesco Parello, Marcello Liotta, Sergio Bellomo, Vincenzo Prano, Lorenza Li Vigni, Mario Sprovieri, Sergio Calabrese, Brugnone F., D’Alessandro W., Parello F., Liotta M., Bellomo S., Prano V., Li Vigni L., Sprovieri M., and Calabrese S.

Subjects
major ions, acidity neutralization, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, atmospheric deposition, marine source, anthropogenic source, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, acidity neutralization, anthropogenic source, atmospheric deposition, major ions, marine source
Abstract

The chemical composition of rainwater was studied in two highly-industrialised areas in Sicily (southern Italy), between June 2018 and July 2019. The study areas were characterised by large oil refining plants and other industrial hubs whose processes contribute to the release of large amounts of gaseous species that can affect the chemical composition of atmospheric deposition As in most of the Mediterranean area, rainwater acidity (ranging in the study area between 3.9 and 8.3) was buffered by the dissolution of abundant geogenic carbonate aerosol. In particular, calcium and magnesium cations showed the highest pH-neutralizing factor, with ~92% of the acidity brought by SO42− and NO3− neutralized by alkaline dust. The lowest pH values were observed in samples collected after abundant rain periods, characterised by a less significant dry deposition of alkaline materials. Electrical Conductivity (ranging between 7 µS cm−1 and 396 µS cm−1) was inversely correlated with the amount of rainfall measured in the two areas. Concentrations of major ionic species followed the sequence Cl− > Na+ > SO42− ≃ HCO3− > ≃ Ca2+ > NO3− > Mg2+ > K+ > F−. High loads of Na+ and Cl− (with a calculated R2 = 0.99) reflected proximity to the sea. Calcium, potassium, and non-sea-salt magnesium had a prevalent crustal origin. Non-sea salt sulphate, nitrate, and fluoride can be attributed mainly to anthropogenic sources. Mt. Etna, during eruptive periods, may be also considered, on a regional scale, a significant source for fluoride, non-sea salt sulphate, and even chloride.

Published
2023
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9. A christmas gift: Signature of the 24th December 2018 eruption of Mt. Etna on the chemical composition of bulk deposition in eastern sicily

Author

Lorenza Li Vigni, Francesco Parello, Lorenzo Brusca, Filippo Brugnone, Sergio Calabrese, Sergio Bellomo, Vincenzo Prano, Filippo Saiano, Walter D'Alessandro, Brugnone F., D'Alessandro W., Calabrese S., Li Vigni L., Bellomo S., Brusca L., Prano V., Saiano F., and Parello F.

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geochemistry, Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Fluoride, Rainwater, Trace elements, Volcanic emissions, 01 natural sciences, Strombolian eruption, Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia, chemistry.chemical_compound, Deposition (aerosol physics), Volcano, Impact crater, chemistry, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Seawater, Sulfate, Volatiles, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The eruption of Mt. Etna which occurred on December 24th 2018 was characterized by strombolian activity and fire fountains, emitted by the New South-East Crater and along a fissure that propagated towards the SE. The influence of volcanic emissions on atmospheric deposition was clearly detectable at several kilometres from the source. Wet and dry (bulk) deposition samples were collected each month, through a network of eleven collectors, in the areas of Milazzo, and Priolo between June 2018 and June 2019. They were analysed for major ions and trace elements concentrations. The pH values range from 3.9 to 8.3, while the EC values range from 7 to 396 μS cm-1. An extensive neutralization of the acidity has been recognised mainly due to the suspended alkaline dust particles, which have a buffering role in rainwater. A high load of Na+ and Cl- was observed at all sites, related to the closeness of the study areas to the coast, showing a high positive correlation (R2 = 0.989) along the line of Na+/Cl- ratio in seawater. During the eruption, the volcanic plume was carried by the winds for long distance (more than 300 km) affecting the area of Priolo but not that of Milazzo, which was upwind with respect to Mt. Etna. The impact of volcanic HF was clearly recognised in the samples collected after the eruption. Volcanic SO2 and HCl had a lower impact due to the overwhelming input of anthropogenic sulfate and marine chloride. On the contrary, the signature of the Mt. Etna eruption can be well recognised in the high concentrations of certain trace elements in the samples collected immediately after the eruption. The strongest contrast between affected and non-affected samples was recognised in Al, Cd, and especially in the volatile elements Tl and Te, which are typically enriched in volcanic emissions. The results showed that volcanic eruptions might have a relevant effect on the atmospheric chemistry and on the composition of rainwater up to distances of 80 km from the emission vents.

Published
2020

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