Search

Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV) are globally prevalent as deadly pathogens in human and animals including pig, horse and cattle. Japanese encephalitis (JE) still remains as an important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide and exists in a zoonotic transmission cycle. Assam is one of the highly endemic state for JE in India. In the present study, to understand the epidemiological status of JE circulating in pigs and mosquito particularly in Assam, India, molecular detection of JEV and the complete genome sequencing of the JEV isolates from pig and mosquito were done. The complete genome analysis of two JEV isolates from pig and mosquito were revealed7 and 21 numbers of unique points polymorphism of nucleotide during alignment of the sequences with other available sequences, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates of present investigation were belongs to genotype III and closely related with the strains of neighbouring country China. This study represents the transboundary nature of the JEV genotype III circulation and maintained the same genotype through mosquito-swine transmission cycles.

A mixture of two ionic liquids have been used for a green synthesis of 3,4,6-triarylpyridazine in high yield and at room temperature. The two ionic liquids acts in tandem. The advantage of this method is a room temperature synthesis of the target compounds using green methodology. Product recovery is simple and the mixture of ionic liquids can be recovered and recycled.

A series of three biphenyl-based Knoevenagel products (denoted 1a, 1b, 1c) with active methylene groups has been synthesized. Compounds 1a and 1b show strong solid-state fluorescence, whereas 1c displays low emission. Effects of substituent groups in condensed phase packing of the molecules have been investigated and correlated with their photophysical properties. Interestingly, compound 1a exhibits mechanofluorochromism with emission color changes from yellow to green (wavelength shift of 40 nm) after mechanical grinding. Furthermore, fluorescence of 1a and 1b is turned off under alkaline conditions, making them potential candidates for aggregation-enhanced emission-based pH sensors.

A novel nitrogen-rich amorphous porous organic polymer has been synthesized using a microwave-assisted process. Its high chemical stability, reusability and poor solubility enable the use of the porous polymer as a metal-free heterogeneous catalyst for C C bond formation at ambient temperature under environmentally benign conditions.

Structural chromosome abnormalities, such as translocations and inversions occasionally occur in all livestock species and are typically associated with reproductive and developmental disorders. Curiously, only a few structural chromosome aberrations have been reported in camelids, and most involved sex chromosomes. This can be attributed to a high diploid number (2n = 74) and complex chromosome morphology, which makes unambiguous identification of camelid chromosomes difficult. Additionally, molecular tools for camelid cytogenetics are sparse and have become available only recently. Here we present a case report about an infertile male llama with teratozoospermia and abnormal chromosome number 2n = 73,XY. This llama carries an autosomal translocation of chromosomes 12 and 20, which is the likely cause of defective spermatogenesis and infertility in this individual. Our analysis underlines the power of molecular cytogenetics methods over conventional banding-based chromosome analysis for explicit identification of normal and aberrant chromosomes in camelid karyotypes. This is the first case of a translocation and the first autosomal aberration reported in any camelid species. It is proof of principle that, like in other mammalian species, structural chromosome abnormalities contribute to reproductive disorders in camelids.

Synthesis of pyridinium based ionic liquids were reported and applied as catalyst for the selective O-methylation of phenols and benzyl alcohols. The reactions were carried out by using dimethylcarbonate (DMC) as the methylating agent. High selectivity, high yield and recyclability of the ionic liquids are important features of the reactions.

A microwave mediated, ionic liquid catalyzed, VOC free and one pot synthesis of formazans was developed. In an alternative procedure, resin immobilized diazonium ions was used as a solid supported reaction for formazan synthesis. The efficiency of both the procedures was examined with respect to yield of product, reduction of reaction time and environmental impact. Products were obtained in a short reaction time and in moderate to high yield. This study was undertaken to find an alternative green protocol for the synthesis of formazans using ionic liquid as catalyst in aqueous media in the absence of corrosive mineral acids, buffered solutions and VOCs.

Ionic liquids (IL) prepared from dialkylamines and concentrated sulphuric acid were used in an operationally simple, cost effective, efficient and environmentally benign synthesis of xanthenes and benzoxanthenes. Three ILs were screened for their efficiency as promoter of the synthesis. Results indicate di-n-propylammoniumhydrogensulphate to be the most efficient IL. Product recovery is simple and the IL could be recovered for reuse.

Secondary amine based ionic liquid and defective Keggin type heteropoly acid (HPA) are separately used for efficient one-pot four-component synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles assisted by microwave (MW). Eco-friendly solvent free procedure, short reaction time, high yield of products and reusability of catalysts are important features of the synthesis. A comparative study on the efficiency of the two catalysts is reported. This work further demonstrates the alternate use of urea, instead of often used ammonium acetate, as source of nitrogen.

2-Hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-ene (I) reacts with salicylaldehydes (II), (IV), and (VI) under TfOH-catalysis to the pyrano[3.2-c]chromenes (III), (V), and (VII) in good yields and with high diastereoselectivities.

Diethylammonium hydrogensulfate as an ionic liquid catalyst in the microwave-assisted one-pot three-component reaction between arylamines (I), benzaldehydes (II) or (V) and phenylhydrazine (III) furnishes the formazans (IV) and (VI) in highs yield following a volatile-organic-compound- and solvent-free green protocol.

Among three ionic liquids tested, propylammoniumhydrogensulfate is found to be the most efficient promoter for the synthesis of title compounds (III), (V), and (VI).

Tetra‐n‐propyl and tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromates were used for the oxidation of a variety of aromatic amines to nitro compounds. Reaction condition and recovery simple and yield of products high.

Aromate exchange resin prepared by a simple elution technique and used for the biphasic oxidation of alcohols and benzyi halides to corresponding carbonyl compounds.

Genome analysis of the alpaca (Lama pacos, LPA) has progressed slowly compared to other domestic species. Here, we report the development of the first comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and CHORI-246 BAC library clones. The map is comprised of 230 linearly ordered markers distributed among all 36 alpaca autosomes and the sex chromosomes. For the first time, markers were assigned to LPA14, 21, 22, 28, and 36. Additionally, 86 genes from 15 alpaca chromosomes were mapped in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius, CDR), demonstrating exceptional synteny and linkage conservation between the 2 camelid genomes. Cytogenetic mapping of 191 protein-coding genes improved and refined the known Zoo-FISH homologies between camelids and humans: we discovered new homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) corresponding to HSA1-LPA/CDR11, HSA4-LPA/CDR31 and HSA7-LPA/CDR36, and revised the location of breakpoints for others. Overall, gene mapping was in good agreement with the Zoo-FISH and revealed remarkable evolutionary conservation of gene order within many human-camelid HSBs. Most importantly, 91 FISH-mapped markers effectively integrated the alpaca whole-genome sequence and the radiation hybrid maps with physical chromosomes, thus facilitating the improvement of the sequence assembly and the discovery of genes of biological importance.

Cyclodehydration-condensation of hippuric acid and arylaldehydes have been carried out using a 1:1 mixture of Al2O3-H3BO3 in the presence of stoichiometric quantity of acetic anhydride to give the target compound in good yield. This procedure can be used to synthesize the 4-alkylidene analogs also.

Diazonium ions have been immobilized onto an ion-exchange resin support and were subsequently reacted with sodioindole in dry tetrahydrofuran to give the N-arylazoindole. The solid phase diazocoupling reaction appears to be the only method for the preparation of the target molecules.

Tetra-n-alkylammonium bromates were prepared from the corresponding bromides for the first time and were used for deoximation of oximes to the corresponding carbonyl compounds.

Aryl/alkyl(2,2′-bis-3-methylindolyl)methanes and aryl(bis-3,3′-indolyl)methanes are synthesized in high yield using ionic liquids mediated by microwave. Reaction conditions and product recovery are simple and ionic liquids could be recycled.

Diazonium ions have been immobilized on a cation exchanger followed by N-coupling on a 2-amine to give the 3,3-disubstituted-1-aryltriazenes as the only product. Reaction is clean and work up procedure simple.

An alumina-supported reagent has been prepared to synthesize the t-butyl esters from t-butanol. The method requires less time, mild conditions, and involves simplified work-up. Yield of the products is also high.

The catalyst (no details given) can be successfully used for the regeneration of aldehydes and ketones.

Cyclodehydration-condensation of hippuric acid and arylaldehydes have been carried out using a 1:1 mixture of Al2O3-H3BO3 in the presence of stoichiometric quantity of acetic anhydride to give the target compound in good yield. This procedure can be used to synthesize the 4-alkylidene analogs also.

Bromate exchange resin has been prepared by a simple elution technique and used for the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to the carboxylic acids. Oxidation is carried out under biphasic condition. Work up is simple. Resin immobilized bromate ions have been used for the first time as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.

An alumina-supported reagent has been prepared to synthesize the t-butyl esters from t-butanol. The method requires less time, mild conditions, and involves simplified work-up. Yield of the products is also high.

Bromate exchange resin has been prepared by a simple elution technique and used for the oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to the carboxylic acids. Oxidation is carried out under biphasic condition. Work up is simple. Resin immobilized bromate ions have been used for the first time as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.

Quaternary ammonium bromate have been prepared from the corresponding bromide and used as a mild and efficient oxidizing agent for the aromatization of Hantzsch esters and related compounds to pyridinc derivatives.

A simple solvent-free microwave mediated procedure for the selective protection of aldehydes by conversion to their 1,1-diacetates is reported. The resultant diacetates were deprotected to generate the aldehyde using aqueous formic acid in the presence of a surfactant in high yield.

Bromate exchange resin (BRER) prepared by a simple elution technique has been used for deoximation of oximes to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good yields in biphasic condition.

Tetra-n-alkylammonium bromates were prepared from the corresponding bromides for the first time and were used for deoximation of oximes to the corresponding carbonyl compounds.

Tetra‐n‐propyl and tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromates were used for the oxidation of a variety of aromatic amines to nitro compounds. Reaction condition and recovery simple and yield of products high.

Tetra-n-alkyl ammonium bromates were prepared for the first time by a simple procedure from the corresponding bromides and used as primary oxidants for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds. Reaction conditions are simple and products are obtained in high yields.