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ObjectiveThis interdisciplinary qualitative study aims to explore the health, education, engineering and environment factors impacting on feeding practices in rural India. The ultimate goal of the Participatory Approach for Nutrition in Children: Strengthening Health Education Engineering and Environment Linkages project is to identify challenges and opportunities for improvement to subsequently develop socioculturally appropriate, tailored, innovative interventions for the successful implementation of appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices locally.DesignQualitative research method, involving five phases: (1) identification of local feeding practices; (2) identification of the local needs and opportunities for children aged 6–24 months; and (3–5) analysis of the gathered qualitative data, intervention design, review and distribution.SettingNine villages in two community development blocks, that is, Ghatol and Kushalgarh, located in the Banswara district in Rajasthan, India.Participants68 participants completed semistructured interviews or focus group discussions including: mothers, grandmothers, auxiliary nurse midwife, Anganwadi worker, ASHA Sahyogini, school teachers and local elected representative.Phenomenon of interestIYCF practices and the factors associated with it.AnalysisThematic analysis.ResultsOur results could be broadly categorised into two domains: (1) the current practices of IYCF and (2) the key drivers and challenges of IYCF. We explicate the complex phenomena and emergent model focusing on: mother’s role and autonomy, knowledge and attitude towards feeding of young children, availability of services and resources that shape these practices set against the context of agriculture and livelihood patterns and its contribution to availability of food as well as on migration cycles thereby affecting the lives of ‘left behind’, and access to basic health, education and infrastructure services.ConclusionsThis interdisciplinary and participatory study explored determinants impacting feeding practices across political, village and household environments. These results shaped the process for cocreation of our context-specific intervention package.

The components of cloud computing architecture are hardware and software, required for the delivery of cloud computing services. Cloud infrastructure and services may be operated or deployed in different ways depending on customer needs and requirements, as some cloud customers have security and privacy concerns over their sensitive data. Public and private cloud deployment models are different, as public clouds share a computing infrastructure across many users or businesses. Cloud computing service providers serve various types of customers. A cloud customer may be a small business, medium business, large business, or just an individual benefiting from the cloud services for personal purposes. Efficient memory management is considered one of the most important topics in cloud computing, where on-demand resource allocation is required to ensure efficiently in utilizing cloud services. Cloud computing is a very attractive solution to companies, providing many benefits and solutions, and has been widely adopted by businesses.

Introduction The next step in the evolution of enterprise networking is the wireless LANs, which are being deployed across all industries, including Financial Service Providers for their productivity and cost-saving benefits. Corporate responsibility dictates the need to secure data from unauthorized access, such as competitors, hackers, and other security threats (Computer Security Institute and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002). The growth of information systems and in particular e-commerce activities over the Internet has increased the risk to corporate data, and thus assurance of information and data communications infrastructure is of paramount importance. Information security has become an exciting topic of discussion in the popular computer and networking technical journals. The skills required to investigate, manage, and respond to cyber attacks are sought by Fortune 500 corporations. Hands-on projects, which are technical but simple to implement, can help motivate the Information Systems (IS) students to explore the technical concepts of information security. The research project undertaken by the IS undergraduate student is simple enough to implement, as it requires just elementary programming skills. Furthermore, the project provides the undergraduate student to explore in some depth, some of the technical aspects of information security. The UNDERGRADUATE SUPPORT INITIATIVE funded the research project under RESEARCH/CREATIVE AWARDS sponsored by Faculty Development Center at California State University, Fullerton. The award money was budgeted for hardware, software and the undergraduate student time. Project Definition--Learning Objectives The project will provide hands on experience to the IS student with limited technical background while requiring limited technical support. The scope of the research project was to explore the strengths and weaknesses of network security. Hence, we decided to focus on a series of commonly used technologies and methods, which can provide a substantial, secured network environment. The four aspects of project included: * Network security via Virtual Private Network using Vtun software * Network security via Virtual Private Network using LinkSys router * Wireless Security using WEP, and MAC filtering * Network vulnerability and securing network from intruders. A virtual private network (VPN) is an extension of a private network that encompasses links across shared or public networks like the Internet. A VPN enables one to send data between two computers across a shared or public inter-network very similar to a point-to-point private link rather then a shared network, which could expose the data being communicated, to anyone who shares the connection medium. First a VPN circuit is setup, next the data is encrypted and a header is added to provide routing information, thus allowing data to traverse the shared or public inter-network to reach its endpoint. Packets that are intercepted on the shared or public network are indecipherable without the encryption keys. There are two major classes of encryption algorithms (Forouzan, 2003b): symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption uses one secret key for both encryption and decryption. The message sender and the recipient share this key. Some popular conventional encryption algorithms are Blowfish (Schneier, 1993), RC5 (Rivest, 1994), and DES (FIPS, 1977). Public-key encryption (asymmetric encryption) has two keys. One key (public key) is used to encrypt the message and a second, very private key is used to decrypt the message. The most popular public-key algorithm is the RSA encryption algorithm (Rivest, Sharmir, & Adleman, 1978). Project as a Pedagogical Tool The final report should include a discussion on information security concepts that were learnt by having analyzed the outcomes of the project. Those concepts include the following: 1. …

In this chapter we will explore advanced data encryption algorithms. Every engineered system has a flaw, and it is only a matter of time before someone compromises it, thus demanding new innovations by exploring applications from algebraic structures such as groups and rings, elliptic curves, hyperelliptic curves, lattice-based, and quantum physics. In the early 21st century, we witnessed the evolution of classical cryptography into quantum cryptography, a branch of quantum information theory. Quantum cryptography is based on the framework of quantum physics, and it is meant to solve the problem of key distribution, which is an essential component of cryptography that enables securing the data. The key allows the data to be so coded that to decode the data one would need to know the key that was used to code the data. This coding of the given data using the key is known as the encryption, and decoding of the encryption data, which is the reverse step-by-step process, is known as the decryption. Data encryption prevents data from being exposed to unauthorized access and makes it unusable.

It is estimated that global IP traffic on the Internet will reach an annual rate of 1.3 zettabytes by 2016 as more people connect to the Internet by mobile devices. Global IP traffic in 2011 was about 369 exabytes, or 0.369 zettabytes. Furthermore, the number of devices that will be connected to the Internet would reach around 19 billion. The reality of threat to the Internet security will be extremely critical to all individual, corporate, and government users. The Internet was envisioned to support primarily educational and research activities to share information and knowledge. Over the last ten years, the social media network such as Facebook has overshadowed the Dotcom on the Internet. Hence the nature of Internet security has now become synonymous with cybersecurity. Government agencies are currently in the process of creating a formal set of governance to define cybersecurity and courses of actions to be taken to defend against cyberattacks.

To manage network security, you need in-depth understanding of the TCP/IP stack. This chapter will discuss how TCP/IP packets are constructed and analyzed to interpret the applications that use the TCP/IP stack. The intrusion detection principle relies on being able to analyze the packets and detect a potential attack or an attack in progress. We will introduce the Internet model to develop the argument to support packet data networking for Local and Wide Area Networks that include the Internet.

To manage network security, you need an in-depth understanding of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack. This chapter will discuss how TCP/IP packets are constructed and analyzed, to interpret applications that use the TCP/IP stack. The intrusion detection principle relies on being able to analyze the packets and detect a potential attack or an attack in progress. We will introduce the Internet model to develop the argument to support packet data networking for local and wide area networks that include the Internet.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on security and the role played by cryptographic technology in data security. Securing data while it is in storage or in transition from an unauthorized access is a critical function of information technology. All forms of e-commerce activities such as online credit card processing, purchasing stocks, and banking data processing would, if compromised, lead to businesses losing billions of dollars in revenues, as well as customer confidence lost in e-commerce. Data security is not limited to wired networks but is equally critical for wireless communications such as in Wi-Fi and cellular. A very recent case was highlighted when the Indian government requested to Research In Motion (RIM) to share the encryption algorithm used in the BlackBerry cellular device. RIM refused to share the encryption algorithm. This should demonstrate that encryption is an important technology in all forms of communication. Data encryption prevents data from being exposed to unauthorized access and makes it unusable. Detection enables monitoring of the activities of network users, provides a means to differentiate levels of activities, and offers a possible clue to network violations. Since a network violation should be repeated, response is equally important. Thus the three-pronged approach is evolutionary, and therefore systems analysis and design principles must be taken into account when one designs a secured data network.