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To study the efficacy of low dose atropine (0.01%) eye drops in preventing myopia progression in children by comparing the mean change in spherical equivalent (diopter) and axial length (mm) and its effect on near vision, pupil size, keratometry and pachymetry over a period of one year to a control group.200 eyes of 100 myopic children were randomized into two groups based on a computer-generated random number table. The treatment group was administered 0.01% atropine eye drops once at bedtime and control group was administered a placebo. The follow up was done 3-monthly for 12 months by assessing the mean change in spherical equivalent and mean change in axial length. Other parameters like near vision, pupil size, keratometry and pachymetry were assessed each follow up.The study was age and sex matched. The mean change in spherical equivalent refraction and axial length was significantly lower in the treatment group (0.31 ± 0.55 D; 0.11 ± 0.22 mm) than the placebo group (0.80 ± 1.65 D; 0.23 ± 0.44 D) (p-value: 0.003). Less steepening of the corneal curvature was observed in the treatment group (0.16 ± 0.28 D vs 0.29 ± 0.3D; p0.001) and the mean change in pachymetry was comparable between the groups (0.00 ± 0.01)(p-value 0.489). No significant change was seen in near vision (96% of the eyes with atropine had no change in near vision; 2% of the eyes had a change of near vision by one line (p-value 0.500); 2% had a change by 3 lines(p-value: 0.07) or pupil size following treatment.The use of 0.01% atropine eye drop reduced the progression of myopia over the study period of one year with no significant changes in near vision, pupil size. No patient reported any systemic and local side effects with administration of 0.01% atropine eye drop.

The present study aimed to identify potential endophytic bacteria antagonistic against three soil-borne fungal pathogens

The genus Burkholderia has proven potential in improving plant performance. In recent decades, a huge diversity of Burkholderia spp. have been reported with diverse capabilities of plant symbiosis which could be harnessed to enhance plant growth and development. Colonization of endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been extensively studied through techniques like advanced microscopy, fluorescent labelling, PCR based assays, etc., and found to be systemically distributed in plants. Thus, use of these biostimulant microbes holds the promise of improving quality and quantity of crops. The endophytic Burkholderia spp. have been found to support plant functions along with boosting nutrient availability, especially under stress. Endophytic Burkholderia spp. improve plant survival against deadly pathogens via mechanisms like competition, induced systemic resistance, and antibiosis. At the same time, they are reported to extend plant tolerance towards multiple abiotic stresses especially drought, salinity, and cold. Several attempts have been made to decipher the potential of Burkholderia spp. by genome mining, and these bacteria have been found to harbour genes for plant symbiosis and for providing multiple benefits to host plants. Characteristics specific for host recognition and nutrient acquisition were confirmed in endophytic Burkholderia by genomics and proteomics-based studies. This could pave the way for harnessing Burkholderia spp. for biotechnological applications like biotransformation, phytoremediation, insecticidal activity, antimicrobials, etc. All these make Burkholderia spp. a promising microbial agent in improving plant performance under multiple adversities. Thus, the present review highlights critical roles of endophytic Burkholderia spp., their colonization, alleviation of biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological applications and genomic insights.

Endophytic microbiota opens a magnificent arena of metabolites that served as a potential source of medicines for treating a variety of ailments and having prospective uses in agriculture, food, cosmetics, and many more. There are umpteen reports of endophytes improving the growth and tolerance of plants. In addition, endophytes from lifesaving drug-producing plants such as Taxus, Nothapodytes, Catharanthus, and so forth have the ability to produce host mimicking compounds. To harness these benefits, it is imperative to isolate the true endophytes, not the surface microflora. The foremost step in endophyte isolation is the removal of epiphytic microbes from plant tissues, called as surface sterilization. The success of surface sterilization decides "what to grow" (the endophytes) and "what not to grow" (the epiphytes). It is very crucial to use an appropriate sterilant solution, concentration, and exposure time to ensure thorough surface disinfection with minimal damage to the endophytic diversity. Commonly used surface sterilants include sodium hypochlorite (2%-10%), ethanol (70%-90%), mercuric chloride (0.1%), formaldehyde (40%), and so forth. In addition, the efficiency could further be improved by pretreatment with surfactants such as Triton X-100, Tween 80, and Tween 20. This review comprehensively deals with the various sterilants and sterilization methods for the isolation of endophytic microbes. In addition, the mechanisms and rationale behind using specific surface sterilants have also been elaborated at length.

The role of inflammation in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is well-established and dysregulation of a large number of inflammatory mediators is known. These include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, mediators of proteogenesis, and pro-apoptotic molecules. This para-inflammation as a response is not directed to a particular pathogen or antigen but is rather directed toward the by-products of the diabetic milieu. The inflammatory mediators take part in cascades that result in cellular level responses like neurodegeneration, pericyte loss, leakage, capillary drop out, neovascularization, etc. There are multiple overlaps between the inflammatory pathways occurring within the diabetic retina due to a large number of mediators, their varied sources, and cross-interactions. This makes understanding the role of inflammation in clinical manifestations of DR difficult. Currently, mediator-based therapy for DR is being evaluated for interventions that target a specific step of the inflammatory cascade. We reviewed the role of inflammation in DR and derived a simplified clinicopathological correlation between the sources and stimuli of inflammation, the inflammatory mediators and pathways, and the clinical manifestations of DR. By doing so, we deliberate mediator-specific therapy for DR. The cross-interactions between inflammatory mediators and the molecular cycles influencing the inflammatory cascades are crucial challenges to such an approach. Future research should be directed to assess the feasibility of the pathology-based therapy for DR.

PURPOSE To compare surgical success (cosmetic, anatomical & functional) of 'W' shaped incision versus tear-trough incision in external dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR). METHODS In a prospective study (November 2018 - March 2020), 61 eyes of chronic dacryocystitis underwent eDCR randomized into group T (30 eyes) & group W (31 eyes). The functional and objective cosmetic assessment was done at 3 months using Munk's and Devoto's scores respectively. The subjective cosmetic evaluation was done using a questionnaire. Grades 0-1 were considered the cosmetic and functional success after assessing the respective scores. The patent lacrimal passage was defined as anatomical success. RESULTS Mean age was 40.1 ± 14.9 years with female preponderance. Intraoperative skin flap button-holing & reversible darkening of their apices were specific complications of Group W. In the early postoperative period, lid edema & epiphora were significantly more in group T (p

An efficient and facile synthesis of novel fluorinated imidazolium-tagged ionic liquids under microwave irradiation is described. Novel prepared ionic liquids was identified and confirmed by spectroscopic and elemental analysis. Synthesized ionic liquids (1-12) was explored for their antiproliferative inhibition potency against three selected human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2 and CACO2). Screening results have revealed that some tested ionic liquids exhibited promising activity compared with standard drugs, especially compounds 5 and 6 which consistently produced low IC50 values. Preliminary structure activity relationship (SAR) studies have been performed to identify the relation between molecular structure and activity. in silico Analysis of ionic liquids was carried out based on ADME, Lipinski rule, drug likeness, toxicity profiles and other physico-chemical properties. All compounds were safe in toxicity profile and computed LD50 values were in accepted range (2.55-2.89 mol/kg). in silico Results have shown that Lipinski rule of five was in accept range, except compound 1 and 2.

A series of sixteen new ionic liquids (ILs) bearing imidazolium moiety were designed and synthesized under sustainable and green conditions which were confirmed by analytical and spectral techniques using 1H- & 13C-NMR, FT-IR, mass and elemental analysis. A panel of clinically isolated strains was used for in vitro inhibitory antimicrobial activities screening of synthesized ionic liquids. The results of antimicrobial assay showed that some of synthesized ionic liquids showed moderate to good activity. Among these ILs, ionic liquids 3, 4 and 5 (bearing alkyl chain with a phenyl group) significantly inhibited cell growth of strains. In this regard, these ionic liquids considered as promising antibacterial agents when compared with standard antibiotics. By encouraging in vitro antimicrobial screening, in silico ADMET evaluation has been performed and found excellent pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and toxicity profiles. Synthesized ionic liquids has found to be safe and non-toxic according to calculated in vivo computed LD50 values (2.49-2.80 mg/kg) for rat acute toxicity.

Salt stress hampers plant growth and development. It is now becoming one of the most important threats to agricultural productivity. Rhizosphere microorganisms play key roles in modulating cellular responses and enable plant tolerant to salt stress, but the detailed mechanisms of how this occurs need in-depth investigation. The present study elucidated that the microbe-mediated restructuring of the cellular responses leads to ecological fitness and adaptiveness to the maize (Zea mays L.) grown in saline–sodic soil. In the present study, effects of seed biopriming with B. safensis MF-01, B. altitudinis MF-15, and B. velezensis MF-08 singly and in consortium on different growth parameters were recorded. Soil biochemical and enzymatic analyses were performed. The activity and gene expression of High-Affinity K+ Transporter (ZmHKT-1), Sodium/Hydrogen exchanger 1 (zmNHX1), and antioxidant enzymes (ZmAPX1.2, ZmBADH-1, ZmCAT, ZmMPK5, ZmMPK7, and ZmCPK11) were studied. The expression of genes related to lateral root development (ZmHO-1, ZmGSL-1, and ZmGSL-3) and root architecture were also carried out. Seeds bioprimed with consortium of all three strains have been shown to confer increased seed germination (23.34–26.31%) and vigor indices (vigor index I: 38.71–53.68% and vigor index II: 74.11–82.43%) as compared to untreated control plant grown in saline–sodic soil at 30 days of sowing. Results indicated that plants treated with consortium of three strains induced early production of adventitious roots (tips: 4889.29, forks: 7951.57, and crossings: 2296.45) in maize compared to plants primed with single strains and untreated control (tips: 2019.25, forks: 3021.45, and crossings: 388.36), which was further confirmed by assessing the transcript level of ZmHO-1 (7.20 folds), ZmGSL-1 (4.50 folds), and ZmGSL-3 (12.00 folds) genes using the qPCR approach. The uptake and translocation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ significantly varied in the plants treated with bioagents alone or in consortium. qRT-PCR analysis also revealed that the ZmHKT-1 and zmNHX1 expression levels varied significantly in the maize root upon inoculation and showed a 6- to 11-fold increase in the plants bioprimed with all the three strains in combination. Further, the activity and gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in the leaves of maize subjected seed biopriming with bioagents individually or in combination (3.50- to 12.00-fold). Our research indicated that ZmHKT-1 and zmNHX1 expression could effectively enhance salt tolerance by maintaining an optimal Na+/K+ balance and increasing the antioxidant activity that keeps reactive oxygen species at a low accumulation level. Interestingly, up-regulation of ZmHKT-1, NHX1, ZmHO-1, ZmGSL-1, and ZmGSL-3 and genes encoding antioxidants regulates the cellular responses that could effectively enhance the adaptiveness and ultimately leads to better plant growth and grain production in the maize crop grown in saline–sodic soil.

Purpose: Early onset opacification of the lens (cataract) has been observed to be on the rise globally. This study was conducted to determine the various types of presenile cataract and to determine the probable risk factors associated with the occurrence of presenile cataract. Materials and Methods: Patients in the age group of 18–40 years attending the Out-Patient Clinic of the Ophthalmology Department who were found to have presenile cataract were recruited as cases. An equal number of consecutive patients of the same age group were included in the control group. Those who gave consent to participate in the study were interviewed through a preformed questionnaire and underwent a complete ocular examination and set of blood investigations. The type of cataract was noted, data obtained were compiled, and examination and investigations done were documented and analyzed using frequency distribution and Chi-squared test. Results: In total, 90 cases and 90 controls that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. Most common type of cataract was found to be posterior subcapsular cataract. Presenile cataract was observed to be significantly associated with tobacco intake (P = 0.035), hypercholesterolemia (P = 0.002), fuel exposure (P = 0.004), and lower socioeconomic status (P =

Agriculture is a multifarious interface between plants and associated microorganisms. In contemporary agriculture, emphasis is being given to environmentally friendly approaches, particularly in developing countries, to enhance sustainability of the system with the least negative effects on produce quality and quantity. Modern agricultural practices such as extensive tillage, the use of harmful agrochemicals, mono-cropping, etc. have been found to influence soil microbial community structure and soil sustainability. On the other hand, the question of feeding the ever-growing global population while ensuring system sustainability largely remains unanswered. Agriculturally important microorganisms are envisaged to play important roles in various measures to raise a healthy and remunerative crop, including integrated nutrient management, as well as disease and pest management to cut down agrochemicals without compromising the agricultural production. These beneficial microorganisms seem to have every potential to provide an alternative opportunity to overcome the ill effects of various components of traditional agriculture being practiced by and large. Despite an increased awareness of the importance of organically produced food, farmers in developing countries still tend to apply inorganic chemical fertilizers and toxic chemical pesticides beyond the recommended doses. Nutrient uptake enhancement, biocontrol of pests and diseases using microbial inoculants may replace/reduce agrochemicals in agricultural production system. The present review aims to examine and discuss the shift in microbial population structure due to current agricultural practices and focuses on the development of a sustainable agricultural system employing the tremendous untapped potential of the microbial world.

The discovery of a novel series of task-specific fluorinated pyridinium ionic liquids (TsILs) tagged with Schiff bases is reported using ultrasound-assisted and conventional syntheses. The synthesis required the quaternization of the appropriate pyridine Schiff base, followed by the metathesis of the resulting task-specific halogenated pyridinium ILs. The structures of the ILs were established by analytical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR and mass spectrometry). In vitro antimicrobial activities of the synthesized ILs on both gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis) were evaluated. Ionic liquids 8, 18, 19 and 20 appear to be the most active antimicrobials among the synthesized series. Preliminary studies were carried out to understand the relationship between the molecular structures and the inhibition activities of the synthesized ILs. In addition, the results of in silico studies revealed that all compounds exhibited good pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and toxicity profiles. Furthermore, drug likeness analysis suggests that the synthesized ILs might have appropriate oral absorption and brain penetration for application. In vivo computed LD50 values (2.59–2.78 mol/kg) were calculated for rat acute toxicity, and the compounds were found to be non-toxic and in a safe range for further study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as monotherapy versus combination with modified macular grid (MMG) laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized trial was carried out in sixty eyes with DDME after Institutional Ethical clearance. Group A received three doses of IVB at a 1-month interval. Group B received MMG in addition to IVB. Complete examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (Snellen's), central macular thickness (CMT) using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography was carried out at 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. RESULTS: mean CMT at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks in Group A was 401 (±76), 280 (±49), and 307 (±46) and in Group B, 405 (±73), 237 (±33), and 242 (±45), respectively. Group B had significantly greater reductions (P < 0.001) from 12 weeks onward. BCVA and contrast sensitivity showed improvements with no significant difference. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy has more advantage in primary DDME by reducing CMT on longer follow-up.

Fused pyrimidines composed of alternating heteroatoms and a pyrimidine moiety were synthesized efficiently using readily available starting material 4-hydroxycoumarin, aromatic aldehydes, and urea/thiourea at room temperature. Acid, metal salts, and surfactants were screened for their influence on catalytic activity in three-component reactions and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was used as the best catalyst with different concentrations. Screening results of catalyst loading from our investigation showed that good to excellent yields were obtained with 10 mol%. Our method efficiently synthesized heterocycles and avoided the use of hazardous solvents and conventional organic solvents. Our procedure which involves a surfactant is operationally simple, environmentally benign, has excellent yields, short reaction times, and synthetically is as efficient as conventional procedures using organic solvents.

An efficient, eco-friendly, simple and facile synthesis of a novel class of imidazolium, pyridinium and pyridazinium-based ionic liquids and/or salts is described under both conventional procedure and microwave irradiation. The newly synthesized ILs were well-characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Their in vitro antibacterial against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was measured by determination of the inhibition zone (IZ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the results revealed that ILs containing imidazolium cation are very effective antibacterial agents, especially, 1,2-dimethyl-3-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide 8. A correlation of structure and activities relationship of these ILs with respect to Lipinski rule of Five, drug likeness, toxicity profiles and other physico-chemical properties of drugs are described and verified experimentally.

LJ-2698, a highly potent human A3 adenosine receptor antagonist with nucleoside structure, was designed to have a minimal species dependence. For further pre-clinical studies, analytical method for the detection of LJ-2698 in rat plasma was developed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation method with acetonitrile, using losartan as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was carried out using a Kinetex C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm; 100 A; 2.6 μ) with acetonitrile/water with 0.2% (v/v) formic acid (65:35, v/v) in the isocratic mode at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection in multiple reaction monitoring mode was performed with positive electrospray ionization. The mass transitions of LJ-2698 and IS were m/z 412.3 → 294.1 and m/z 423.1 → 207.2, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range 5.00–5000 ng/mL (r 2 ≥ 0.998). The lower limit of quantification was established as 5.00 ng/mL. Within- and between-run precisions were

Synthesis of Cu-Al hydrotalcite by co precipitation method is being described. Synthesized nano catalyst has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR and thermogravimetric analyses which confirm hydrotalcite-like structure. Effect of molar concentration, catalyst loading, reaction time and catalytic activity have been investigated in the synthesis of benzoxazoles under solvent free conditions using 2-amino phenol and benzoyl chloride. The influence of the hydrotalcite and their different amounts on reactivity was studied. Catalyst can be recycle and used for further reaction without losing its activity.

Increasing antibiotic resistance has led to the development of new strategies to combat bacterial infection. Anti-virulence strategies that impair virulence of bacterial pathogens are one of the novel approaches with less selective pressure for developing resistance than traditional strategies that impede viability. In this study, a small molecule CM14 [N-(4-oxo-4H-thieno[3,4-c]chromen-3-yl)-3-phenylprop-2-ynamide] that inhibits the activity of HlyU, a transcriptional regulator essential for the virulence of the fulminating human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus, has been identified. Without affecting bacterial growth or triggering the host cell death, CM14 reduces HlyU-dependent expression of virulence genes in V. vulnificus. In addition to the decreased hemolysis of human erythrocytes, CM14 impedes host cell rounding and lysis caused by V. vulnificus. Notably, CM14 significantly enhances survival of mice infected with V. vulnificus by alleviating hepatic and renal dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Biochemical, mass spectrometric, and mutational analyses revealed that CM14 inhibits HlyU from binding to target DNA by covalently modifying Cys30. Remarkably, CM14 decreases the expression of various virulence genes of other Vibrio species and thus attenuates their virulence phenotypes. Together, this molecule could be an anti-virulence agent against HlyU-harboring Vibrio species with a low selective pressure for the emergence of resistance.

A green synthesis of hydrotalcite (a double layered catalyst) by a grinding method using Al/Mg molar ratios of 1.0–3.0 at room temperature is described. The prepared double layered catalyst (hydrotalcite) has been characterized by TG, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and Hammett titration methods. Different factors such as the effect of molar ratios, catalyst loading, reaction time, aging time, and basicity have been investigated for the facile, efficient and green synthesis of 2-arylbenzimidazoles, benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles under solvent free conditions. The influence of catalyst loading on reactivity was studied and a catalyst loading of 20 mg was found to be optimal, giving the best yield with minimum time as compared to other catalysts. The present methodology reports, herein, a rapid and cost effective synthesis of hydrotalcite and its versatile applications in the synthesis of 2-arylbenzimidazoles, benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles.

A facile, efficient, and convenient synthesis of 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives is described using aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and 2-amino benzothiazole in the presence of l-proline under solvent-free conditions. Present methodology has advantages such as short reaction time, no side products, and easy to work up. Synthesized library compounds have been evaluated for their antitumor and antimicrobial activity. Further, we have compared the experimental work with theoretical parameters using molecular property analysis to develop new ideas about the preparation of pyrimido benzothiazole derivatives for their possible application against cancer and chronic microbial diseases. It has been concluded that Petra/osiris/molinspiration (POM) analyses might prove to be a suitable method to correlate the structural features of 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives with their promising combined antimicrobial/antitumor activity and may contribute to the development of novel antimicrobial and antitumor agents against drug resistance.

On the hypothesis that one carbon homologation of 4′-selenonucleosides might relieve the steric repulsion between cellular kinases and bulky selenium, 5′-homo-4′-Se-d4Ns, 3 a–e, as anti-HIV agents were designed and synthesized stereoselectively from d-gulonic γ-lactone, with the conversion of 2′,3′-diol into the olefin as the key step. The anti-HIV activity of all synthesized compounds, 5′-homo-4′-Se-d4Ns, was toxicity-dependent, unlike normal 4′-Se-d4Ns, which were inactive against HIV-1. This result indicates that 5′-homo-4′-Se-d4Ns might be phosphorylated by cellular kinases as per the hypothesis.

This article focused on a comprehensive result of the development of three phosphonium based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) of same cation, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ([PC6C6C6C14]), with different organic or inorganic anions viz. [Cl-] chloride dicyanamide [-N(CN)2−] and bis (trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) amide [-NTf2−] in extraction processes of toxic textile dyes as rhodamine B, methylene blue, methyl orange, malachite green, alizarin red S and congo red dyes from their aqueous solution, harmful heavy metals include As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg from their standard solutions AS(NO3)3, Cr(NO3)3, Cd(NO3)2, Hg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 & Cu(NO3)2 respectively and phenolic compounds from rice and cashew industrial waste water. In technological front, ILs revealed a potential ability for the removal of dyes, heavy metals and phenolic compounds owing to their hydrophobic nature on investigating via liquid –liquid extraction method. The effect of contact time, solution pH and initial concentration of dyes were investigated and the result show that adsorption of dyes increases with increasing contact time and gets maximum decolourisation at acidic pH and pH 7. The extraction process of heavy metals with the ILs were investigated and were assessed using the techniques UV–Visible spectroscopy and ICP-MS (Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy). The three ILs showed best extraction efficiency (approx. 100%) for all heavy metals and the dyes using proposed methodology. UV–Visible Spectroscopy quantification method was employed to analyse extracted phenolic compounds. Screening results of phenolic compounds have shown that [PC6C6C6C14][Cl] IL exhibited the capacity intake of 100% efficiency from rice and cashew industrial waste water. The ILs were characterized with thermogravimetry (TGA) and from which, the samples showed a good thermal stability up to 573 K to project them as promising one for high temperature needs in various technological fronts. Toxicity risks of the three ILs and the textile dyes used were examined by in silico OSIRIS software calculations and the ILs were found to be non-toxic.

We report a comprehensive result of investigations on three phosphonium based room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) of same cation, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ([PC6C6C6C14]), with different anions viz. chloride [-Cl]− [Cl]−, dicyanamide [-N(CN)2]− and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [-NTf2]− for catching the effect of size, symmetry, dipole moment, as well as electro-negativity of anions on glassy dynamics and charge transport of the formed ILs. The effort was made for tuning the property for getting superior conductivity, improved thermal stability, better electrode-electrolyte interaction to enable it for diverse biological and technological applications. The ILs were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) along with other routine measurements like FT-IR, FT-Raman spectroscopies and computational investigations with density functional theory (DFT). The applications were evaluated by means of electrochemical and biological activities. From DSC and TGA measurements, the samples showed good thermal stability up to 573 K to project them as excellent electrolyte and better heat transfer fluid for high temperature needs in various technological fronts. Dielectric response revealed that the conductivity relaxation manifested above glass transition temperature (Tg) to be well represented by Dyre's random barrier model and it followed a Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman (VFT) behaviour against temperature. The sub-Tg relaxation reflected a Cole-Cole response with an Arrhenius T-dependence. The dielectric data revealed a slight correlation with Tg while anticorrelates with the fragility and low temperature activation energy (Eβ). The DFT calculations gave the structure and other parameters in good agreement with the experimental data. The three ILs fulfilled most of the requirements needed for pharmaceuticals on evaluating pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and toxicity via in silico analysis. On exploring the preliminary biological studies, these ILs showed very good anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and good anti-cancer activities highlighting their relevance and significance for pharmaceutical applications.

One-pot condensation of 4-hydroxy coumarins, aldehydes and urea/thiourea to build C–C and C–N bonds is described. Fused pyrimidines have been synthesized under mild reaction conditions using L-proline. The protocol has been performed rapidly and efficiently in water under metal free conditions. Heterocyclic derivatives have been synthesized using the present methodology and avoid the use of hazardous solvents over conventional organic solvents. A proposed mechanism could be established for three component reactions. The present study reveals the first case in which L-proline has been explored as a homogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of fused pyrimidines in water under microwave irradiation. This synthesis involves simple workup and acceptable efficiency. The most notable feature of this protocol is the ability of the catalyst to influence asymmetric induction in the reaction.

Fused pyrimidines composed of alternating heteroatoms and a pyrimidine moiety were synthesized efficiently using readily available starting material 4-hydroxycoumarin, aromatic aldehydes, and urea/thiourea at room temperature. Acid, metal salts, and surfactants were screened for their influence on catalytic activity in three-component reactions and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was used as the best catalyst with different concentrations. Screening results of catalyst loading from our investigation showed that good to excellent yields were obtained with 10 mol%. Our method efficiently synthesized heterocycles and avoided the use of hazardous solvents and conventional organic solvents. Our procedure which involves a surfactant is operationally simple, environmentally benign, has excellent yields, short reaction times, and synthetically is as efficient as conventional procedures using organic solvents.

Series of curcumin derivatives/analogues were designed and efficient method for synthesis thereof is described. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their cytotoxicity and evaluated their antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity effect has been evaluated against three cell lines Hep-G2, HCT-116 and QG-56 by MTT assay method. Structure activity relationship has revealed that particularly, compound 3c, (IC50 value 6.25 μM) has shown better cytotoxicity effect against three cell lines. According to results of SAR study, it was found that 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole derivatives (2e and 2f), pyrazoles (3a, 3b, 3c and 3d) benzylidenes (4d) exhibited better antioxidant activity than curcumin. A correlation of structure and activities relationship of these compounds with respect to drug score profiles and other physico-chemical properties of drugs are described and verified experimentally.

Stereo- and regio-selective synthesis of 3′-C-substituted-(N)-methanocarba adenosines 3a–c as potential anticancer agents was achieved by employing stereoselective cyclopropanation, stereoselective nucleophilic addition, regioselective isopropylidene cleavage and regioselective base condensation of cyclic sulfate as key steps.

A facile, efficient and green protocol for surfactant catalyzed synthesis of fused pyrimidines in water at room temperature was developed for the first time. The influence of the sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) micelles and their different concentrations on reactivity was studied. It was found that best yield was obtained with 10 mol% catalyst loading with minimum time as compare to other surfactants and catalysts were used. This procedure resulted in a general and environmentally benign protocol has advantage of better efficiency of catalyst, excellent yield, short reaction time and easy to work up.

The synthesis of hydrotalcite using Al : Mg molar ratios of 1.0 : 3.0 by a grinding method at room temperature is reported. The prepared hydrotalcite was characterized by TG, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and Hammett titration method. The calcined hydrotalcite with a Mg : Al molar ratio of 3 : 1 derived from calcinations at 750 K was found to be a suitable catalyst that can give the highest basicity and the best catalytic activity for this synthesis. The effect of the molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time and basicity was investigated in the facile, efficient and green synthesis of novel fused pyrimidines by a three-component reaction of 4-hydroxy coumarin, aldehydes and 2-amino benzothiazole under solvent-free conditions for the first time. The influence of the hydrotalcite and the different amounts of it on reactivity was studied. It was found that the best yield was obtained with 80 mg of catalyst loading in the least time as compared to the other catalysts used. This protocol reported herein represents a rapid and cost-effective route for the synthesis of hydrotalcites and reports on their versatile applications for the synthesis of densely functionalized novel fused pyrimidines.