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The experiment titled “Effect of Different Mulching Materials on Growth and Yield of Cucumber” was conducted during March to June 2021 at Gokuleshwor , Baitadi district of Nepal. Cultivar Bhaktapur local was used as principal cultivar for this research. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Accordingly, four different mulching material,viz.silver on black polythene mulch, black polythene mulch, rice straw and wheat husk mulch were used as treatment. Each treatment was replicated five times. Un-mulched plot served as control. Results reveals that the application of mulching significiantly influence both growth and yield parameters of cucumber. The broad objectives of this study was to determine the effect of mulching on the growth and yield of cucumber plant. The primary data was obtained through experimental analysis of sample plants of each plot without replacement. Plant height and number of leaves were significantly higher when black polythene mulch was used. Similarly, maximum leaf area was shown in paddy straw mulching at 75 days of transplanting (2318 cm square) . Mulching enhances flower production by 3-4 folds and increases the amount of blooms and fruit per plant. Likewise maximum number of flowers (80.00) and fruit (65.00) were observed in paddy straw mulching. Also highest weight (33.52) and yield (16.76) is seen in paddy straw mulching. And shortest height (977cm) , least number of leaves( 402) and leaf area (1911cm square ) was observed in control at 75 days after transplanting. Due to these mentioned reasons no mulch gave lowest yield per plot. Finding of this experiment thus clearly suggest the benefit of using paddy straw mulch as well as silver and black polythene mulch in cucumber compared to the other common mulching materials.

thought is the key source of new knowledge production for the development of human civilization. It is the mental state of being able to visualize or imagine beyond the physical world’s existence. Abstract thought has formed the basis of creativity, experimentation, and innovation. Analyzing ideas, creating information, solving problems, composing new ideas, and creating things are sources of new knowledge. So, the human abstract thinking process or thought is the result of new knowledge. New knowledge has always played a vital role in human advancement. The theory of empiricism is that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses. Transcendental idealism is another theory that is a term applied to the epistemology of German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who seized that the human self produces knowledge out of sense impressions. Transcendental is the ability to go beyond the usual limits; existence or experience beyond the normal or physical level is abstract. Kant attempts to synthesize sense perception and existing forms of the ideal realm above material reality. Abstract thoughts help people make it possible to imagine, visualize, and exercise to produce new knowledge. New knowledge plays a vital role in developing tools and new ideas that build up the quality of human life. This research theorizes that abstract thought is the root source of producing new knowledge for the development of human civilization. The core objective of this study is how abstract thought produces new knowledge. This study has focused on the imagination and visualization of the human thinking process to create new knowledge in art, science, and human civilization. The qualitative research model is adopted to analyze, interpret, and theorize this research paper.

Color exists in the presence of light. Light not only brings forth the existence of color but also helps to perceive its reality. Color is a powerful medium to express our feelings, and that also evokes emotional responses which attract and keep the attention of a beholder. Color combination in painting is concerned with aesthetic aspects. The color beauty sustains the undivided attention to the beholder. Color amplifies the degree of emotion that touches and influences the human body, mind and soul directly which leads towards contemplation. The contemplation opens up the way to the journey of eternity. All this is possible through the combination of harmonious and contrastive colors that awakens a corresponding sensation, which directly works upon the soul. Therefore, color is the spirit of painting that makes the work of painting lively by putting breath into it. This article, thus, attempts to trace how color becomes the spirit of painting. Color as the spirit of painting will be the center of research focusing on the influence of color upon human beings. The main objective of this article is to study the role of color in painting. The study explains the impact and aesthetic value of color in painting. It is relevant to explore the strength of color application in painting. The qualitative model of research is adopted to analyze and interpret the artworks.

INTRODUCTION: The palmaris longus (PL) is a tendinous superficial flexor of forearm. It basically, anchor skin and fascia of hand resist the horizontal shear force in distal direction. It also helps in tightening of palmar aponeurosis. Along with other flexor muscle it also helps in flexion of wrist joint. The incidence of absence of palmaris longus is in great variation from 1.5 to 63.9%. Its variation of absence has attracted many researchers globally. The aim of the present study is to know occurrence of absence of PL in Nepalese population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross sectional descriptive observational study conducted among 270 medical students (MBBS, BDS) at Universal College of Medical Science, Bhairawaha in year the 2018-2019. Ethical approval for study was taken from institutional review committee (IRC). Four tests-Schaeffer's Test, Thompson's Fist, Mishra's Test and Puspa Kumar's two finger sign were used to see the absence/presence of Palmaris longus. A semi-structured proforma was used to collect the data. RESULTS: Out of 270 students, there were 145 (53.7%) females and 125 (46.3%) males. Age of the subject range from 19-23 years with a mean age of 19.91 years. The overall absence of palmaris longus was seen in 40 students (14.8%) which included 18 males (14.4%) and 22 females (15.2%). Bilateral absence of palmaris longus was seen in 10 students (3.7%) whereas unilateral absence of palmaris longus was seen 14 males (11.2%) and 16 females (11.03%). CONCLUSION: This present study concluded that overall absence of palmaris longus was seen in 14.8% subjects. Gender wise distribution showed that 14.4% males and 15.2% had the absence of palmaris longus. Thus, sound knowledge about this variation is important in planning graft surgeries.

This article offers a reading of Jakob De Roover's important book, Europe, India and the Limits of Secularism (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016). It invokes the way in which the English cou...

Background Dengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the years. The main objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological patterns of dengue since its first outbreak (2006) to 2019 in Nepal. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis that covers the last 14 years (2006–2019) of reported dengue cases from Epidemiology Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. Reported cases were plotted over time and maps of reported case incidence were generated (from 2016 through 2019). An ecological analysis of environmental predictors of case incidence was conducted using negative binomial regression. Results While endemic dengue has been reported in Nepal since 2006, the case load has increased over time and in 2019 a total of 17 992 dengue cases were reported from 68 districts (from all seven provinces). Compared to the case incidence in 2016, incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–15.3] and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; 95% CI 45.8–438.4). A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; 95% CI 0.01–0.20). However, the association between elevation and reported cases varied across the years. In 2018 there was a cluster of cases reported from high elevation Kaski District of Gandaki Province. Our results suggest that dengue infections are increasing in magnitude and expanding out of the lowland areas to higher elevations over time. Conclusions There is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the lowland Terai region, with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics.

This paper deals with the fault and abnormality analysis in PV array, monitoring the grid-tied hybrid micro-grid current. Firstly, a hybrid system has been built-in software, and a series arc fault has been inserted. The micro-grid current has been recorded and analyzed using Stockwell transform-based statistical parameter monitoring, and optimized parameter has been selected for fault analysis in the system. Depending on the variation in the statistical parameter values, features have been extracted. A logic has been proposed at the end for abnormality assessment in the system with practical validation of the work using field data.

Introduction: Migration, Diasporas and Legal Systems in Europe Rethinking Legal Theory in the Light of South-North Migration Ethnic Diversity and the Delivery of Justice: The Challenge of Plurality The Migration and Settlement of Muslims: The Challenges for European Legal Systems Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Muslim Community: The Shia Imami Ismaili Conciliation and Arbitration Boards New Judicial Developments in EU Citizenship: Solidarity, Security, and Second-class Citizens Discriminatory Denationalisations Based on Ethnic Origin: The Dark Legacy of Ex Art 19 of the Greek Nationality Code The Irish Citizenship Referendum 2004: A Solution in Search of a Problem? Changing Polities and Electoral Rights: Lithuania's Accession to the EU Hidden Purpose: UK Ethnic Minority International Marriages and the Immigration Rules Transnational Mothering, National Immigration Policy and the European Court of Human Rights Entry and Residence of Aliens in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights Immigration Policy of the European Union: The Challenges Posed by a Fifth Enlargement An Unhappy Triangle? Labour Migration Spain and Gibraltar from Morocco Impact of the EU Membership Process on the Development of the Turkish Immigration Law Regime EU Law and Policy on Irregular Migration: The Need for Convergence on the Admission of Third-country Nationals for Employment Monitoring the UK Entry Clearance System Arriving Before You Depart: Law and Fiction in Juxtaposed Control Zones Property Law Aspects of Refugee and IDP Returns: Case Studies of Georgia and Kosovo Selling the New Europe: Land Law Reform and Migration Pressures

BackgroundDengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the last 14 years. The main objective of this study was to explore the spatio-temporal epidemiological patterns of Dengue since its first report (2006) till 2019 in Nepal.MethodsThis study is a retrospective analysis of dengue data available from the Epidemiological Disease Control Division (EDCD) of Government of Nepal. The data in this study cover the last 14 years (2006-2019) of reported dengue cases in Nepal. Epidemiological trend and spatio-temporal analyses were performed. Maps of reported case incidence were created using QGIS version 3.4.ResultsSince the first report of dengue in a foreigner in 2004, Nepal reported a total of 17,992 dengue cases in 68 districts of Nepal in 2019. The incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% CI: 1.5 – 15.3) and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; CI: 45.8 – 438.4). Population density was not a statistically significant predictor of case incidence. Mean elevation had a negative association with case incidence. A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; CI: 0.01 – 0.20). However, the association with mean elevation varied across the years. In comparison to 2016, incidence was greater at higher elevations in 2018 (IRR: 22.7; CI: 6.0 - 86.1) and 2019 (IRR: 9.6; CI: 2.6 - 36.1).ConclusionThere is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the Terai region with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics. Findings from this study can inform the spatio-temporal distribution of dengue and can help in resource allocation and priority setting for future epidemic.Author summaryDengue in humans is caused by four different serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 & DENV-4). Globally it is the most pervasive vector borne diseases with increasing number of cases in recent years. Dengue is one of the youngest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing cases and spread from the tropical lowland to the highland (hilly) regions. We conducted a spatio-temporal analysis of national data to consolidate the information using QGIS to measure the dengue incidence at district levels of Nepal. Spatio-temporal analysis exploring the incidence and distribution of dengue cases aids in identification of high-risk areas which can ultimately enable national dengue programme to mobilize and allocate resources for the control and treatment. This study shows, the persistent high risk of dengue outbreak in lowland Terai region with annual rise in the risk of spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond. Urgent measures are required to increase the diagnostics and resources to mitigate the epidemic burden of dengue in Terai and peripheral regions.

Functionalization of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) (HFP) is made to prepared membrane for its application in fuel cell. The sulphonation of HFP membrane is carried out under control condition to maintain its stiffness and toughness of the membrane. The evidence of functionalization (sulphonation) is confirmed through different spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, FTIR, EDS mapping and UV–visible measurement and the degree of sulphonation is calculated from the integral peak area. The structural change from the usually crystallized α-phase to piezoelectric γ-phase in functionalized membrane is established through XRD studies. Mechanical and thermal stabilities of the membrane are established through universal testing machine and thermogravimetric measurements. Suitability of proton exchange membrane has been verified through their high water uptake (12%), low fuel permeability (4.43 × 10−7 cm2 s−1) and thermal stability (up to 200 °C). The proton conductivity is found to be high in functionalized membrane while its low fuel permeability and high temperature stability is very good as compared to standard Nafion membrane. Efficiency of the membrane is reported in the form of selective parameter (ratio of conductivity and methanol permeability) of value 0.78 × 105 S cm−3.s for functionalized HFP against the value of 0.81 × 105 S cm−3.s for standard Nafion 117. Moderately high open circuit voltage (0.63 V) and power density of 48.34 mW/cm2 is reported indicating very good performance of the overall membrane for direct methanol fuel cell. Therefore, direct functionalization of a polymer is a better approach for the preparation of fuel cell membrane.

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the significant public health problems of Nepal. Adherence to medication is very important for improving quality of life and preventing complication. Adherence to tuberculosis medications has significant economic and therapeutic consequences as non-adherence patients are at greater risk of developing complications which affect their health status and overall quality of life. The study aims to determine the factors associated with medication adherence and its effect on health related quality of life among tuberculosis patients in selected districts of Gandaki Province. Methods: A health facility based cross-sectional study was carried out among 180 tuberculosis patients registered under DOTS and receiving treatment more than or equal to 60 days. WHOQOL-BREF tools to assess quality of life and Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS-8) was adopt to assess medication adherence. Data was entered in Epi-data and analysis was performed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The odds ratio with a 95% CI was calculated and p-value of

Background Verbal autopsies with physician assignment of cause of death (COD) are commonly used in settings where medical certification of deaths is uncommon. It remains unanswered if automated algorithms can replace physician assignment. Methods We randomized verbal autopsy interviews for deaths in 117 villages in rural India to either physician or automated COD assignment. Twenty-four trained lay (non-medical) surveyors applied the allocated method using a laptop-based electronic system. Two of 25 physicians were allocated randomly to independently code the deaths in the physician assignment arm. Six algorithms (Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC), King-Lu, InSilicoVA, InSilicoVA-NT, InterVA-4, and SmartVA) coded each death in the automated arm. The primary outcome was concordance with the COD distribution in the standard physician-assigned arm. Four thousand six hundred fifty-one (4651) deaths were allocated to physician (standard), and 4723 to automated arms. Results The two arms were nearly identical in demographics and key symptom patterns. The average concordances of automated algorithms with the standard were 62%, 56%, and 59% for adult, child, and neonatal deaths, respectively. Automated algorithms showed inconsistent results, even for causes that are relatively easy to identify such as road traffic injuries. Automated algorithms underestimated the number of cancer and suicide deaths in adults and overestimated other injuries in adults and children. Across all ages, average weighted concordance with the standard was 62% (range 79–45%) with the best to worst ranking automated algorithms being InterVA-4, InSilicoVA-NT, InSilicoVA, SmartVA, NBC, and King-Lu. Individual-level sensitivity for causes of adult deaths in the automated arm was low between the algorithms but high between two independent physicians in the physician arm. Conclusions While desirable, automated algorithms require further development and rigorous evaluation. Lay reporting of deaths paired with physician COD assignment of verbal autopsies, despite some limitations, remains a practicable method to document the patterns of mortality reliably for unattended deaths. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02810366. Submitted on 11 April 2016.

The caste system is one of the most prominent global images of Indian culture and society. However, given multiple accounts and ideas of the nature of the caste system, it seems there is no coherent theory of caste out there. And yet the picture of the caste system is regularly projected both within India and abroad. The reiteration of the caste system reinforces the impression that there is some stability to the idea. This chapter examines one such invocation of the caste system in the Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom, which contains the first provision on caste discrimination in the legislation of any Western country. The caste legislation instantiates a much larger Christian-Orientalist episteme that exercises its disciplinary power against which every academic work on caste must measure up. After an examination of the debates during the passage of the Equality Act 2010, the chapter explores just how it is that, even though we appear to lack a coherent idea of the nature of the Indian caste system, we can continue to talk about its existence. It is proposed that behind the descriptions of the caste system lies the idea of sacerdotal or priestly violence as a constitutive force and that this background idea, which finds its source in Christian theological reflections on Indian culture and society, continues to inform and lend stability to accounts of the caste system. As such, the caste system fails to provide a ‘true’ description of Indian culture and society. Seen on a broader canvass, this chapter contributes to the discussion on how problems of Orientalism and colonial consciousness continue to affect discussion and law-making in the contemporary world.

BACKGROUND: Creatinine measurement in icteric sample is a major but unresolved problem. Bilirubin causes negative interference in creatinine value measurement using general techniques. The objective of this study was to find differences in creatinine value by Jaffe Kinetic method pre-incubation and without pre-incubation with NaOH. METHODS: This was a cross sectional, descriptive study carried out in 71 samples with different level of bilirubin concentration. We took blood samples of 71 different patients, 48 males and 23 females, from two different hospitals of Kathmandu village. Both creatinine and bilirubin concentration in serum samples were measured by using Staxfax 3300 semi auto analyzer in the hospital. In the laboratory creatinine value was measured by kinetic method and bilirubin measured by Jendrassik/ Grof method using commercial kits. Statistical analysis of quantitative data was done by using SPSS version 16.0. RESULTS: The results shows differences in creatinine values with respect to methods and extent of bilirubin concentration. It was found that the creatinine obtained by pre-incubation with NaOH has greater value than without pre-incubation (i.e. by direct estimation using working reagent). It was also shown that the high bilirubin cause the interference in greater extent. The significant interference was seen in the sample with bilirubin concentration greater than 20 mg/dl i.e. creatinine value after treatment with NaOH prior to dispensing picric acid is significantly increases, P

The objective of the study was to fabricate definitive prosthesis by modifying the splints used for fracture reduction, so as to simplify the treatment of edentulous patient. Traumatic fractures are known to present with clinically debilitating repercussions, and when occurring in edentulous jaws, achieving effective management becomes an even more herculean task for the clinician. Thus, deciding the most appropriate line of management, whether surgical or conservative, becomes crucial, which is guided by a plethora of factors, namely patient factors, nature of mandibular fracture (displaced or undisplaced, favourable or unfavourable), type of armamentarium available and the surgeon’s skills. Closed reduction of undisplaced fractures of edentulous mandible using Gunning splint, though an old concept, still reckons a trust worthy treatment aid in treating such types of fractures. This study illustrates a case report of edentulous mandibular fracture in which a gunning splint with posterior teeth as occlusal stops were used for achieving adequate immobilisation and fixation of parasymphyseal fracture segments, and it was subsequently modified to complete denture prosthesis as a simplified rehabilitation measure.

This chapter demonstrates the multiple challenges thrown up by ethnic and cultural diversity, and the consequent problems of balancing rights and accommodating claims involving asymmetries of power. Racism and xenophobia are part of the environment in which issues about culture and cultural diversity enter into the law and the courtroom. Accommodation is a wide-ranging process operating at many levels and in many different sites, and does not only involve those engaged in legislation or in managing cases in the courtroom. Sensitization of judges and legal actors is representative of approaches which puts the onus on the receiving society and its institutions to adapt and accommodate. The concept of interlegality is consistent with anti-essentialist accounts of culture predominant in post-modern anthropology where it is seen less as a body of lore, than as a set of frequently highly contested principles and practices.

Interviews conducted with leading actors in England asking a range of questions about religious diversity and the legal framework and, in particular, about reasonable accommodation, helped identify a number of areas of concern. There was some doubt about whether specific legal provision should be brought in to guarantee reasonable accommodation. However, there was broad support for having the principle adopted in the practice of employers, whereas some preferred the current informality rather than the principle being enforced through litigation. None of the respondents came up with illustrations outside Judaism, Christianity or Islam. The results are consistent with recent critical studies showing that the assumption in social sciences that religion is a universal has been imported from theology. Religion-based questions only pick out certain phenomena specific to some cultures and an inevitable skew is created when asking such questions because they make sense only within an Abrahamic religious framework. Although enabling the identification of some aspects of culture considered to merit reasonable accommodation on the grounds of religion, the results also pose questions about the adequacy of current standard research methodologies which assume that religion is a universal.

The caste system is one of the most prominent global images of Indian culture and society. ‘When thinking about India it is hard not to think of caste’, says Nicholas Dirks (2001, 3) when opening his book on caste. The picture of the caste system is regularly projected both within India and increasingly so in Western settings such as the United Kingdom and United States where Indians have settled over the last few decades. The constant iteration of the caste system reinforces the impression that there is some stability to the idea and that its referent is existent. At the same time, multiple accounts and ideas of the nature of the caste system exist (e.g. Banerjee-Dube 2008), and there is, it appears, no consistent and coherent theory of caste out there (Jalki and Pathan 2015). Several chapters in this book question the classical conception of the caste system. This chapter examines one such invocation of the caste system in the context of the enactment of the Equality Act 2010 in the United Kingdom which contains the first provision on caste discrimination in the anti-discrimination legislation of any country, as well as in the linked case law.

‘When thinking about India it is hard not to think of caste’, said Nicholas Dirks as the opening statement of his book Castes of Mind (Dirks 2001). Even though the book seemed to indicate some reservations about such a situation, neither the book, nor anything that has followed, has altered the situation. The study of India across disciplines has been significantly shaped and driven by the study of caste. Caste is still considered the ‘master key to unlocking the Indian world’ (Guha 2013, 21). References to caste in literature about India go back at least to the sixteenth century. Thus, it certainly has a well-established lineage of scholarly interest and research.

This chapter discusses some salient features of the private international law framework applicable in Britain and compares it with that of the European civil law countries where different assumptions apply. It then provides a brief overview of the South Asian comparative backdrop against which some questions which come up in British and other European legal systems can be set, including the basic feature of personal laws which is the norm in South Asia but exceptional for Europe. It discusses the how South Asians in Europe have formed communities that result from immigration over several decades, including how that has conditioned the types of private international law questions raised and how recent developments associated with Muslims question previously favoured models of multiculturalism. Lastly, there is a focus on how the development of unofficial sharia fora in the UK, within a larger comparative context, is complicating and potentially undermining the existing model of private international law.

This collection brings together papers by anthropologists, political scientists and legal specialists who consider how contemporary cultural and religious diversity challenges legal practice, how legal practice responds to that challenge and how practice is changing in the encounter with the cultural diversity occasioned by large-scale, post-war immigration. Questions about cultural difference, and whether, or to what extent, such difference should be recognized by legal systems, have provoked much discussion among lawyers and others, and raise issues highly pertinent to current debates across the globe about integration, multiculturalism and the governance of diversity. They are also keenly contested. Well-documented controversies such as those over the demands of Sikhs to wear turbans or Muslim schoolgirls to wear the Islamic headscarf (hijab), over legislation to outlaw racial or religious hate-speech, or arranged and forced marriages, or about whether or not legal systems should acknowledge claims by Muslims to be able to live their lives according to shari’a principles, illustrate how contentious is the relationship between the law and diversity. Building on these recent debates, the present book seeks to contribute to theoretical and comparative accounts of the interaction of legal practice and cultural diversity by observing actual practices and interpretations which occur in jurisprudence and in public discussion, and examining how the wider environment shapes legal processes and is in turn shaped by them. The chapters are based on papers presented to a conference held in London in July 2007, sponsored by IMISCOE (the EU-funded Network of Excellence for International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion), and hosted by the Law School, Queen Mary