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Replacing the bulky cryo-liquid based cooling stages of cryo-enabled instruments by chip scale refrigeration is envisioned to disruptively reduce the system size similarly as microprocessors did for computers. Electronic refrigerators based on superconducting tunnel junctions have been envisioned to provide a solution, but reaching the necessary above 1 kelvin operation temperature range has remained a goal out of reach for several decades. We show efficient electronic refrigeration by Al-AlOx-Nb superconducting tunnel junctions starting from bath temperatures above 2 K. The junctions can deliver electronic cooling power up to $\sim$mW/mm$^2$, which enables us to demonstrate tunnel current driven electron temperature reduction from 2.4 K to below 1.6 K (34% relative cooling) against the phonon bath. Our work shows that the key material of integrated superconducting circuits - niobium - enables powerful cryogenic refrigerator technology. This result is a prerequisite for practical cryogenic chip scale refrigerators and, at the same time, it introduces a new electro-thermal tool for quantum heat transport experiments.

The microscopic properties of superconducting cubic skutterudite-like material Y$_3$Ru$_4$Ge$_{13}$ are investigated using muon spin relaxation and rotation ($\mu$SR) measurements. Zero-field $\mu$SR measurements reveal the presence of a spontaneous internal field with a magnitude of $\approx$ 0.18~mT below the superconducting transition temperature, indicating broken time-reversal symmetry in the ground state. In line with previous experiments, transverse-field $\mu$SR measurements are consistent with a fully developed superconductivity gap in Y$_3$Ru$_4$Ge$_{13}$. Our observations point towards the relevance of electronic correlations beyond electron-phonon coupling as origin and indicate that spin-orbit coupling is likely not the key driving force behind the spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in this system., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

The complex structure of the Remeika phases, the intriguing quantum states they display, and their low carrier concentrations are a strong motivation to study the nature of their superconducting phases. In this work, the microscopic properties of the superconducting phase of single-crystalline Lu$_3$Os$_4$Ge$_{13}$ are investigated by muon-spin relaxation and rotation ($\mu$SR) measurements. The zero-field $\mu$SR data reveal the presence of spontaneous static or quasi-static magnetic fields in the superconducting state, breaking time-reversal symmetry; the associated internal magnetic field scale is found to be exceptionally large ($\approx$ 0.18~mT). Furthermore, transverse-field $\mu$SR measurements in the vortex state of Lu$_3$Os$_4$Ge$_{13}$ imply a complex gap function with significantly different strengths on different parts of the Fermi surface. While our measurements do not completely determine the order parameter, they strongly indicate that electron-electron interactions are essential to stabilizing pairing in the system, thus, demonstrating its unconventional nature., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures

We have statistically analyzed 379 radio-loud (RL) CMEs and their associated flares during the period 1996 - 2019 covering both solar cycles (SC) 23 and 24. We classified them into two sets of populations based on the observation period: i) 235 events belong to SC 23 (August 1996 - December 2008) and ii) 144 events belong to SC 24 (January 2009 - December 2019). The average residual acceleration of RL CMEs in SC 24 (--17.39 $\pm$ 43.51 m s$^{-2}$) is two times lower than that of the RL CMEs in SC 23 (--8.29 $\pm$ 36.23 m s$^{-2}$), which means that deceleration of RL CMEs in SC 24 is twice as fast as in SC 23. RL CMEs of SC 23 (1443 $\pm$ 504 km s$^{-1}$; 13.82 $\pm$ 7.40 \emph{R}$_{\circledcirc}$) reach their peak speed at higher altitudes than RL CMEs of SC 24 (1920 $\pm$ 649 km s$^{-1}$; 12.51 $\pm$ 7.41 \emph{R}$_{\circledcirc}$).We also observed that the mean apparent widths of RL CMEs in SC 23 are less than in SC 24which is statistically significant. SC 23 has a lower average CME nose height (3.85 \emph{R}$_{\circledcirc}$) at the start time of DH type II bursts than that of SC 24 (3.46 \emph{R}$_{\circledcirc}$). The starting frequencies of DH type II bursts associated with RL CMEs for SC 24 are significantly larger (formed at lower heights) than that of SC 23. We found that there is a good correlation between the drift rates and the mid-frequencies of DH type II radio bursts for both the solar cycles (\emph{R} = 0.80, $\epsilon$ = 1.53). Most of the RL CMEs kinematics and their associated solar flare properties are found similar for SC 23 and SC 24. We concluded that the reduced total pressure in the heliosphere for SC 24 enables RL CMEs to expand wider and decelerate faster, resulting in DH type II radio emissions at lower heights than SC 23., Comment: 18pages, 6 figures, 1 table

We analyze radio bursts observed in events with interacting/non-interacting CMEs that produced major SEPs (Ip $>$ 10 MeV) fromApril 1997 to December 2014.We compare properties of meter (m), deca-hectometer (DH) type II as well as DH type III bursts, and time lags for interacting-CME-associated (IC) events and non-interacting-CME-associated (NIC) events. About 70\% of radio emissions were observed in events of both types from meters to kilometers. We found high correlations between the drift rates and mid-frequencies of type II radio bursts calculated as the mean geometric between their starting and ending frequencies for both NIC and IC-associated events (Correlation coefficient \textit{R}$^{2}$ = 0.98, power-law index $\varepsilon$ = 1.68 $\pm $ 0.16 and \textit{R}$^{2}$ = 0.93, $\varepsilon$ = 1.64 $\pm $ 0.19 respectively).We also found a correlation between the frequency drift rates of DH type II bursts and space speeds of CMEs in NIC-associated events. The absence of such correlation for IC-associated events confirms that the shock speeds changed in CME--CME interactions. For the events with western source locations, the mean peak intensity of SEPs in IC-associated events is four times larger than that in NIC-associated SEP events. From the mean time lags between the start times of SEP events and the start of m, DH type II, and DH type III radio bursts, we inferred that particle enhancements in NIC-associated SEP events occurred earlier than in IC-associated SEP events. The difference between NIC events and IC events in the mean values of parameters of type II and type III bursts is statistically insignificant., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

The coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun are known for their space weather and geomagnetic consequences. Among all CMEs, so-called radio-loud (RL) and halo CMEs are considered the most energetic in the sense that they are usually faster and wider than the general population of CMEs. Hence the study of RL and halo CMEs has become important and the prediction of their occurrence rate in a future cycle will give a warning in advance. In the present paper, the occurrence rates of RL and halo CMEs in solar cycle (SC) 25 are predicted. For this, we obtained good correlations between the numbers of RL and halo CMEs in each year and the yearly mean sunspot numbers in the previous two cycles. The predicted values of sunspot numbers in SC 25 by NOAA/NASA were considered as representative indices and the corresponding numbers of RL and halo CMEs have been determined using linear relations. Our results show that the maximum number of RL and halo CMEs will be around 39 $/pm$ 3 and 45 $/pm$ 4, respectively. Removing backside events, a set of front-side events was also considered separately and the front-side events alone in SC 25 are predicted again. The peak values of front-side RL and halo events have been estimated to be around 31 $/pm$ 3 and 29 $/pm$ 3 respectively. These results are discussed in comparison with the predicted values of sunspots by different authors., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures

We have statistically analyzed a set of 115 low frequency (Deca- Hectometer wavelengths range) type II and type III bursts associated with major Solar Energetic Particle (SEP: Ep > 10 MeV) events and their solar causes such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed from 1997 to 2014. We classified them into two sets of events based on the duration of the associated solar flares:75 impulsive flares (duration < 60 min) and 40 gradual flares (duration > 60 min).The impulsive flare-associated SEP events (Rt = 989.23 min: 2.86 days) are short lived and they quickly reach their peak intensity (shorter rise time) when compared with gradual flares associated events (Rt =1275.45 min: 3.34 days). We found a good correlation between the logarithmic peak intensity of all SEPs and properties of CMEs (space speed: cc = 0.52, SEcc = 0.083), and solar flares (log integrated flux: cc = 0.44, SEcc = 0.083). This particular result gives no clear cut distinction between flare-related and CME-related SEP events for this set of major SEP events. We derived the peak intensity, integrated intensity, duration and slope of these bursts from the radio dynamic spectra observed by Wind/WAVES. Most of the properties (peak intensity, integrated intensity and starting frequency) of DH type II bursts associated with impulsive and gradual flare events are found to be similar in magnitudes. In addition, we also found a significant correlation between the properties of SEPs and key parameters of DH type III bursts. This result shows a closer association of peak intensity of the SEPs with the properties of DH type III radio bursts than with the properties DH type II radio bursts, at least for this set of 115 major SEP events., Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures

We report an investigation of the superconducting states of $\mathrm{Lu}_3\mathrm{Os}_4\mathrm{Ge}_{13}$ and $\mathrm{Y}_3\mathrm{Ru}_4\mathrm{Ge}_{13}$ single crystals by measurements of the electrical resistivity, ac susceptibility and London penetration depth. The analysis of the penetration depth and the derived superfluid density indicates the presence of nodeless superconductivity and suggest that there are multiple superconducting gaps in both materials. Furthermore, ac susceptibility measurements of both compounds display the peak effect in the low temperature region of the $H-T$ phase diagram. This anomalous increase of the critical current with field gives an indication of a change of the arrangement of flux lines in the mixed state, as found in some of the isostructural stannide materials., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures

A gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) event is thought to happen when particles are accelerated at a shock due to a fast coronal mass ejection (CME). To quantify what kind of solar eruptions can result in such SEP events, we have conducted detailed investigations on the characteristics of CMEs, solar flares and m-to-DH wavelength type II radio bursts (herein after m-to-DH type II bursts) for SEP-associated and non-SEP-associated events, observed during the period of 1997-2012. Interestingly, 65% of m-to-DH type II bursts associated with CMEs and flares produced SEP events. The SEP-associated CMEs have higher sky-plane mean speed, projection corrected speed, and sky-plane peak speed than those of non-SEP-associated CMEs respectively by 30%, 39%, and 25%, even though the two sets of CMEs achieved their sky-plane peak speeds at nearly similar heights within LASCO field of view. We found Pearson's correlation coefficients between the speeds of CMEs speeds and logarithmic peak intensity of SEP events are cc = 0.62 and cc = 0.58, respectively. We also found that the SEP-associated CMEs are on average of three times more decelerated (-21.52 m/s2) than the non-SEP-associated CMEs (-5.63 m/s2). The SEP-associated m type II bursts have higher frequency drift rate and associated shock speed than those of the non-SEP-associated events by 70% and 25% respectively. The average formation heights of m and DH type II radio bursts for SEP-associated events are lower than for non-SEP-associated events. 93% of SEP-associated events originate from the western hemisphere and 65% of SEP-associated events are associated with interacting CMEs. The obtained results indicate that, at least for the set of CMEs associated with m-to-DH type II bursts, SEP-associated CMEs are more energetic than those not associated with SEPs, thus suggesting that they are effective particle accelerators., Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication by ApSS

This paper presents computational and experimental studies on wavelength/frequency fluctuation characteristics of high pulse repetition rate (PRR: 18 kHz) dye laser pumped by frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The temperature gradient in the dye solution is found to be responsible for wavelength fluctuations of the dye laser at low flow rates (2800

The Type-II solar radio burst recorded on 13 June 2010 by the radio spectrograph of the Hiraiso Solar Observatory was employed to estimate the magnetic-field strength in the solar corona. The burst was characterized by a well pronounced band-splitting, which we used to estimate the density jump at the shock and Alfven Mach number using the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. The plasma frequency of the Type-II bursts is converted into height [R] in solar radii using the appropriate density model, then we estimated the shock speed [Vs], coronal Alfven velocity [Va], and the magnetic-field strength at different heights. The relative bandwidth of the band-split is found to be in the range 0.2 -- 0.25, corresponding to the density jump of X = 1.44 -- 1.56, and the Alfven Mach number of MA = 1.35 -- 1.45. The inferred mean shock speed was on the order of V ~ 667 km/s. From the dependencies V(R) and MA(R) we found that Alfven speed slightly decreases at R ~ 1.3 -- 1.5. The magnetic-field strength decreases from a value between 2.7 and 1.7 G at R ~ 1.3 -- 1.5 Rs depending on the coronal-density model employed. We find that our results are in good agreement with the empirical scaling by Dulk and McLean (Solar Phys. 57, 279, 1978) and Gopalswamy et al. (Astrophys. J. 744, 72, 2012). Our result shows that Type-II band splitting method is an important tool for inferring the coronal magnetic field, especially when independent measurements were made from white light observations., Comment: Accepted for publication in Solar Physics