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A new hydrazide functionalized Schiff’s base derivative, N'-(3,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-4-hydroxybenzohydrazide (I), has been synthesized using a solvent-assisted mechano-chemical grinding strategy and structurally characterized using elemental analysis, 1H NMR and crystallographic studies. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study depicts that molecule is puckered with two aromatic rings lying out-of-plane in near anti-configuration across the C=N bond. The weak interactions involved in supramolecular framework formation are Cl···O, Cl···Cl, Cl···H, Cl···N, C···H, and O···H contacts. The intermolecular O···H interaction being stronger than other dispersive interactions such as halogen bonding, interlocks the molecules in a 2D sheet-type packing. All the structure directing interactions involved in developing crystal architecture are addressed with Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots. The energy framework analysis shows visualization of 3D topology of short contacts related to molecular packing of compound I which further clarifies the predominance of both Coulombic and dispersive energies in developing supramolecular architecture.

Genetic resources are the fundamental source of diversity to plant breeders for improvement of desired traits. However, large germplasm set is difficult to preserve and use as working collection in genetic studies, hence in the present study evaluation of genetic diversity of 604 durum germplasm originated from different geographical areas and development of core collection for representation of diverse germplasm for working collection was done. Six hundred and four durum germplasm were sown in augmented design and data were recorded for eight quantitative characters including agronomic and grain quality traits. Descriptive statistics showed large variation for all studied traits. Box plot analysis for nine different sets of germplasm showed a large variation for agronomic traits and quality traits. Principal component analysis for the first four principal components explained 71% of the cumulative variation and grouped germplasm in the main two groups. The core germplasm set was developed using corehunter package with 10% cutoff and hence 60 germplasm entries make representation in core subset based on maximum diversity and minimum redundancy. The maximum contribution to core germplasm was by each CZ (Central Zone) breeding lines and D numbers (23%) followed by exotic other lines (20%). The developed core subset was validated using multivariate analysis such as Shannon diversity index, comparison of means and homogeneity of error variances using the Levene’s test. The results described in this study will be useful for durum wheat breeders for the development of varieties with high end-use quality.

A study was conducted to understand the mode of inheritance and extent of diversity of stem rust resistance in four popular durum wheat cultivars of central India viz., HI 8498 (Malav Shakti), HI 8663 (Poshan), HI 8713 (Pusa Mangal) and HI 8737 (Pusa Anmol) using Puccinia graminis tritici (Pgt) pathotypes 15-1 (123G15) and 40-3 (127G29). These cultivars were crossed with susceptible parents i.e., Motia and Malvi Local and were also crossed among themselves in half diallel fashion. The F2 and F3 segregation data revealed that a single dominant gene each controlled resistance to the pathotype 40-3 in HI 8713 and HI 8663, while two dominant genes each governed resistance to this pathotype in HI 8737 and HI 8498. A single dominant gene each conditioned resistance to the pathotype 15-1 in all the four cultivars. The F2 segregation data of the intercrosses among the resistant parents showed that three different resistance genes controlled resistance among four cultivars against each Pgt pathotype 40-3 and 15-1. These genes seem to be different from the most commonly postulated stem rust resistance genes in Indian durum wheat germplasm viz., Sr11, Sr12, Sr7b and Sr9e which are ineffective/less effective against the test pathotypes. Hence, the genes identified in the present study can be utilized in broadening the genetic base of stem rust resistance in Indian durum wheat.

Forty wheat varieties was evaluated for grain yield in the field for two successive crop seasons (2009–10 and 2010–11), with 2 dates of sowing, viz., early (last week of October) and late (first week of December). Based on the yield potential, five high yielding and five low yielding varieties were selected to study the relationship between grain yield and root characteristics along with canopy temperature depression (CTD) and flag leaf drying under early and late sown conditions. It was observed that under early sown restricted irrigation conditions the high yielding varieties utilized energy in increasing the root length and root density to deeper soil depths instead of accumulating root weight, compared to low yielding varieties. In contrast, under late sown condition, the high yielding varieties had more root weight and density in their upper soil depths, compared to low yielding varieties. Hence, it can be suggested to select wheat varieties with high root density and more root length in the lower depths of the soil for rainfed/restricted irrigation conditions to mitigate the early heat effects, and varieties having high root density and more root length in the upper layers of the soil for late sown conditions to tolerate the late or terminal heat. Further, high CTD scores at 1st stage (vegetative) and high leaf score at fourth stage (post flowering) were found to be important selection parameters, which help in reducing the evapo-transpiration and increase 1000 grain weight under early sown limited irrigation condition, and thereby increase the grain yield; whereas, CTD at 3rd stage (flowering stage) contribute to maintain the stay green trait for longer period and reduce the loss due to evapo-transpiration and in-turn increase the grain yield under late sown conditions. These traits can be used as selection tools for physiological breeding programme to increase the production and productivity of wheat.

The time synchronization procedure is very important for power saving in wireless ad hoc network and method used by the synchronization that method chooses a particular node and gives priority for transmitting a signal to that node. All the Other nodes synchronize to the selected node according to Time Synchronization Function. Here increasing research focus on designing synchronization algorithms specifically for sensor networks. This paper look for reviews of time synchronization problem and the need for synchronization in sensor networks, then presents in detail time synchronization methods explicitly designed and proposed for sensor networks and AD-HOC networks.