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Purpose – Due to country-wise lockdown and state-wise curfews in COVID-19, people were not able to make offline payments (i.e. cash payments) during purchases in India. So, people are switching their payment behavior from offline to online mode. But, as per the central bank report, the rate of adoption through mobile payments is still slow. The paper focuses on identifying critical barriers to mobile payment systems (MPSs) adoption in India. Innovation resistance theory (IRT) has been used as a base model for barriers, despite the wide range of choices of barriers available in the MPSs context. Additionally, three external variables which are out of the wider coverage of IRT constructs were incorporated in this paper. The study, on the other hand, adds to innovation resistance theory in the frame of reference of MPSs from a theoretical perspective. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM), together with MICMAC analysis is brought into play to analyse the direct and indirect relationship amongst the barriers. Research methodology – ISM approach has been used to establish the relationship among the eight (08) identified barriers, through literature and expert opinions. The key barriers to high driving power are then identified with the help of MICMAC analysis. Findings – The results reveal that value barrier (b2), image barrier (b5) and visibility barrier (b7) are the most significant variables. Interestingly, IRTs’ risk barrier (b3) and privacy barrier (b6) from the literature fall in the lowest level of the ISM model. The majority of the barriers fall under quadrant III of MICMAC analysis, indicating the high driving and dependence power. Research limitations – The developed ISM model is based on the sentiments of five (05) experts, which could be biased and influence the structural model’s final output. Due to COVID-19, data has been collected through online video conferencing mode, this may vary if data will be collected through an offline or face-to-face interview. The proposed model’s key findings aim to assist in explaining the barriers that exist during MPS adoption. Originality/Value – This study is the first attempt to use the ISM approach in conjunction with IRT to detect barriers within MPSs. The result of this paper will guide and motivate the researcher to analyse more critical barriers with IRT to contribute to the theoretical development.

Psoralea corylifolia is an important medicinal plant that's used in numerous traditional drugs to therapy numerous sicknesses. Psoralea corylifolia (Babchi) is beneficial a part of Indian Ayurveda, Tamil Siddha and Chinese language systems of medicine. The plant possesses antibacterial, anti-depressant, antitumor, antioxidant, antifungal and immunomodulatory pastime. Babchi seeds incorporate an important oil (zero.05%), a nonvolatile trepenoid oil, a darkish brown resin (eight.6%), a pigment (hydroxyflavone), a monotrepnoid phenol (bakuchiol), a brown constant oil (10%), raffinose, coumarin compounds, albumin, sugar, ash 7.5 % and a trace of manganese, Psoralen and isopsoralen are therapeutically energetic materials. they're specially used for the remedy of Bars (Leucoderma), Daussadaf (Psoriasis), Juzam (Leprosy), Bahaq (Pityriasis), faucet-e-Balghamiya (Phlegmatic Fever) and Deedan-e-Am’aa (Intestinal worms).

Now-a-days, mobile ad-hoc network is growing tremendously. Establishment of communication between nodes is very hectic and required task. A primary requirement for the establishment of communication among nodes in mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) is that nodes cooperate with one another. This requirement may raise serious security concerns in the presence of malicious node; for example, such nodes may disrupt the routing process. Preventing or detecting malicious nodes launching gray-hole or collaborative black hole attacks is a challenge in the context. This paper attempts to address this issue by developing the cooperative bait detection scheme, a dynamic source routing mechanism that combines the benefits of both proactive and reactive defense architectures. To help achieve the stated goal, our CBDS method employs a reverse tracing technique. In our proposed work black-hole nodes are detected and removed from communication path, with the help of CBDS algorithm. CBDS algorithm detects node with the Bait RREQ and RREP messages.

The Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO3 (La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85; LSGM) and Sm-doped CeO2 (Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9; SDC) were synthesized by polyol assisted synthesis route. The composite of LSGM & SDC was prepared by their mixing in the weight ratio of 9:1, respectively. Its suitability as solid electrolyte was examined for electrochemical applications like solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The structural, microstructural and most important electrical properties of the composite (LSGM-SDC) was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. It was observed that the sintered LSGM-SDC composite comprises perovskite cubic LSGM phase mostly, with a minor SDC phase, as perceived by X-ray diffraction study. The LSGM-SDC composite electrolyte possess a small grain boundary and bulk resistance as compared to LSGM and SDC samples. In the measured temperature range, i.e. 500–700 °C, LSGM-SDC composite shows the highest conductivity as compare to LSGM and SDC systems. Thus, the composite processing of LSGM & SDC may result as an attractive approach for the preparation of solid electrolyte material for IT-SOFCs.

'One drug- one target' to 'multiple drug- multiple targets' paradigm shifted to produce combination therapies, have found great outcomes to overcome multiple drug resistance (MDR). MDR is a significant barrier to the delivery of taxane-based anticancer medicines such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, and cabazitaxel. Due to MDR induced by drug efflux transporters, clinical application of these medications is impeded. To date, nanoformulations such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles have been investigated to deliver taxanes alone and in combination to reverse drug resistance. Despite the fact that various groups have already looked into taxane nano formulations in the literature, there isn't much in the way of polypharmacology and advanced nanoformulations with a focus on MDR. In this overview, we briefly covered the insights regarding MDR, difficulties related to current pharmaceutical products of taxanes, combination therapies of taxanes to combat MDR, all of which can be used to delve into cancer treatment.

Endothelial dysfunction is related to the reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and plays a significant role in developing hypertension. The intake of a diet rich in antioxidants decreases t...

Background: The underlying cause of major neurodegenerative disorders remains a healthcare mystery. The thoroughly investigated causes include oxidative stress, inflammation, environmental factor, mitochondrial dysfunction, and irregular neuronal protein aggregation. Withania somnifera has been used for more than 2500 years as a useful medicinal plant to improve disease defense, prevent aging, rejuvenate the body in a vulnerable situation, and generate a feeling of mental well-being. However, a persuasive paper emphasizing its neuroprotective nature is missing. Objective: In the current review, we have delineated the protective role of W. somnifera against various neurological disorders and its progress in delivery systems. Methods: The database used in the retrieval of data were PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and SciFinder. The keywords used were W. somnifera, Ashwagandha, neuroprotective activities, etc. The principal source of the data retrieval includes research articles, review papers, and short communications from reputed publishers, including the New England Journal of Medicine, Elsevier, Nature, Springer, and Taylor & Francis. Results: After an extensive literature review, we found that W. somnifera mitigates various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, tardive dyskinesia, stroke, and anxiety. Furthermore, natural compounds in nano sizes range possess better neuroprotective activity. Consequently, polymeric nanomicelles, nanoparticles, and nanofibers of natural products are used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion: The current review substantially deciphered the protective role of W. somnifera against various neurological disorders. However, future studies are further required better to understand the molecular mechanisms behind their neuroprotective nature.

PurposeAdoption of solar energy plays an important role in the growth of a country. There are many factors which influence the adoption of solar energy in India. The study is designed to identify factors that determine the acceptance or rejection of solar energy systems in India.Design/methodology/approachRelationship among identified variables is established through interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and thus a conceptually validated model is evolved. Further, MICMAC analysis is conducted to understand the driving power and dependence of these variables.FindingsIt is revealed that experience and habit, awareness and social influence are the intermediary variables. MICMAC Analysis shows that no variable is disconnected from the system and all the variables influence the adoption of solar energy in India.Practical implicationsThe present study is expected to be useful to decision makers, end users and research organisations related to solar energy adoption.Originality/valueVarious intentional factors influencing solar energy systems adoption have been acknowledged in the present study, thus making it useful for formulation of action plans and enhance the usage of solar energy systems to improve environment quality.

Recent findings suggest that the accumulation of misfolded aggregates of islet amyloid peptide (IAPP) plays an essential role in pancreatic damage and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Pancreastatin (PST), a chromogranin derived peptide, instigates insulin resistance (IR) and promotes T2D. Here, we aimed to investigate whether PST induces IAPP aggregation in the pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscles. Foremost, we unraveled kinetics of fibril formation by ThT kinetic assay, ANS binding, turbidity, and far UV-CD. Subsequently, we checked the microarchitecture of fibril by TEM. Moreover, the PST action on IAPP expression was examined by immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time PCR. The outcome of spectral analysis and TEM demonstrated the fibril formation in the alone IAPP group but not in the alone PST; however, PST with IAPP produced stronger fibril. Moreover, PST was found to stimulate IAPP aggregation and expression more prominently in PANC1 and HepG2 cells, and pancreas and liver tissues than in L6 and skeletal muscle. Subsequently, pancreastatin inhibitor manifested a decline in the extent of the IAPP fibril formation and its expression. To conclude, PST upon combination induces the aggregation of IAPP in the pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle, which may have the potential to generate IR and cause T2D.

The Government of India has promoted the expansion of access to and uptake of intrauterine devices (IUDs), during both the interval (IIUD) and postpartum (PPIUD) periods, as part of its Family Planning 2020 initiative. This study, conducted by EngenderHealth as part of the Expanding Access to IUD Services in India project, examines IIUD and PPIUD continuation rates over time and investigates factors associated with IUD continuation. We recruited respondents (N = 5024) through a repeated cross-sectional household study between February and December 2019. We identified respondents using IUD client data from public health facility registers in 20 districts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. We compared continuation rates for IIUD and PPIUD adopters and used regression analyses to measure the association between continuation and demographic, quality of care, and counselling variables. IIUD continuation rates decreased from 85.6% to 78.3% and PPIUD rates decreased from 78.5% to 70.7% between month 3 and month 12. Clients experiencing side effects or other problems were 15 times more likely to discontinue IUD use than clients who did not. Clients who received IUD counselling prior to insertion were more likely to continue than those who did not. IUD continuation increased significantly in cases where both partners jointly selected the method compared to situations where women decided alone. Several sociodemographic factors were associated with continuation. Our study demonstrates the value and benefits of programmes offering IUD services emphasising quality counselling and client-centred care to increase access, uptake, and continuation.

Impaired wound healing is a major concern in diabetic patients due to unregulated chronic hyperglycemia which further may lead to ulcer, gangrene, and its complications. The present study unveils the accelerative effect of aqueous Anthocephalus cadamba leaf extract on wound healing in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in 30 Sprague Dawley female rats by using streptozotocin (except control group I) at the dose of 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were randomized in 3 groups viz. diabetic control group (II), diabetes + Kadam plant leaf extract group (III), and diabetes + 5% povidone–iodine solution group (IV). Surgically sterile wound of 1.77 cm2 was created on the dorsal area of anaesthetized rats. The experimental parameters were assessed by hematobiochemical, histopathological, and western blot techniques. The A cadamba extract treatment group (III) (D + KPLE) showed a significant increase in the percentage of wound closure (82%) at day 21 as compared to the diabetic control group (42%), nondiabetic control group (I) (49%), and povidone–iodine treatment group (75%) group (IV). The findings of the present study suggest that the (D + KPLE) group (III) exhibited marked epithelial regeneration, neovascularization, collagen deposition, and fibroblast proliferation along with higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as compared to the diabetic control group (II), which was confirmed by histopathological examination and western blot analysis. The present study suggests that the topical application of aqueous A cadamba leaf extract exhibits accelerative wound-healing properties in diabetic rats.

This paper models first snapback ambipolar action in NMOS, when subjected to high current stress across the drain terminal. We analyze 2 − D ambipolar current in Gate Grounded NMOS (GGNMOS) devices close to pinch-off region, which is related with S shaped I-V characteristics under highly injected avalanche generated carriers. Furthermore, the first snap-back phenomenon in GGNMOS owing to surface bipolarity is investigated. Due to ambipolar current flow and barrier lowering at source-body junction a novel model of surface bipolar activity has been presented. An analytical model for the surface electrostatics is provided and further compared with 2 − D TCAD device simulation results. Moreover, the electron and hole coupling is reported through a simplified model for a complex and distributed 2 − D parasitic bipolar transistor.

Sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) was synthesized through two different synthesis methods: solid-state reaction (SS) and polyol mediated synthesis (PM). The effect of synthesis route on the structural and electrical properties of NBT system has been investigated. Polyol mediated synthesize NBT sample result in single-phase at relatively lower temperature than of prepared via the solid-state reaction method. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD data confirms that both the sample crystallizes in the rhombohedral perovskite phase with R3c space group. The morphological properties indicate that the grain size of the polyol method processed sample is smaller and slightly agglomerated than the one prepared via solid-state route. Impedance results reveal enhanced bulk conductivity for PM synthesized samples as compared to SS route. Thus, the polyol mediated synthesis may be a better approach for the synthesis of NBT samples. Furthermore, a correlation between the structural and electrical properties for both methods synthesized samples have been discussed to explain the conductivity behaviour.

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) has attracted the attention of researchers because of the utilization of its accepter doped compositions as electrolyte materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). This study reports the consequences of sintering temperature on the structural and electrical properties of sodium bismuth titanate (NBT). The NBT sample was synthesized using solid-state reaction route and sintered at two different temperatures. Both samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy techniques. X-ray diffractograms and its Rietveld refinement confirm the rhombohedral R3c symmetry with perovskite structures. SEM micrographs reveal grain growth with the rise in the sintering temperature. Impedance results in the frequency range of 24 Hz–1 MHz & temperature range of 500–700 °C suggest the increase in the conductivity with the sintering temperature. Moreover, the oxide ion migration pathway and energy barrier were analyzed using bond valance (BVE) analysis technique.

Introduction: Gall bladder carcinoma accounts for 0.3-0.7% of all cancers and has a peak incidence among women aged 70 and 79 years. Recently many molecular markers like Ki-67, cyclin D1, MUC1 and p53 with prognostic impact on GBC have been described. Ki-67 is a proliferative marker which is expressed in all active phases of the cell cycle and it can be detected in the nucleus of tumour cells indicating its proliferative activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of Ki-67 in carcinoma of gall bladder by immunohistochemistry and to correlate the mean Ki-67 labelling index with the various histological grades of gallbladder carcinoma. Materials and Methods: All the histopathologically proven cases of gall bladder malignancy from July 2014 to June 2017 (n=44) were examined for Ki-67 expression immunohistochemically.Ki-67 labelling index was calculated. ANOVA test and independent ‘t’ test were applied to see correlation of Ki-67 expression with various grades of gall bladder carcinoma. Results: The Ki-67 labelling index was minimum in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of gall bladder and maximum in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of gall bladder. The p value amongst these groups was found to be statistically significantly different. Conclusion: 88.64% of Gall bladder carcinoma was positive for Ki-67 and the Ki-67 labelling index increased significantly as the histological grade increased. Keywords: Ki-67, Ki-67 labelling index, MIB labelling index, Gall bladder carcinoma.

We have studied alkaline-earth-metal-doped Y3GaO6 as a new family of oxide-ion conductor. Solid solutions of Y3GaO6 and 2% -Ca2+-, -Sr2+-, and -Ba2+-doped Y3GaO6, i.e., Y(3-0.06)M0.06GaO6-δ (M = Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+), were prepared via a conventional solid-state reaction route. X-ray Rietveld refined diffractograms of all the compositions showed the formation of an orthorhombic structure having the Cmc21 space group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the substitution of alkaline-earth metal ions promotes grain growth. Aliovalent doping of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ enhanced the conductivity by increasing the oxygen vacancy concentration. However, among all of the studied dopants, 2% Ca2+-doped Y3GaO6 was found to be more effective in increasing the ionic conductivity as ionic radii mismatch is minimum for Y3+/Ca2+. The total conductivity of 2% Ca-doped Y3GaO6 composition calculated using the complex impedance plot was found to be ∼0.14 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 700 °C, which is comparable to many other reported solid electrolytes at the same temperature, making it a potential candidate for future electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Total electrical conductivity measurement as a function of oxygen partial pressure suggests dominating oxide-ion conduction in a wide range of oxygen partial pressure (ca. 10-20-10-4 atm). The oxygen-ion transport is attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies that arise from doping and conducting oxide-ion layers of one, two-, or three-dimensional channels within the crystal structure. The oxide-ion migration pathways were analyzed by the bond valence site energy (BVSE)-based approach. Photoluminescence analysis, dilatometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies were also performed to verify the experimental findings.

Sodium bismuth titanate samples with different morphology were synthesized via varying the sintering temperature from 1000 to 1150 °C. The conductivity was significantly affected with the morphology of the system. The dynamics of ions was understood from the conductivity spectra. The dc conductivity, hopping frequency and exponent values were extracted from the conductivity spectra analysis. The impedance and modulus spectroscopy along with exponent behaviour suggested short range hopping for the sample sintered at 1000 °C and followed Ghosh scaling instead of Summerfield scaling. While long-range hopping was observed for the samples sintered at 1150 °C and it followed both the Summerfield scaling and Ghosh scaling. Moreover, the stability of the sample is checked in reducing atmosphere.

The process of hiding data and information is known to be steganography it is done to provide secure communication, in present world there is a demand of sending and displaying data in a hidden format especially when the exchange of information and data is taking place publically, and this is the reason because of which many methods have been proposed for data and information hiding. In this paper data and information are being hidden in digital image format, as it is mostly in demand on the internet. For data hiding there are so many techniques developed some are easy, some are bit tedious as compared to the other and all of these techniques have their own benefits, use and limitation. This paper mainly focuses to present Steganography overview, its demand, advantages and the techniques involved in it. In this paper there is also an attempt to identify which Steganography techniques are more useful and what are their requirements and also it shows which application will have more compatibility with which steganography technique.

In this paper, a study has been carried out on a double gate MOSFET to evaluate its performance. The effect of electric field on the confinement of carries in the centre of the channel and carrier scattering concept has been depicted clearly. The study shows that the critical parameters like Subthreshold and DIBL can be greatly improved with the application of an additional gate in the traditional device. The Device was Simulated using Sentaurus TCAD and mathematical calculations were done using MATLAB and Origin Lab.

Isolations for the Oxide-Silicon interfacial layer is becoming very difficult at a lower technology node and thus it's becoming difficult to suppress the tunneling of carriers through the gate. In this paper, a method for having better isolation between Si-Oxide interface has been studied by replacing the traditional oxide SiO2 with High-k Dielectrics Materials. In this analysis, Al2O3 and HfO2 were found to be good alternatives for SiO2. The mathematical calculations were performed using MATLAB and the device was simulated using Sentaurus TCAD.