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Describes the main points of the Philippine educational system's plans for the future, which include improved access to education, equal opportunities for all, the improvement of the quality and relevance of basic education, and improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The educational system will continue to tap partnerships with private and business sectors for educational improvement. (SLD)

Abstract We reflect on the possibility of having a matter action that is invariant only under transverse diffeomorphisms. This possibility is particularly interesting for the dark sector, where no restrictions arise based on the weak equivalence principle. In order to implement this idea we consider a scalar field which couples to gravity minimally but via arbitrary functions of the metric determinant. We show that the energy-momentum tensor of the scalar field takes the perfect fluid form when its velocity vector is time-like. We analyze the conservation of this tensor in detail, obtaining a seminal novel result for the energy density of this field in the kinetic dominated regime. Indeed, in this regime the fluid is always adiabatic and we obtain an explicit expression for the speed of sound. Furthermore, to get insight in the gravitational properties of these theories, we consider the fulfillment of the energy conditions, concluding that nontrivial physically reasonable matter violates the strong energy condition in the potential domination regime. On the other hand, we present some shift-symmetric models of particular interest. These are: constant equation of state models (which may provide us with a successful description of dark matter or dark radiation) and models presenting different gravitational domains (characterized by the focusing or possible defocusing of time-like geodesics), as it happens in unified dark matter-energy models.

The purpose of this study was to compare vascular calcification (VC), serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels, and other biochemical markers to determine their value as available predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). A total of 197 patients were recruited from seven dialysis centers in Mexico City. VC was assessed with multi-slice computed tomography, measured using the calcification score (CaSc). OPG, albumin, calcium, hsC-reactive protein, phosphorous, osteocalcin, total alkaline phosphatase, and intact parathormone were also analyzed. Follow-up and mortality analyses were assessed using the Cox regression model. The mean age was 43.9 ± 12.9 years, 64% were males, and 53% were diabetics. The median OPG was 11.28 (IQR: 7.6–17.4 pmol/L), and 42% of cases had cardiovascular calcifications. The median VC was 424 (IQR:101–886). During follow-up (23 ± 7 months), there were 34 deaths, and 44% were cardiovascular in origin. In multivariable analysis, OPG was a significant predictor for all-cause (HR 1.08; p < 0.002) and CV mortality (HR 1.09; p < 0.013), and performed better than VC (HR 1.00; p < 0.62 for all-cause mortality and HR 1.00; p < 0.16 for CV mortality). For each mg/dL of albumin-corrected calcium, there was an increased risk for CV mortality, and each g/dL of albumin decreased the risk factor for all-cause mortality. OPG levels above 14.37 and 13.57 pmol/L showed the highest predictive value for all-cause and CV mortality in incident PD patients and performed better than VC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revise the future fate of a group of scalar-tensor theories known as kinetic gravity braiding models. As it is well-known, these theories can safely drive the expansion of the universe towards a future de Sitter state if the corresponding Lagrangian is invariant under constant shifts in the scalar field. However, this is not the only possible future state of these shift-symmetric models as we show in this letter. In fact, future cosmic singularities characterized by a divergence of the energy density can also appear in this framework. We present an explicit example where a big rip singularity is the only possible future fate of the cosmos.

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5331-6

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un proyecto de Aprendizaje-Servicio en el que los espacios físico y virtual desempeñan un papel central e interrelacionado. El proyecto fue desarrollado conjuntamente entre la Universidad Complutense y un centro educativo alejados geográficamente, con el objetivo de transformar pedagógicamente el patio escolar del propio centro. Los estudiantes del Grado en Educación Primaria trabajaron conjuntamente con los alumnos del colegio para el reacondicionamiento del espacio, atendiendo a criterios pedagógicos fundamentados en los contenidos de la asignatura Theory of Education, como la participación ciudadana y comunitaria en el proceso educativo, el compromiso docente, la formación ético-cívica, la inclusión, el cuidado del medio ambiente, el juego al aire libre, entre otros. La metodología utilizada ha sido de carácter cualitativo mediante el análisis de contenido de diferentes documentos, poniendo especial atención en el papel que la tecnología ha desempeñado tanto en la comunicación entre los dos centros, como en la visibilización y reivindicación de una necesidad educativa. Los resultados muestran la reflexión crítica promovida en los participantes por su colaboración en el proyecto, una importante implicación y compromiso cívico con necesidades socioeducativas, la comprensión del papel de las tecnologías en el ejercicio de la ciudadanía contemporánea y en el desarrollo de proyectos de Aprendizaje-Servicio, el impacto en la concepción de la identidad docente y el refuerzo de los vínculos entre la universidad, la escuela y la comunidad.

In this letter we reflect on the propagation of gravitational waves in alternative theories of gravity, which are typically formulated using extra gravitational degrees of freedom in comparison to General Relativity. We propose to understand that additional structure as forming a diagravitational medium for gravitational waves characterized by a refractive index. Furthermore, we shall argue that the most general diagravitational medium has associated an anisotropic dispersion relation. In some situations a refractive index tensor, which takes into account both the deflection of gravitational waves due to the curvature of a non-flat spacetime and the modifications of the general relativistic predictions, can be defined. The most general media, however, entail the consideration of at least two independent tensors. Keywords: Modified gravity, Gravitational waves, Refractive index

The big rip, the little rip and the little sibling of the big rip are cosmological doomsdays predicted by some phantom dark-energy models that could describe the future evolution of our universe. When the universe evolves towards either of these future cosmic events, all bounded structures and, ultimately, space–time itself are ripped apart. Nevertheless, it is commonly believed that quantum gravity effects may smooth or even avoid these classically predicted singularities. In this review, we discuss the classical and quantum occurrence of these riplike events in the scheme of metric f(R) theories of gravity. The quantum analysis is performed in the framework of f(R) quantum geometrodynamics. In this context, we analyze the fulfilment of the DeWitt criterion for the avoidance of these singular fates. This review contains as well new unpublished work (the analysis of the equation of state for the phantom fluid and a new quantum treatment of the big rip and the little sibling of the big rip events).

Abstract We revisit the definition and some of the characteristics of quadratic theories of gravity with torsion. We start from a Lagrangian density quadratic in the curvature and torsion tensors. By assuming that General Relativity should be recovered when the torsion vanishes and investigating the behaviour of the vector and pseudo-vector torsion fields in the weak-gravity regime, we present a set of necessary conditions for the stability of these theories. Moreover, we explicitly obtain the gravitational field equations using the Palatini variational principle with the metricity condition implemented via a Lagrange multiplier.

We address the quantisation of a model that induces the Little Sibling of the Big Rip (LSBR) abrupt event, where the dark energy content is described by means of a phantom-like fluid or a phantom scalar field. The quantisation is done in the framework of the Wheeler–DeWitt (WDW) equation and imposing the DeWitt boundary condition; i.e., the wave function vanishes close to the abrupt event. We analyse the WDW equation within two descriptions: First, when the dark energy content is described with a perfect fluid. This leaves the problem with the scale factor as the single degree of freedom. Second, when the dark energy content is described with a phantom scalar field in such a way that an additional degree of freedom is incorporated. Here, we have applied the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation in order to simplify the WDW equation. In all cases, the obtained wave function vanishes when the LSBR takes place, thus fulfilling the DeWitt boundary condition.

We describe in the present work the synthesis of carbohydrate-based chiral delta-lactones by regio- and stereoselective radical cyclization reactions. The configuration of the newly stereogenic center was found to depend on the structure of the carbohydrate moiety.

Available techniques for monitoring the health situation have proven insufficient, thus leading to a discussion of the need for their improvement based on new data collection strategies allowing for data use by local health systems. This article presents the methodological basis for a strategy to monitor health problems utilizing demarcated intra-urban spaces called "sentinel areas" to collect fundamental social, economic, behavioral, and biological data for public health that allow for a closer approach to the reality of complex social spaces. The authors present an experience that is being developed in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, to evaluate the epidemiological impact of an environmental sanitation program. They discuss selection criteria for the areas and the potential uses of this strategy allowing for the rapid utilization of epidemiological resources by health services and the timely application of the results to reorient and enhance health intervention practices.

Encouraged by our previous studies of tri-n-butyltin-mediated radical cyclization reaction of o-iodobenzamides, we applied this methodology to the synthesis of benzomacrolactam 2 from methyl 4-O-allyl-2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-6-(2-iodobenzoylamino)- alpha-D-galactopyranoside 1. Apart from the macrolactam 2, resulting from regioselective 11-endo aryl radical cyclization, the hydrogenolysis produt 3 was obtained. The o-iodobenzamide 1 was prepared in eight conventional synthetic steps from methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The unequivocal structures of 1, 2 and 3 were supported by ¹H, 13C and DEPT NMR spectroscopy and by COSY and HMQC experiments.

We review the most general scalar-tensor cosmological models with up to second-order derivatives in the field equations that have a fixed spatially flat de Sitter critical point independent of the material content or vacuum energy. This subclass of the Horndeski Lagrangian is capable of dynamically adjusting any value of the vacuum energy of the matter fields at the critical point. We present the cosmological evolution of the linear models and the non-linear models with shift symmetry. We come to the conclusion that the shift symmetric non-linear models can deliver a viable background compatible with current observations.

O presente trabalho consiste em uma reflexão crítica sobre as tentativas de alterações na Declaração de Helsinki, entendida como um dos documentos que representam as teses democráticas vencedoras da segunda metade do século passado, portanto, patrimônio da humanidade, pelo seu valor de referência como diretrizes éticas a serem observadas em pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Assim, o controle sobre tal documento deve ser coletivo, mundial, societário, e qualquer mudança suscita amplo debate, participação e discussão, visando-se evitar algum retrocesso humanitário. Este estudo analisa alguns fatos atuais relacionados com pesquisas com sujeitos humanos, desenvolvidas em países chamados "periféricos" ou "em desenvolvimento". E, também, faz uma interpretação sócio-política da questão, em que se evidencia que o fundamentalismo econômico por parte dos países ricos resulta em um inevitável imperialismo ético, expondo ainda mais as comunidades dos países pobres à vulnerabilidade, discriminação e exclusão social.

Um estudo de seguimento foi desenvolvido em duas localidades do semi-árido do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil, com o objetivo de identificar a ocorrência e a natureza de possíveis efeitos adversos agudos em conseqüência da suplementação com megadoses de vitamina A (100.000 e 200.000 UI) oferecida junto com imunização em massa, a crianças de seis a 59 meses de idade. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 852 crianças; 416 do município de Teofilândia integraram o grupo que recebeu a vitamina A com as vacinas e 436 crianças de Santa Bárbara foram incluídas no grupo que recebeu somente a vacina. Nas 24 horas que antecederam a vacinação, as crianças dos dois grupos referiram similar freqüência de diarréia, febre e vômito; a anorexia foi mais prevalente em Teofilândia e persistiu durante todo o período de seguimento. Os resultados sugerem que nenhum efeito adverso agudo, em especial diarréia, vômito, febre ou anorexia, esteve associado à ingestão da vitamina A combinada à vacinação em massa, particularmente à Sabin, DPT e anti-sarampo.

OBJETIVO: Verificar as condições de vigilância epidemiológica do tracoma desencadeadas a partir da detecção de um caso de tracoma inflamatório na APAE - SP. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram submetidos a exame ocular 1.009 pessoas entre alunos, funcionários e comunicantes intradomiciliares. Os controles de tratamento foram realizados em uma instituição, por 4 vezes, em intervalos de 45 dias. RESULTADOS: A prevalência total foi de 5,9%, sendo 5,1% de tracoma folicular (TF), 0,3% de tracoma folicular intenso (TF/TI) e 0,5% de tracoma cicatricial (TS). No primeiro controle 45,5% dos casos apresentou alta clínica e 40,0% manteve tratamento. No último controle 20,0% apresentou alta curado sem cicatrizes. A taxa de faltosos alcançou 38,2%. A distribuição espacial dos casos secundários mostrou ampla dispersão na Grande São Paulo, indicando que o tracoma deve estar disseminado por toda a região. DISCUSSÃO/CONCLUSÕES: As ações de controle do tracoma não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, provavelmente devido ao prolongado tempo de tratamento e acompanhamento. Estratégias de intervenção clínica devem ser desenvolvidas para melhor controle da doença.