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La presente tesis acerca de La señalética en la satisfacción de los visitantes de los atractivos turísticos del distrito de Barranco en el año 2019, tiene como propósito demostrar la estrecha conexión que se puede dar a partir de señalética y satisfacción de los turistas durante su visita a Barranco. Se realizo una investigación cuantitativa, de tipo aplicado, de nivel descriptivo, explicativo y correlacional, usando el método hipotético deductivo, aplicando instrumentos de recolección de información, diseñados para esta investigación, a una muestra de 316 visitantes extraída de una población de 835, 920 visitantes del distrito de Barranco. Encontramos una correlación de Spearman de =0.869 entre las dos variables, lo que indica una correlación positiva alta entre ambas variables por lo que podemos concluir que la Señalética influye en la Satisfacción de los Visitantes de los atractivos turísticos del distrito de Barranco, el año 2019 y la estrecha relación entre ambas variables por lo que debiéramos diseñar una señalética ad hoc a las necesidades de los visitantes al distrito de Barranco para mejorar la satisfacción de los visitantes al distrito de Barranco.

Plasmodium parasites are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes to the mammalian host and actively infect hepatocytes after passive transport in the bloodstream to the liver. In their target host hepatocyte, parasites reside within a parasitophorous vacuole (PV). In the present study it was shown that the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) can be targeted by autophagy marker proteins LC3, ubiquitin, and SQSTM1/p62 as well as by lysosomes in a process resembling selective autophagy. The dynamics of autophagy marker proteins in individual Plasmodium berghei-infected hepatocytes were followed by live imaging throughout the entire development of the parasite in the liver. Although the host cell very efficiently recognized the invading parasite in its vacuole, the majority of parasites survived this initial attack. Successful parasite development correlated with the gradual loss of all analyzed autophagy marker proteins and associated lysosomes from the PVM. However, other autophagic events like nonselective canonical autophagy in the host cell continued. This was indicated as LC3, although not labeling the PVM anymore, still localized to autophagosomes in the infected host cell. It appears that growing parasites even benefit from this form of nonselective host cell autophagy as an additional source of nutrients, as in host cells deficient for autophagy, parasite growth was retarded and could partly be rescued by the supply of additional amino acid in the medium. Importantly, mouse infections with P. berghei sporozoites confirmed LC3 dynamics, the positive effect of autophagy activation on parasite growth, and negative effects upon autophagy inhibition.

Orientador: Kil Jin Park Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Estudou-se o comportamento do processo de secagem de tâmaras da variedade Zahidi, a fim de se obter uma tâmara-passa deste fruto, que vem apresentando boas perspectivas de cultivo e comercialização no Brasil. Os dados experimentais das ísotermas de sorção nas temperaturas de 60, 70 e 80 °C, com umidade relativa variando de 10,51% a 80,25% obtida através de soluções saturadas de sais , foram ajustadas pelos modelos de BET, GAB, Halsey e Oswin. Os melhores ajustes foram obtidos peias equações de BET e GAB. O encolhimento foi determinado e correlacionado com a perda de umidade através dos modelos propostos por SUZUKI et al. (1978). Para a caracterização da geometria do fruto foram testadas quatro formas geométricas distintas: cilindro com tampa, cilindro sem tampa, elipse oblata e elipse proiata. Os resultados mostraram que a tâmara pode ser considerada um cilindro sem tampa. As corridas experimentais de secagem foram conduzidas em um secador vertical convectivo, nas temperaturas de 60, 70 e 80 ° C, com umidade relativa variando de 6,68 a 11,59%. As curvas de secagem foram ajustadas peia equação de difusão líquida para geometria esférica e geometria cilíndrica do material, considerando ou não o encolhimento. A melhor correlação das curvas de secagem foi obtida utilizando o modelo difusional de Fick para a geometria cilíndrica da tâmara considerando o encolhimento. Os valores de difusividade efetiva foram de 1,02 .10-7 a 4,52 . 10-7 m2/s para curvas de secagem sem encolhimento e de 0,71 .10-7 a 3,81 . 10-7 m2/s para curvas com encolhimento. A energia de ativação de Arrhenius foi calculada para os valores de difusividade sem e com a consideração do encolhimento, variando de 41,23 kj/mol. K a 60,98 kj/mol. Ke de 36,35 kj/mol. K a 69,59 kj/mol. K, respectivamente Abstract: Drying process behavior of date was studied to obtain dried date (passa). The production and commerciaiization of date are successfully growing in Brazil. The experimentai values of sorption isotherms at 60, 70 and 80°C were obtained at relative humidity ranging from 10,51 % to 80,25% and were correlated by BET, GAB, HALSEY and OSWIN model. BET and GAB models presented the best correlation. The shrinkage during drying was observed and verified by SUZUKí et ai (1978) equations'. Date geometric forms were characterized by four different shapes-cylinder with caps, cylinder without caps, oblate ellipse and prolate ellipse. The results indicate that the date may be considered as a cylinder without caps. The experimental drying curves were obtained to 60, 70 and 8Q°C in a convective vertical dryer. The relative humidity ranged from 6.66% to 11.59%. The drying curve was using Fick's second law for liquid diffusion solved for spherical and cylindrical boundaries, with and without shrinkage. The best correlation was obtained to cylindrical geometry with shrinkage. Effective diffusivity obtained ranged from 1.02 . 10-7 to 4,52 . 10-7 m2/s without shrinkage and from 0.72 . 10-7 to 3,81 . 10-7 m2/s with shrinkage. Arrenious type activation energy was calculated using the effective diffusivities, ranging from 41,23 kJ/mol. K to 60,98 kJ/mol. K without and from 36,35 kJ/mol. K to 69,59 kj/mol. K with shrinkage Doutorado Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Analyzing molecular determinants of Plasmodium parasite cell death is a promising approach for exploring new avenues in the fight against malaria. Three major forms of cell death (apoptosis, necrosis and autophagic cell death) have been described in multicellular organisms but which cell death processes exist in protozoa is still a matter of debate. Here we suggest that all three types of cell death occur in Plasmodium liver-stage parasites. Whereas typical molecular markers for apoptosis and necrosis have not been found in the genome of Plasmodium parasites, we identified genes coding for putative autophagy-marker proteins and thus concentrated on autophagic cell death. We characterized the Plasmodium berghei homolog of the prominent autophagy marker protein Atg8/LC3 and found that it localized to the apicoplast. A relocalization of PbAtg8 to autophagosome-like vesicles or vacuoles that appear in dying parasites was not, however, observed. This strongly suggests that the function of this protein in liver-stage parasites is restricted to apicoplast biology.

Plasmodium parasites express a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases (ICP) throughout their life cycle. To analyze the role of ICP in different life cycle stages, we generated a stage-specific knockout of the Plasmodium berghei ICP (PbICP). Excision of the pbicb gene occurred in infective sporozoites and resulted in impaired sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes, despite residual PbICP protein being detectable in sporozoites. The vast majority of these parasites invading a cultured hepatocyte cell line did not develop to mature liver stages, but the few that successfully developed hepatic merozoites were able to initiate a blood stage infection in mice. These blood stage parasites, now completely lacking PbICP, exhibited an attenuated phenotype but were able to infect mosquitoes and develop to the oocyst stage. However, PbICP-negative sporozoites liberated from oocysts exhibited defective motility and invaded mosquito salivary glands in low numbers. They were also unable to invade hepatocytes, confirming that control of cysteine protease activity is of critical importance for sporozoites. Importantly, transfection of PbICP-knockout parasites with a pbicp-gfp construct fully reversed these defects. Taken together, in P. berghei this inhibitor of the ICP family is essential for sporozoite motility but also appears to play a role during parasite development in hepatocytes and erythrocytes.

Orientador: Fernanda Elizabeth Xidieh Murr Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: O presente trabalho teve a finalidade de obter acerola em passa utilizando processos combinados de desidratação osmótica e secagem. Foi estudada a influência da desidratação osmótica utilizando soluções binária (água+sacarose) e ternária (água+sacarose+sal) na secagem convectiva de acerola (Malpighia punicifolia L.). Para os pré-tratamentos foram avaliadas as influências do tempo (30 e 90 minutos), temperatura (25 e 60°C) e concentração de sacarose (30 e 60 % p/p) para a solução binária e concentração de sacarose (20 e 50% p/p) para a solução ternária (10% de sal), nas respostas perda de peso, perda de água, ganho de sólidos e na relação ganho de sólidos/perda de água. Para cada solução foi escolhida uma condição para proceder à secagem convectiva e essa condição foi determinada pelo menor valor da relação ganho de sólidos/perda de água. As condições escolhidas foram: solução binária com 60% de sacarose e solução ternária com 50% de sacarose e 10% de sal, ambas na mesma temperatura de 60°C e mesmo tempo de imersão (90 minutos). Foram avaliadas as influências da temperatura (43, 50, 60, 70 e 77°C) e velocidade do ar de secagem (0,50; 0,65; 1,00; 1,35 e 1,50 m/s) nas respostas atividade de água (aw), perda de vitamina C (PC) e tempo de secagem (ts). A acerola desidratada osmoticamente com solução ternária apresentou menores valores de aw, PC e ts. A acerola congelada apresentou os maiores valores de aw, PC e ts, enquanto que a desidratada osmoticamente com solução binária apresentou valores intermediários entre as outras duas condições. Para a análise sensorial foram escolhidos amostras com menores valores de aw, PC e ts. A acerola congelada não foi avaliada sensorialmente por apresentar valores de aw muito elevados, próximos aos valores apresentados pela fruta in natura. A acerola desidratada osmoticamente com solução binária foi a mais aceita pelos provadores situando-se entre as categorias "gostei ligeiramente" e "gostei moderadamente" Abstract: In the present work it was studied the influence of the osmotic dehydration process using binary (sucrose+water) and ternary (sucrose+salt+water) solutions in the convective drying of acerola fruit (Malpíghía punícífolía L.). Pretreatments were evaluated by influences of immersion time (30 and 90 minutes), temperature (25 and 60°C) and sucrose concentration (30 and 60% w/w) for binary solution and sucrose concentration (20 and 50% w/w) for the ternary solution (10% of salt), on responses of weight loss, water loss, solid gain and solid gain/water loss ratio. For each solution, a condition was stablished to proceed to the convective drying and that condition was determined by the smallest value of the solid gain/water loss ratio. The chosen conditions were: binary solution with 60% of sucrose and ternary solution with 50% of sucrose and 10% of salt, both in the same temperature of 60°C and same immersion time (90 minutes. Influences of temperature (43, 50,60, 70 and 77OC) and air velocities (0,50; 0,65; 1,00; 1,35 and 1,50 m/s) on responses water activity (aw), vitamin C loss (PC) and drying time (ts). Osmotically dehydrated acerola fruit with ternary solution presented smaller values of aw, PC and ts. Frozen acerola fruit presented the largest values of aw, PC and ts, while osmotically dehydrated acerola fruit with binary solution presented intermediate values as compared to other conditions. For sensorial analysis they were chosen samples with smaller values of aw, PC and ts. The frozen acerola fruit was not evaluated in sensorial analysis because presented very high values of aw, close to the values presented by fresh fruit. Osmotically dehydrated acerola fruit with binary solution was more acceptable, with acceptance values in the categories "Iiked lightly" and "liked moderately." Doutorado Engenharia de Alimentos Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos