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The current work aims to optimize and develop a scale-up process design for higher yields of phenolic compounds, as well as propose and validate their antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects when extracted from Cajanus cajanleaves. The optimization procedure included 17 experimental runs using microwave-assisted extraction parameters such as temperature (50–70 °C), power (400–1000 W), and time (15–45 min), and was optimized using response surface methodology for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and antioxidant activities like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was found to be 52.15 mg GAE/g dw, 25.12 mg QE/g dw, 43.02 mg TAE/g dw, 35.16%, and 43.25 mg TE/g dw, respectively. The optimized values of response variables were achieved at 700 W of power, 60 °C of temperature, and 40 min of processing time. Purification, thin-layer chromatography, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) spectral analysis of the plant extract revealed the existence of 18 bioactive phenolic compounds. The in silicoinvestigation found that fifteen out of eighteen bioactive phenolic compounds had strong binding affinities in the range of −4.0 to −8.8 kcal/mol, along with enhanced pharmacokinetic characteristics and a low to moderate level of toxicity. The IC50values of in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were 46.49 ± 2.2 and 59.51 ± 3.57 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a high level of enzymatic inhibition activity. In addition, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) tests revealed that cytotoxicity was minimal up to a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL of the extract. The results of this study will open new doors for researchers, scientists, and industrialists in the food and pharmaceutical industries who intend to develop antidiabetic food formulations and antidiabetic drugs as a way for diabetic people to manage their disease and improve their overall health.

The present research aims to establish its scientific basis by proposing and validating the hypothesis that bioactive phytochemicals of Carica papayacan be an ideal functional food and drug compound for the management of diabetes mellitus. The in silicomolecular docking and pharmacokinetic analysis of phytochemicals of C. papayarevealed that the phytochemicals have a high potential to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes (−9.3 to −7.7 kcal/mol), responsible for post-prandial high blood glucose level and low to moderate level of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicity. The experimental design was set up for industrial application for high-yield recovery of bioactive components from C. papayaleaf. The microwave-assisted extraction optimized response variables from 17 experimental runs, like total phenol content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) were obtained at a temperature of 61 °C at a microwave power level of 807 W and 45 min of processing. The phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry spectral analysis revealed the presence of 18 out of 21 reported major phytochemicals of C. papaya. The in vitroenzymatic activity indicated high inhibition for α-amylase (IC5040.03 ± 2.61 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC5066.52 ± 1.52 μg/mL) enzymes. The hemolytic activity was found to be less than 5% compatible with ISO standards for the intervention of biomaterials. Furthermore, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and chorioallantoic membrane assay assays suggested low toxicity at the concentration of up to 62.5 μg/mL. This study will help food and pharmaceutical researchers, scientists, and industrialists produce antidiabetic food compositions and medications to help diabetics manage their diabetes and enhance their health.