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OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de fluorosis dental en la población infantil de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, y su asociación con la concentración de flúor en agua de consumo y de orina. Asimismo, desarrollar, validar y probar un índice específico para fluorosis en dentición temporal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio transversal analítico, de mayo de 1997 a enero de 1999, en tres jardines de niños, seleccionados al azar, en tres áreas de riesgo en San Luis Potosí. Se seleccionaron 100 niños de edades entre tres y seis años. El índice específico de fluorosis para dientes temporales fue validado mediante la cuantificación de concentraciones de flúor en esmalte de dientes con y sin fluorosis. Para estimar la asociación entre las concentraciones de flúor en agua y orina y el grado de fluorosis dental se utilizó la prueba estadística Kruskal-Wallis. En el caso de la asociación entre el área de riesgo y el desarrollo de fluorosis dental se utilizó ji2 de Mantel-Haenszel. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de fluorosis en dentición temporal fue de 78%, la cual tuvo patrones diferentes de presentación, siendo los dientes posteriores los más afectados en ambos maxilares y la coloración predominante fue blanco mate. Se encontró una correlación (r=0.93) entre la concentración de flúor en esmalte de dientes temporales y el índice de fluorosis para dentición temporal (IFDDT). Se encontraron asociaciones entre la concentración de flúor en el agua de consumo y orina con el grado de fluorosis dental (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.00001) y entre el área de riesgo y el grado de fluorosis (ji² de Mantel-Haenszel p=0.00001). CONCLUSIONES: El IFDDT identifica y gradúa adecuadamente la fluorosis en dentición temporal. Es importante detectar el primer efecto tóxico de exposición a flúor para ser usado como predictor de fluorosis en dentición permanente y fluorosis esquelética.

Objetivo. Evaluar y notificar la concentración de fluoruro en bebidas embotelladas que se consumen en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México y su implicación como factor de riesgo a fluorosis dental. Material y métodos. Se estudió el contenido de algunos productos de las dos compañías refresqueras más importantes de México y de otras dos locales. Las muestras se recolectaron de 10 lotes diferentes en el caso de los refrescos y de cinco lotes en el de los jugos, con tres muestras por lote, durante tres meses. La determinación de concentración de fluoruro se realizó mediante el método del electrodo de ión selectivo. Resultados. La concentración de flúor de muestras de diferentes plantas de compañías nacionales presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre grupos (p< 0.05). La comparación de resultados entre compañías nacionales y locales también mostró diferencia estadística significativa (p< 0.05). Los diferentes jugos presentaron concentraciones de flúor elevadas. Conclusiones. La mayoría de las bebidas embotelladas que se consumen en San Luis Potosí presentaron niveles de flúor por arriba de la norma mexicana (0.7 ppm) y pueden ser un factor de riesgo adicional de fluorosis dental en su población.

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop and achieve consensus on a cariology teaching framework for dental schools in Latin American Spanish-speaking countries. The Delphi process, with a ≥8 0% pre-defined participants’ agreement, included three phases and a Coordinating Group. During the Preparation phase three panels of experts were selected and invited to participate: a) Regional academic/professional Dental Associations (Associations-Panel): n = 12; b) Regional Dental Schools (Dental-Schools-Panel): existing dental schools (n = 263) from the 19 Spanish-speaking regional countries; c) International academic/professional associations Peer Experts (Peer-Panel): n = 4. Based on consensus documents from Europe, Colombia, the Caribbean, USA, Chile and Spain, and updated scientific evidence, the Coordinating Group developed a baseline framework proposal of domains, main competencies (MC) and specific competencies (SC). The Consultation-Agreement and Consensus phases included three rounds of questionnaires with a step-wise sharing of the MC updated version of the consensus framework with the Dental-Schools-Panel and including SC with the Associations-Panel. Diverse communication strategies were used ( e.g ., independent google-form questionnaires and workshops). Consensus was reached after an on-site Associations-Panel workshop and secret voting, followed by an online meeting with the Peers-Panel. A total of 127 academic/professional institutions participated (Associations-Panel: 11, 91.6%; Dental-Schools-Panel: 112, 42.6%, all countries; Peers-Panel: 4, 100%). The baseline Cariology teaching framework of 5 domains, 10 MC and 92 SC underwent modifications after agreements for a final consensus framework consisting of 5 domains, 10 MC and 85 SC. A Core Cariology curriculum framework in Spanish for Latin American Dental Schools was successfully developed and agreed upon with regional dental academic and professional institutions.

Background: Surface coating technology can assist fixed appliances by reducing friction, improving antibacterial characteristics, and increasing corrosion resistance. The application of functional coatings composed of graphene onto the surfaces of orthodontic brackets and archwires has been shown to enhance their mechanical qualities. The objective of the current study was to carry out a scoping analysis of published recent evidence on the utilization of graphene as a covering material in metallic orthodontic accessories, such as brackets and archwires; Methods: A scoping review was undertaken following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Dentistry and Oral Science Source, and Google Scholar were searched between 2003 and 2023; Results: In total, 38 potential references were detected, from which 10 were selected for this review. These articles addressed the benefits of the application of graphene-oxide functional coatings onto the surface of archwires and brackets during fixed orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic graphene-oxide-based coatings provide improved surface characteristics (e.g., reduced friction and anticorrosive effects), antibacterial capabilities, and biocompatibility. These characteristics can increase the effectiveness of orthodontic therapy, improve patient comfort, and lower the likelihood of problems; Conclusion: Orthodontists should be aware of and comprehend the prerequisites for using graphene-oxide-coated archwires and brackets to fulfill needs throughout their clinical practice.

We sought to evaluate the effect of endodontic-causative microorganisms of primary infections on mononuclear cells such as CD14+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and Tregs Foxp3+. Facultative anaerobic microorganisms were isolated from radicular conducts and peripheral blood samples, which were taken from patients with primary infections. Cellular cultures were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with and without Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp. during 48, 72, and 96 h of contact in culture (concentration 5 × 105 cells/well) in a round plate bound with 48 wells. Later, PBMC was collected for analysis by flow cytometry, with the monoclonal antibodies αCD14, αCD4, αCD8, αCD19 and αFoxp3, and acquired using an FACSCanto II cytometer. The supernatant of cellular cultures was analyzed for the quantification of inflammatory cytokines. Data analysis was performed in FlowJo v10.8.2 and FCAPArray software, and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad v5.0. software. We observed an increase in the percentage of CD14+ cells in patients at different hours of cellular culture in the presence of both Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp. microorganisms, compared to healthy controls. This study demonstrates the role played by the innate immune system in the pathogeny of endodontic primary infections, explaining the effects that generate the more common microorganisms in this oral pathology.

Aims: This study aims to provide a comprehensive review and case study about the advantages and disadvantages of the application of digital technologies in presurgical orthopedics in newborns/infants with cleft lip and palate (CLCP). Positive changes in the nasal anatomy, maxillary arch, and cleft width could be achieved. Methods: Three representative cases of newborns/infants with CLCP were managed using the presurgical newborn/infant orthopedics (PSIO) approach. The patients were diagnosed and treated. Detailed descriptions of the impression procedures and PSIO appliance construction and placement were provided for each case. Results: Case 1 utilized traditional impression techniques, Case 2 employed a semi‐digitalized approach with intraoral digital scanning, and Case 3 utilized a completely digitalized method for appliance construction. Positive changes in maxillary arch dimensions and cleft width reduction were observed in all cases. Conclusions: The management of CLCP in newborns and infants poses a complex challenge with profound implications. The PSIO approach not only facilitates reconstructive surgery but also enhances overall quality of life. Digital tools, like specialized optical scanners and 3D printing, revolutionize the PSIO process, making it more efficient and patient‐friendly. Clinical benefits include improved facial morphology, esthetics, feeding, speech, and optimized future surgical results. Despite ongoing efficacy debates, global adoption as the initial surgical approach underscores its value. The integration of digital technologies offers new hope for patients and families, promising a brighter future for those affected by this congenital condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to evaluate a membrane based on type B gelatin (G) and porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix (PUB-EM), highlighting the potential effect of the combination evaluated by biocompatibility and regulation of the expression of transcription factors involved in tissue regeneration. G-PUB-EM membranes were prepared at 12.5, 25, and 50% w/v, and evaluated for biocompatibility with Fibroblast. Chemical characterization by FTIR-ATR showed complex spectra during crosslinking process with glutaraldehyde. Physical tests were performed in deionized water and PBS for 48 h. A significant increase in swelling was observed during the first 2 h. Biocompatibility testing (MTS) and evaluation of the expression profile of genes involved in the cell cycle (Cyclin-D1 VEGF, TNF and NF-κ-B) by PCR showed an increase in viability in a PUB-EM content-dependent way, except for 50% PUB-EM membrane which showed cytotoxic effects with a decrease in cell viability below 70%. The membranes showed an increase in the expression of some factors of cell cycle, as well as inflammatory processes that could promote tissue repair. 12.5 and 25% gelatin type B/porcine urinary bladder extracellular matrix (G/PUB-EM) based membranes have potential for tissue regeneration applications. Impact Statement: The use of membranes based on type B gelatin and porcine urinary bladder for tissue engineering represents a novel strategy. Biocompatibility and signaling pathways play a primary role in tissue repair and wound recovery. Transcription factors that mediate signaling, cell division and vascularization are part of molecules that intervene in the regenerative potential of cells. These techniques will have a significant impact on tissue repair and regeneration and thus stop depending on tissue donors or other surgical sites from the same patient, as is the case with burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Caries management at the lesion level is dependent on the lesion activity, the presence of a cavitation (either cleanable or non-cleanable), and lesion depth as evaluated via radiographic examination. A variety of non-invasive, micro-invasive, and minimally invasive treatment (with or without restoration) options are available for primary and permanent teeth. Non-invasive strategies include oral hygiene instructions, dietary counseling, and personal as well as professional use of fluoridated products that reduce demineralization and increase re-mineralization. Micro-invasive procedures include the use of occlusal resin sealants and resin infiltrants, while minimally invasive strategies comprise those related to selective removal of caries tissues and placement of restorations. Deep caries management includes indirect pulp capping, while exposed pulp may be treated using direct pulp capping and partial or complete pulpotomy. The aim of the present study was to review available evidence on recommended preventive and restorative strategies for caries lesions in Latin American/Caribbean countries, and subsequently develop evidence-based recommendations for treatment options that take into consideration material availability, emphasize ways to adapt available treatments to the local context, and suggest ways in which dentists and health systems can adopt these treatments.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV A or Morquio syndrome is an uncommon inherited metabolic condition caused by the deficient intralysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical examination, skeletal radiographs, and histochemical tests in blood cells or fibroblasts. It is characterized by evident skeletal deformities, poor joint mobility, severe growth deficit, occlusal anomalies, and enamel defects. The aim of the present clinical case report is to describe the general oral management provided to a 6-year-old female patient and its corresponding evolution for more than three years.

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile organic substances obtained from medicinal plants, their structural diversity determines their pharmacological bioactivity, including their therapeutic applications. Clinical studies have reported favorable health benefits to patients using medicinal plants for ulcerative skin lesions, reducing the discomfort, pain, and duration of ulcers. Chitosan (CHT) is a polymer with potential as a drug carrier in ulcer disease; also has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and hemostatic properties, proposed for its use in gels, biofilms, and sponges to cover the ulcerative lesion in the oral mucosa for both drug delivery and physical protection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological properties and enzymatic activity of sponges from CHT and Oregano essential oil (OEs). CHT sponges were incubated in OEs eluates (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 mg/mL). The cell response and enzymatic activity of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were evaluated in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLFs). The results showed that CHT-OEs at 0.02 mg/mL and at 0.03 mg/mL significantly increased hPLFs proliferation (p < 0.05). Micrographs demonstrated that the viability and mitochondrial activity of hPLFs were not affected by the eluates from CHT and OEs. SOD activity increased with eluates from OEs and CHT and CAT was significantly increased with CHT+OEs 0.01 mg/mL (p < 0.05). The synergy of CHT with OEs at a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL and 0.03 mg/mL in culture medium increases the proliferative response and stimulates SOD and CAT activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine (F-) is considered a toxic chemical element, the exposure to this chemical compound in humans goes almost unnoticed; at present, an important number of people are exposed to water sources contaminated with F- causing health damage, and the effects on bone tissue are considered the most significant. Objective: To evaluate the effect of NaF in different osteoinduction processes. Materials and methods: An ATCC hFOB1.19 cell line was used which were cultured with the different NaF concentrations (1, 1.5, 3, 5, 10, 15 mg/l). Quantitative viability through the Alamar- Blue test and qualitative cytotoxicity according to ISO10993-5:2009, intra and extracellular Ca+2 concentrations through the Arsenazo III test, qualitative and quantitative osteogenesis processes in osteoblasts with the Millipore osteogenesis kit, immunocytochemistry to determine the expression of RUNX-2, and Mito-Tracker assay to evaluate the quantity of mitochondria in the treated cells were performed. Results and conclusions: Fluoride significantly altered cellular morphological patterns in sub-chronic exposure, it was also capable of reducing the expression of the RUNX2 protein and the Ca+2 concentration of intracellular and extracellular as well as being able to reduce the number of mitochondria in a dose-dependent way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Proteína C Reactiva (PCR) es una de las proteínas plasmáticas que aparecen en la fase aguda de la inflamación. La periodontitis se relaciona con niveles elevados de PCR en adul tos y con una reducción de la misma después de su tratamiento. La diabetes, por otro lado, es una enfermedad que compromete la respuesta tanto inflamatoria como reparativa del organismo y los tejidos periodontales son particularmente sensibles a su efecto. La PCR por lo tanto, puede ser útil en el diagnóstico y en la determinación de progresión de la enfermedad periodontal (EP). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los niveles de PCR en pacientes con EP y pacientes con EP y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Se incluyeron 60 sujetos distribuidos en 3 grupos: 15 pacientes con EP (Grupo 1), 15 pacientes con EP y DM2 (grupo 2) y 30 pacientes sistémicamente sanos (grupo 3). A cada uno de los participantes se les realizaron pruebas bioquímicas: Proteína C Re activa (NycoCard® PCR), HbA1c (NycoCard®) y glucosa en sangre. Para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad periodontal se siguieron los parámetros del 5° Taller Europeo de Periodontología. Para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos se usó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas al comparar la concentración de PCR en los 3 grupos (p