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The article describes the experience of compiling and classifying an extensive, but poorly unified terminological base used by researchers in the field of iconography. We are not talking about terms used to put the content of images into words, but about key theoretical terms, such as “sample”, “model”, “original”, “copy”, “quote” and other similar concepts employed in iconographic thought. The paper discusses the usage of these terms by both classical and modern authors, such as N. V. Pokrovsky, A. Grabar, F. Bruno, G. Svartsensky, J. Alexander, etc. Further, we propose to arrange the concepts into four classes: (1) definitions referring to an entire image and its components; (2) definitions relating to the content of a single work or a cycle in their entirety or divided into units of meaning; (3) terminology around a “sample – copy – quote” type of relationship between individual images and the copying process itself; (4) the terms describing the visual toolkit of a particular master or a group and ways of its transmission both within and outside his workshop, including guides, manuals and instructions for craftsmen. In each class, the terms are listed in the order from basic and elementary to more complex and sophisticated. The classification is not complete and requires further work. Статья посвящена опыту обобщения и систематизации обширной, но мало унифицированной терминологической базы, применяемой исследователями в сфере действия иконографического метода. Термины, предлагаемые в этой статье, раскрывают не способы изображения сюжетов христианской иконографии, а теорию использования самого метода. Авторы рассматривают такие ключевые понятия, как «образец», «модель», «оригинал», «копия», «цитата» и другие. Также в этой статье приведены примеры использования данных понятий в исследованиях различных авторов как классических, так и современных трудов (таких как Н. В. Покровский, А. Грабар, Ф. Брюно, Г. Сварценский, Дж. Александер и др.). Классификация, предлагаемая в этой статье, подразумевает объединение понятий в группы. Перечислим их кратко: во-первых, определение целостного варианта изображения и его отдельных частей разной степени изменяемости; во-вторых, определение содержательной программы произведения или цикла в целом и в отдельных единицах-носителях смысловой нагрузки; в-третьих, вопросы отношений типа «образец – копия – цитата» между отдельными изображениями и варианты самого процесса копирования; в-четвёртых, визуальный багаж конкретного мастера или группы мастеров и способы его передачи внутри мастерской и шире, в частности, варианты специальных руководств и инструкций для мастеров. В каждой группе термины перечислены в порядке “усложнения”: от более простых к комплексным. Данная классификация не является исчерпывающей и требует дальнейших уточнений.

We here sought to assess thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications and associated risk factors during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum in women with prosthetic heart valves (PHV). Methods: The retrospective cohort study covered January 2011 to December 2022. The objective of the study was to assess the risk factors and frequency of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period in women with PHV based on the experience of one perinatal center. We included 88 pregnancies with 77 prosthetic heart valves (PHV), which were divided into two groups, mechanical valve prostheses (MVP) (n = 64) and biological valve prosthesis (BVP) (n = 24). In the study we analyzed pregnancy outcomes, as well as thrombotic and hemorrhagic complication frequencies. Results: Of 88 pregnancies, 79 resulted in live births. In the MVP group, there were six miscarriages (9.4%) and two medical abortions (3.1%), including one due to Warfarin’s teratogenic effects. No miscarriages were reported in the BVP group, but one fetal mortality case (4.2%) occurred. During pregnancy, 11 MVP cases (17.2%) experienced thrombotic complications. In the BVP group, one patient (4.2%) had transient ischemic attack (TIA). Two MVP cases required surgical valve repair during pregnancy, and one in the post-delivery stage was caused by thrombotic complications. Postpartum, two MVP cases had strokes, and in one MVP patient, pulmonary embolism was registered, while no thrombotic complications occurred in the BVP group. Hemorrhagic complications affected 15 MVP cases (17.9%) in the postpartum period. There were no registered cases of maternal mortality. Conclusions: The effective control of anti-factor Xa activity reduced thrombotic events. However, the persistently high incidence of postpartum hemorrhagic complications suggests a need to reassess anticoagulant therapy regimens, lower target levels of anti-Xa, and reduce INR levels for discontinuing heparin bridge therapy. Despite the heightened mortality risk in MVP patients, our study cohort did not have any mortality cases, which contrasts with findings from other registries.

Subject. The article focuses on tax security as a key functional component of economic security of organisations and a subject for accounting and economic analysis. Objectives. The purpose of the study was to analyse the key aspects of the tax security of organisations, the nature of tax risks, which are of great practical importance for the elimination of threats to economic security, and suggest ways to enhance the effectiveness of tax risk management. Methodology. To achieve the goals, we used the following scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, analogy, simulation, classification, comparison, and logical approach. Results. Based on the definitions of the tax component of the economic security of organisations and tax risks, we suggest a detailed description of the main instruments of protection from potential threats to tax security. The article details the stages of tax analysis and suggests a chart for the express assessment of tax risks (including a list of risk indicators and measures for neutralisation of tax threats to economic security depending on the level of tax security) and a registry of enquiries from tax authorities (for rapid response, which can help to mitigate tax risks associated with failure to provide a response to tax authorities). Conclusions. The article justifies the importance of accounting and analysis for ensuring the tax security of organisations in the current unstable economic environment and the necessity for the systematic analysis and assessment of tax risks aimed at their minimisation and elimination of threats to tax security of economic entities.

The management of newborns and infants suffering from skin diseases requires precise decisions and prompt actions from the doctor, the effectiveness of which largely depends on correct and timely diagnosis. Despite the fact that doctors of various specialties are involved in the treatment of children with skin pathologies, it is not always possible to achieve positive results in terms of reducing the level of the disease and increasing the effectiveness of treatment and preventive care. The number of diagnostic errors is especially high. Raising the level of professional nosological diagnostics is a prerequisite for the development of medical care. The etiology and pathogenesis of skin diseases are extremely diverse and in many cases remain unclear. Localized purulent infections of the skin of infants, as a rule, have a staphylococcal and streptococcal etiology. Differential diagnosis of such a pathology is carried out between scalded skin syndrome, Ritter's exfoliative dermatitis, congenital epidermolysis bullosa, Leiner's desquamative erythroderma, and other blistering dermatoses. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a disease caused by the action of toxins and characterized by the development of erythema and widespread detachment of the surface layers of the epidermis. Ritter's exfoliative dermatitis is a septic variant of the course of epidemic pemphigus in newborns. The etiological factor is most often Staphylococcus 2nd phage group. Epidermolysis bullosa congenita belongs to the group of orphan non-infectious hereditary skin diseases. Leiner-Mousso desquamative erythroderma is a severe disease that affects exclusively children in the first three months of life. In the development of the disease, the sensitizing effect of pyococcal and yeast infections is important against the background of severe metabolic disorders. The article describes a clinical case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a patient in the neonatal period. The dynamically changing examination data and the results of additional examinations in dynamics are presented and discussed. The diagnostic search and difficulties in making an accurate diagnosis of skin diseases in newborns, which practitioners face, are shown in detail.

The paper shows possibility of obtaining stable emulsions of bioactive vegetable oils in fermented milk medium with concentration of lipid fraction up to 50 %. Emulsifying capacity of fermented fermented milk medium in emulsions of bioactive vegetable oils is found to be 8.2–8.5 %. The influence of the rotation speed of the working element of the emulsifier in the range of 1000–3000 rpm on the emulsifying capacity of the dispersion medium and sedimentation stability of emulsions has been established. Possibility of increasing capacity and stability of emulsions by 1.3–3.9 times when emulsifiers and stabilizers of structure – egg white, lecithin, guar gum are introduced into dispersion medium in concentration up to 3.0 % is revealed. Approximating dependence of emulsifying capacity of dispersion medium on emulsifier concentration is obtained taking into account linear, quadratic and cubic influence of factor. Based on the results of experimental studies, a technology for producing emulsion drinks based on fruits and spices has been developed. The assessment of the vitamin-mineral composition of the developed beverages showed their high nutritional value, established a significant content of vitamins В3, В9, A, D, E. Satisfaction of the daily need of the body when consuming 100 g of the beverage according to these nutrients is 8.2–43.3 %. The data obtained make it possible to classify the developed emulsion drinks as products with improved consumer properties.

Physiological and biochemical parameters of blood plasma of laboratory animals were evaluated when using, in addition to the main diet, a food substance with known biocorrecting properties - a probiotic emulsion administered orally, based on wheat germ oil and biomass of a consortium of lacto and bifidobacteria, including Str. thermophiles, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. adolescentis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum. The object of experimental studies was male and female growing white rats of the Wistar line in the amount of 60 individuals, comprising 2 experimental and 2 control groups of 15 individuals each. Evaluation of the average values of physiological indicators showed an increase in the horizontal and vertical motor activity of the white rats of the experimental group by an average of 16-18 % and 60-70%, an increase in the number of examined minks by 10-12 %, a significant decrease in the level of grooming and defecation. It was established that the clinical and biochemical parameters of the blood plasma of white rats were within the physiological limits. The concentrations of total protein, glucose, high and low density lipoproteins, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase by group differed slightly. It was found that the concentration of total cholesterol and LDL in the test groups of females and males at the end of the experimental studies decreased by 2.1-2.2 % and 4.1-5.8 %. The bilirubinaikreatinin concentration was slightly reduced in the experimental group of females and males by 1.1-1.3 % and 2.1-4.2 %, respectively. A significant increase in hemoglobin and red blood cells by 2.6-7.1 % and 4.8-5.1 % was recorded.

The paper conducted experimental studies of the activity of exopolysaccharide synthesis by a consortium of probiotic microorganisms based on Streptococcus thermophiles, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum. Temperature conditions of cultivation were studied on the basis of combination of stages of optimal and non-optimal conditions for development of microorganisms corresponding to temperature variation in the range of higher or lower values, in order to intensify synthesis of moisture-binding metabolites of polysaccharide nature. The results of studies of optical density and concentration of biomass exopolysaccharides are given, which indicate a positive effect on the synthesis of exopolysaccharides of the used combined temperature modes of cultivation. Based on thermal analysis data, endothermic effects were identified, indicating an additional increase in the degree of moisture binding by polysaccharides of probiotic origin. It was found that the maximum activity of the synthesis of moisture-binding metabolites corresponds to the combined cultivation mode with a sequential transition from the area of low temperature effects to the optimal area.

The article presents a clinical case of difficult verification of pulmonary embolism severity and difficulty of choosing a treatment option for a patient with this disease.

Abstract Acute myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion (I–R) are major causes of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with a history of coronary artery disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has previously been shown to be antiarrhythmic in fetal hearts. This study was performed to investigate if UDCA protects against ischaemia-induced and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the adult myocardium, and compares the effect of acute (perfusion only) versus prolonged (2 weeks pre-treatment plus perfusion) UDCA administration. Langendorff-perfused adult Sprague–Dawley rat hearts were subjected to acute regional ischaemia by ligation of the left anterior descending artery (10 min), followed by reperfusion (2 min), and arrhythmia incidence quantified. Prolonged UDCA administration reduced the incidence of acute ischaemia-induced arrhythmias (p = 0.028), with a reduction in number of ventricular ectopic beats during the ischaemic phase compared with acute treatment (10 ± 3 vs 58 ± 15, p = 0.036). No antiarrhythmic effect was observed in the acute UDCA administration group. Neither acute nor prolonged UDCA treatment altered the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic effect of UDCA may be partially mediated by an increase in cardiac wavelength, due to the attenuation of conduction velocity slowing (p = 0.03), and the preservation of Connexin43 phosphorylation during acute ischaemia (p = 0.0027). The potential antiarrhythmic effects of prolonged UDCA administration merit further investigation.

Sorghum syrup has a saturated carbohydrate composition, which includes cellobiose, maltose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, fructose, glucose, and sucrose. The present research featured the physicochemical properties of sugar sorghum syrup, i.e. average molecular weight, density, solubility in water, and melting point, and its prospective use in the production of soft ice cream. The carbohydrate composition of sugar sorghum syrup was defined by the method of normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of sorghum syrup was determined using the amperometric method. The study of its physicochemical properties proved that it can be used in soft ice cream technology. The sweetness coefficient was determined in comparison with sugar solution and by a taste panel. With an average number of panelists equal to 5, the value of equivalent sweetness was 1.5. This sweetness of sorghum syrup was equivalent to the sweetness of the sucrose solution with minimal concentration. The assessment of the antioxidant activity of sorghum syrup indicated the possibility of its use in functional products with antioxidant properties. The paper introduces a recipe for soft ice cream: cream (20% of fat), milk (3.2% of fat), skimmed milk powder, sorghum syrup, stabilizer ‘Cremodan® SE 334 VEG’, Citri-Fi dietary fiber. The overrun was studied by the method of determining the volume fraction of air; the acidity was determined by the titrimetric method. The resistance to melting was assessed using a cylindrical sample with a diameter of 35 mm and a height of 5 cm. The sample was thermostated at 25 ± 1°C, while the sample area was fixed at regular intervals. The overrun of soft ice cream was 85%, the resistance to melting equaled 20 minutes. Soft ice cream is a popular product among all groups of the population and is widespread in cafes, restaurants, and health-resorts.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues are becoming more and more common. As these disorders are associated with temporary or permanent disability as well as a costly treatment, this socially-significant issue requires close attention. Objective: to analyze the prevalence rate of the musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders in the Russian Federation. The analysis covers the entire country as well as various regional districts with the aim to identify the districts with the most and the least favorable situation and predict the prevalence of these diseases in Russia for 2018-2019. Materials and methods: we analyzed the prevalence of these diseases among the population of the Russian Federation for the period 2012- 2017. In this, we used the statistical reports on musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in Russia over 2012-2017 issued by the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. To predict the morbidity rate for 2018-2019, statistical processing of the primary survey data was carried out with the help of the «TREND» software. Results: in the period from 2012 to 2017, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases ranked third among the most common diseases. According to the calculated average growth rates, the districts with a relatively high prevalence are the Northwestern and North Caucasian Federal Districts (+ 1.85% and + 1.14%, respectively), and the lowest prevalence was found in the Central Federal District (–1.72%). Among the regions of the Central Federal District, the maximum growth rate was recorded in the Orel Region (+1.97), and the minimum – in the Vladimir Region (–5.47). According to the prognostic models, the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases per 100 thousand population in the Russian Federation may decrease in 2018-2019 with the following variations: from 12,818,398 to 1,305,502 cases in 2018, and from 12,614,398 up to 12,845.474 in 2019. Conclusion: according to this forecast, the prevalence rates of these diseases will remain high, therefore, further monitoring of this type of morbidity in the Russian Federation is warranted.

Cryonics as rather inconsistent, but constantly developing sphere of activity of modern society cannot be adequately estimated by means of separate private indicators or even their enlarged groups. This requires the development of a system of indicators that includes not only the traditional parameters of material and technical base and human capacity, but also the scale, intensity, results and consequences of cryonic activities. The key problems of the system of indicators of critical activity statistics, its features and possible approaches to its construction have been considered in the article.

Purpose: to conduct a comparative analysis and to identify the epidemiological and clinical features of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme borreliosis as a mono- and coinfections in St. Petersburg. Materials and methods. 718 cases of TBE, 4353 cases of Lyme borreliosis and 127 combined diseases registered by the St. Petersburg epidemiological bureau in 2006-2017 were studied. Identification of combined diseases was carried out by a special software that allows to identify co-morbid diseases from the array of monoinfections. To identify clinical and epidemiological features, 144 cases of TBE, 286 Lyme borreliosis, and 43 cases of co-infection were studied. Age and sex characteristics, places of human contagion, infection rates of ticks, clinical forms of mono- and associated diseases, morbidity dynamics changes and patients’ IgM seropositivity were studied. Results. The long-term dynamics of TBE and Lyme borreliosis incidence had did not have significant upward or downward trends, it was characterized by synchronous fluctuations. The priority of the incidence of men over women is revealed. 61–69% cases of TBE and Lyme borreliosis occurred in Leningrad region, 19–30% – in the adjacent territories of Russia, 5,7–6,7% of cases were imported from other countries. High tick infection rates of TBE virus and Borrelia was revealed. Borrelia аnd virus of TBE and were detected in 81,6–87,5% of the examined ticks removed from patients with a later established diagnosis. Seasonal distribution of Lyme borreliosis was shifted by a month to the right in comparison with TBE. The clinical forms of both diseases did not differ in their structure from the country data, however after 2012 subclinical forms were more common in women. The proportion of non-erythematous forms of Lyme borreliosis in 2011–2015 compared with the 2006–2010 observation period increased almost 1,5-fold mainly forms, including those with co-infection. The IgM seropositivity rate in the dynamics of the disease testifies to the incomplete rehabilitation of patients. Conclusion. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of TBE, Lyme borreliosis and combined infection in the North-West region of Russia, with the example of St. Petersburg, have certain distinctive features. The reasons for the revealed features need further study.

The article analyzes off-shoring processes in order to find new ways for developing taxation planning oriented to prevention of asset outflow beyond Russian jurisdiction due to the taxation system restructuring. The authors showed the necessity to decline the appeal of off-shore for entities of economic activity based on rational taxation legislation. They substantiate the topicality of researching the taxation system restructuring in Russia, which fosters business development and new taxation mechanism designing providing conditions for reduction of off-shore development. Key forms of taxation incentive were investigated in order to identify possibilities of their impact on de-off-shoring processes and grounding the necessity of developing a new taxation mechanism for extending tax payments on growth of capital till the completion of the investment process. The article considers the taxation manoeuvre towards increasing the taxation base and its feasibility in Russian conditions. The article describes priorities of Russian taxation policy and its improvement in today’s circumstances of complicated geopolitical situation and sanction restrictions. The authors come to the conclusion about Russia transition to a row of innovation countries and put forward a set of measures aimed at creating optimal conditions of all economic agents’ involvement in innovation activity and filling economy with innovation content. Among key results of the research we should mention grounding taxation system restructuring, which stimulates business development and designing practical recommendations aimed at improvement of the mechanism of taxation impact on off-shore processes.

With the aim of improving the system of epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of the most significant and socially determined co-infections, carried out the epidemiological analysis of viral hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis and HIV infection who were registered in the Clinical infectious hospital named. S. P. Botkin in the beginning of this century (17-year period). Examined 707 patients. The comparison carried out between the three groups of patients co-infected identified in 1998–2001 year (period I, 128 patients), 2008– 2011 year (period II, 334 patients) and in 2013–2014 (period III, 245 patients). The proportion of patients with acute viral hepatitis in the first period was 24.2%, and the second and third periods, their share declined to 0,6% and 0,4%. Among the chronic viral hepatitis in the first and second periods were dominated by chronic viral hepatitis C (of 28,1 and 39,8%), and in the third period came to dominate the hepatitis caused by combination viruses B and C (58,8 per cent). Symptoms of liver damage and the activity of enzymes in patients co-infected testified to the increase in the number of cases of cirrhosis of this body and served morphological studies, the prevalence of liver cirrhosis increased more than 4 times, from 8,6% (first period) to 26,9% (period III). Changes of tuberculosis, showed a significant increase in the share of common forms of tuberculosis, including disseminated tuberculosis of the lungs from 19,5% to 57,6% (3 times), and lymph system, including tuberculosis of lymphatic nodes of the chest from 3,1% (period I) to 27,8% (period II). The main changes in patients with co-infection was associated with HIV, whose share increased from 10,0% of (period I) to 91,8% (period III). The mortality of patients co-infected increased from 11,7 to 34,7% (3 times).

The article studies applicability of the resource-oriented approach in assessing the impact of extensive and intensive factors on stable and continuous development of economic systems under cyclic conditions. The quantitative assessment of impact of efficient resource utilization on structural growth rates of the economy dependent on domestic public policy showed that excessive development of financial services makes the economy quite vulnerable to external factors. Results of the research according to the suggested method show that Russian economy has been in crisis since 2006, which matches the downward wave of big economic dynamics cycle described by N. D. Kondratyev