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3. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition : Atmosphere

Author

Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Blomquist, B., G. Persson, P. O., Schmale, J., Uttal, T., Althausen, D., Angot, H., Archer, S., Bariteau, L., Beck, I., Bilberry, J., Bucci, S., Buck, C., Boyer, M., Brasseur, Z., Brooks, I. M., Calmer, R., Cassano, J., Castro, V., Chu, D., Costa, D., Cox, C. J., Creamean, J., Crewell, S., Dahlke, S., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Deckelmann, H., Dethloff, K., Dütsch, M., Ebell, K., Ehrlich, A., Ellis, J., Engelmann, R., Fong, A. A., Frey, M. M., Gallagher, M. R., Ganzeveld, L., Gradinger, R., Graeser, J., Greenamyer, V., Griesche, H., Griffiths, S., Hamilton, J., Heinemann, G., Helmig, D., Herber, A., Heuzé, C., Hofer, J., Houchens, T., Howard, D., Inoue, J., Jacobi, H. -W, Jaiser, R., Jokinen, T., Jourdan, O., Jozef, G., King, W., Kirchgaessner, A., Klingebiel, M., Krassovski, M., Krumpen, T., Lampert, A., Landing, W., Laurila, T., Lawrence, D., Lonardi, M., Loose, B., Lüpkes, C., Maahn, M., Macke, A., Maslowski, W., Marsay, C., Maturilli, M., Mech, M., Morris, S., Moser, M., Nicolaus, M., Ortega, P., Osborn, J., Pätzold, F., Perovich, D. K., Petäjä, T., Pilz, C., Pirazzini, R., Posman, K., Powers, H., Pratt, K. A., Preußer, A., Quéléver, L., Radenz, M., Rabe, B., Rinke, A., Sachs, T., Schulz, A., Siebert, H., Silva, T., Solomon, A., Sommerfeld, A., Spreen, G., Stephens, M., Stohl, A., Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, J., Viegas, J., Voigt, C., von der Gathen, P., Wehner, B., Welker, J. M., Wendisch, M., Werner, M., Xie, Z., Yue, F., Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Blomquist, B., G. Persson, P. O., Schmale, J., Uttal, T., Althausen, D., Angot, H., Archer, S., Bariteau, L., Beck, I., Bilberry, J., Bucci, S., Buck, C., Boyer, M., Brasseur, Z., Brooks, I. M., Calmer, R., Cassano, J., Castro, V., Chu, D., Costa, D., Cox, C. J., Creamean, J., Crewell, S., Dahlke, S., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Deckelmann, H., Dethloff, K., Dütsch, M., Ebell, K., Ehrlich, A., Ellis, J., Engelmann, R., Fong, A. A., Frey, M. M., Gallagher, M. R., Ganzeveld, L., Gradinger, R., Graeser, J., Greenamyer, V., Griesche, H., Griffiths, S., Hamilton, J., Heinemann, G., Helmig, D., Herber, A., Heuzé, C., Hofer, J., Houchens, T., Howard, D., Inoue, J., Jacobi, H. -W, Jaiser, R., Jokinen, T., Jourdan, O., Jozef, G., King, W., Kirchgaessner, A., Klingebiel, M., Krassovski, M., Krumpen, T., Lampert, A., Landing, W., Laurila, T., Lawrence, D., Lonardi, M., Loose, B., Lüpkes, C., Maahn, M., Macke, A., Maslowski, W., Marsay, C., Maturilli, M., Mech, M., Morris, S., Moser, M., Nicolaus, M., Ortega, P., Osborn, J., Pätzold, F., Perovich, D. K., Petäjä, T., Pilz, C., Pirazzini, R., Posman, K., Powers, H., Pratt, K. A., Preußer, A., Quéléver, L., Radenz, M., Rabe, B., Rinke, A., Sachs, T., Schulz, A., Siebert, H., Silva, T., Solomon, A., Sommerfeld, A., Spreen, G., Stephens, M., Stohl, A., Svensson, Gunilla, Uin, J., Viegas, J., Voigt, C., von der Gathen, P., Wehner, B., Welker, J. M., Wendisch, M., Werner, M., Xie, Z., and Yue, F.

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore crosscutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled-system s

Published
2022
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4. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition:atmosphere

Author

Shupe, M. D. (Matthew D.), Rex, M. (Markus), Blomquist, B. (Byron), Persson, P. O. (P. Ola G.), Schmale, J. (Julia), Uttal, T. (Taneil), Althausen, D. (Dietrich), Angot, H. (Helene), Archer, S. (Stephen), Bariteau, L. (Ludovic), Beck, I. (Ivo), Bilberry, J. (John), Bucci, S. (Silvia), Buck, C. (Clifton), Boyer, M. (Matt), Brasseur, Z. (Zoe), Brooks, I. M. (Ian M.), Calmer, R. (Radiance), Cassano, J. (John), Castro, V. (Vagner), Chu, D. (David), Costa, D. (David), Cox, C. J. (Christopher J.), Creamean, J. (Jessie), Crewell, S. (Susanne), Dahlke, S. (Sandro), Damm, E. (Ellen), de Boer, G. (Gijs), Deckelmann, H. (Holger), Dethloff, K. (Klaus), Duetsch, M. (Marina), Ebell, K. (Kerstin), Ehrlich, A. (Andre), Ellis, J. (Jody), Engelmann, R. (Ronny), Fong, A. A. (Allison A.), Frey, M. M. (Markus M.), Gallagher, M. R. (Michael R.), Ganzeveld, L. (Laurens), Gradinger, R. (Rolf), Graeser, J. (Juergen), Greenamyer, V. (Vernon), Griesche, H. (Hannes), Griffiths, S. (Steele), Hamilton, J. (Jonathan), Heinemann, G. (Guenther), Helmig, D. (Detlev), Herber, A. (Andreas), Heuze, C. (Celine), Hofer, J. (Julian), Houchens, T. (Todd), Howard, D. (Dean), Inoue, J. (Jun), Jacobi, H.-W. (Hans-Werner), Jaiser, R. (Ralf), Jokinen, T. (Tuija), Jourdan, O. (Olivier), Jozef, G. (Gina), King, W. (Wessley), Kirchgaessner, A. (Amelie), Klingebiel, M. (Marcus), Krassovski, M. (Misha), Krumpen, T. (Thomas), Lampert, A. (Astrid), Landing, W. (William), Laurila, T. (Tiia), Lawrence, D. (Dale), Lonardi, M. (Michael), Loose, B. (Brice), Luepkes, C. (Christof), Maahn, M. (Maximilian), Macke, A. (Andreas), Maslowski, W. (Wieslaw), Marsay, C. (Christopher), Maturilli, M. (Marion), Mech, M. (Mario), Morris, S. (Sara), Moser, M. (Manuel), Nicolaus, M. (Marcel), Ortega, P. (Paul), Osborn, J. (Jackson), Paetzold, F. (Falk), Perovich, D. K. (Donald K.), Petäjä, T. (Tuukka), Pilz, C. (Christian), Pirazzini, R. (Roberta), Posman, K. (Kevin), Powers, H. (Heath), Pratt, K. A. (Kerri A.), Preusser, A. (Andreas), Quelever, L. (Lauriane), Radenz, M. (Martin), Rabe, B. (Benjamin), Rinke, A. (Annette), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Schulz, A. (Alexander), Siebert, H. (Holger), Silva, T. (Tercio), Solomon, A. (Amy), Sommerfeld, A. (Anja), Spreen, G. (Gunnar), Stephens, M. (Mark), Stohl, A. (Andreas), Svensson, G. (Gunilla), Uin, J. (Janek), Viegas, J. (Juarez), Voigt, C. (Christiane), von der Gathen, P. (Peter), Wehner, B. (Birgit), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), Wendisch, M. (Manfred), Werner, M. (Martin), Xie, Z. (ZhouQing), Yue, F. (Fange), Shupe, M. D. (Matthew D.), Rex, M. (Markus), Blomquist, B. (Byron), Persson, P. O. (P. Ola G.), Schmale, J. (Julia), Uttal, T. (Taneil), Althausen, D. (Dietrich), Angot, H. (Helene), Archer, S. (Stephen), Bariteau, L. (Ludovic), Beck, I. (Ivo), Bilberry, J. (John), Bucci, S. (Silvia), Buck, C. (Clifton), Boyer, M. (Matt), Brasseur, Z. (Zoe), Brooks, I. M. (Ian M.), Calmer, R. (Radiance), Cassano, J. (John), Castro, V. (Vagner), Chu, D. (David), Costa, D. (David), Cox, C. J. (Christopher J.), Creamean, J. (Jessie), Crewell, S. (Susanne), Dahlke, S. (Sandro), Damm, E. (Ellen), de Boer, G. (Gijs), Deckelmann, H. (Holger), Dethloff, K. (Klaus), Duetsch, M. (Marina), Ebell, K. (Kerstin), Ehrlich, A. (Andre), Ellis, J. (Jody), Engelmann, R. (Ronny), Fong, A. A. (Allison A.), Frey, M. M. (Markus M.), Gallagher, M. R. (Michael R.), Ganzeveld, L. (Laurens), Gradinger, R. (Rolf), Graeser, J. (Juergen), Greenamyer, V. (Vernon), Griesche, H. (Hannes), Griffiths, S. (Steele), Hamilton, J. (Jonathan), Heinemann, G. (Guenther), Helmig, D. (Detlev), Herber, A. (Andreas), Heuze, C. (Celine), Hofer, J. (Julian), Houchens, T. (Todd), Howard, D. (Dean), Inoue, J. (Jun), Jacobi, H.-W. (Hans-Werner), Jaiser, R. (Ralf), Jokinen, T. (Tuija), Jourdan, O. (Olivier), Jozef, G. (Gina), King, W. (Wessley), Kirchgaessner, A. (Amelie), Klingebiel, M. (Marcus), Krassovski, M. (Misha), Krumpen, T. (Thomas), Lampert, A. (Astrid), Landing, W. (William), Laurila, T. (Tiia), Lawrence, D. (Dale), Lonardi, M. (Michael), Loose, B. (Brice), Luepkes, C. (Christof), Maahn, M. (Maximilian), Macke, A. (Andreas), Maslowski, W. (Wieslaw), Marsay, C. (Christopher), Maturilli, M. (Marion), Mech, M. (Mario), Morris, S. (Sara), Moser, M. (Manuel), Nicolaus, M. (Marcel), Ortega, P. (Paul), Osborn, J. (Jackson), Paetzold, F. (Falk), Perovich, D. K. (Donald K.), Petäjä, T. (Tuukka), Pilz, C. (Christian), Pirazzini, R. (Roberta), Posman, K. (Kevin), Powers, H. (Heath), Pratt, K. A. (Kerri A.), Preusser, A. (Andreas), Quelever, L. (Lauriane), Radenz, M. (Martin), Rabe, B. (Benjamin), Rinke, A. (Annette), Sachs, T. (Torsten), Schulz, A. (Alexander), Siebert, H. (Holger), Silva, T. (Tercio), Solomon, A. (Amy), Sommerfeld, A. (Anja), Spreen, G. (Gunnar), Stephens, M. (Mark), Stohl, A. (Andreas), Svensson, G. (Gunilla), Uin, J. (Janek), Viegas, J. (Juarez), Voigt, C. (Christiane), von der Gathen, P. (Peter), Wehner, B. (Birgit), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), Wendisch, M. (Manfred), Werner, M. (Martin), Xie, Z. (ZhouQing), and Yue, F. (Fange)

Abstract

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric properties, processes, and interactions were made while drifting with the sea ice across the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. An international team designed and implemented the comprehensive program to document and characterize all aspects of the Arctic atmospheric system in unprecedented detail, using a variety of approaches, and across multiple scales. These measurements were coordinated with other observational teams to explore crosscutting and coupled interactions with the Arctic Ocean, sea ice, and ecosystem through a variety of physical and biogeochemical processes. This overview outlines the breadth and complexity of the atmospheric research program, which was organized into 4 subgroups: atmospheric state, clouds and precipitation, gases and aerosols, and energy budgets. Atmospheric variability over the annual cycle revealed important influences from a persistent large-scale winter circulation pattern, leading to some storms with pressure and winds that were outside the interquartile range of past conditions suggested by long-term reanalysis. Similarly, the MOSAiC location was warmer and wetter in summer than the reanalysis climatology, in part due to its close proximity to the sea ice edge. The comprehensiveness of the observational program for characterizing and analyzing atmospheric phenomena is demonstrated via a winter case study examining air mass transitions and a summer case study examining vertical atmospheric evolution. Overall, the MOSAiC atmospheric program successfully met its objectives and was the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement program to date conducted over the Arctic sea ice. The obtained data will support a broad range of coupled

Published
2022

21. Studies on the physiological significance of marginal riboflavin deficiency in man with an emphasis on the metabolic role of riboflavin in red blood cell ageing

Author

Powers, H. J. and Thurnham, D. I.

Subjects
612.015
Abstract

The results of a recently conducted nationwide survey in Britain indicated that a large proportion of the elderly population could be considered to be biochemically riboflavin deficient. The work presented here describes an attempt to assess the physiological significance of marginal riboflavin deficiency in man with particular emphasis on the metabolic importance of riboflavin to red blood cell (RBC) ageing. Red cells from adults and geriatrics were separated into nine fractions of different mean age by density gradient centrifugation. Haematological measurements including haematocrit, RBC count, reticulocyte count, and haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, were made on whole blood and packed cell samples from all subjects. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity (I.U./g Hb) was measured in all fractions and in unfractionated blood samples from each subject. Biochemical indices selected for study included malonyldialdehyde (MDA) production and percentage haemolysis of RBC in response to peroxidative stress; endogenous haemoglobin derivatives specifically methaemoglobin (MHb) , oxyhaemoglobin (Oxyllb) and sulphaemoglobin (SHb) ; and endogenous reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition the effect of daily riboflavin supplements on haematological and biochemical responses of RBC in two biochemically riboflavin deficient subjects was studied. Studies on RBC distribution suggested that marginal- biochemical ariboflavinosis may predispose RBC to premature lysis In vivo, particularly in the elderly. Biochemical studies showed that as RBC age GR activity, GSH, and OHb fall and peroxidative haemolysis and MHb rise. These observations implied that older cells with low GR activity are less able to resist oxidative stress than are young cells. On the other hand, more MDA was produced in peroxide stressed younger cells than in older cells which may reflect changes in RBC lipid composition as cells age. Although marginal riboflavin deficiency appeared to result in RBC with increased MHb, increased susceptibility to peroxidative haemolysis and reduced concentrations of GSH these effects were not statistically significant. Finally, a mechanism was proposed which implicated GR activity as a determinant of RBC survival and a computer programme devised to describe the mechanism. Results of the study suggested that GR activity is a determinant of RBC survival or is closely linked with the activity of another such enzyme.

Published
1979
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30. Effects of an exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating intervention on indices of psychological health status, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and immune function after early-stage breast cancer : a randomised controlled trial

Author

Saxton, John, Scott, E. J., Daley, A. J., Woodroofe, Nicola, Mutrie, N., Crank, Helen, Powers, H. J., and Coleman, R. E.

Abstract

Introduction: Many women experience emotional distress, depression and anxiety after a diagnosis of breast\ud cancer. Psychological stress and depression have been associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis\ud dysregulation that may adversely affect immune system functioning and impact upon survival. This study\ud investigated the effects of a lifestyle intervention on indices of psychological health status, HPA axis regulation and\ud immune function in overweight women recovering from early-stage breast cancer treatment.\ud \ud Methods: A total of 85 women treated for breast cancer 3 to 18 months previously were randomly allocated to a\ud 6-month exercise and hypocaloric healthy eating program plus usual care or usual care alone (control group).\ud Women in the intervention group received three supervised exercise sessions per week and individualized dietary\ud advice, supplemented by weekly nutrition seminars. Depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory version II:\ud BDI-II), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale: PSS), salivary diurnal cortisol rhythms; inflammatory cytokines\ud (IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α), leukocyte phenotype counts, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and lymphocyte\ud proliferation following mitogenic stimulation were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow up.\ud \ud Results: Compared with the control group, the intervention group exhibited a reduction in depressive symptoms\ud (adjusted mean difference, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): −3.12, −1.03 to −5.26; P = 0.004) at the 6-month\ud follow-up but no significant decrease in PSS scores (−2.07, −4.96 to 0.82; P = 0.16). The lifestyle intervention also had\ud a significant impact on diurnal salivary cortisol rhythm compared with usual care alone, as evidenced by an increase\ud in morning salivary cortisol at the 6-month follow-up (P

Published
2014

31. European code against cancer 4th edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk

Author

Schüz, J., Espina, C., Villain, P., Herrero, R., Leon, M., Minozzi, S., Romieu, I., Segnan, N., Wardle, J., Wiseman, M., Belardelli, F., Bettcher, D., Cavalli, F., Galea, G., Lenoir, G., Martin-Moreno, J., Nicula, F., Olsen, J., Patnick, J., Primic-Zakelj, M., Puska, P., Van Leeuwen, F., Wiestler, O., Zatonski, W., Guha, N., Kralikova, E., McNeill, A., Peruga, A., Anderson, A., Berrino, F., Boutron-Ruault, M., Cecchini, M., Key, T., Leitzmann, M., Norat, T., Powers, H., Scoccianti, C., Auvinen, A., de Vries, E., Erdmann, F., Greinert, R., Harrison, J., Kesminiene, A., McColl, N., Friis, S., Kogevinas, M., Saracci, R., Straif, K., Vainio, H., Almonte, M., Anttila, A., De Vuyst, H., Dillner, J., Franceschi, S., Gonzalez, P., Hall, A., Park, J., Armaroli, P., Atkin, W., Dean, P., de Koning, H., Dillner, L., Kuipers, E., Lansdorp_Vogelaar, Iris, Paci, E., Regula, J., Suonio, E., Törnberg, S., Wood, L., Gaudin, N., Frie, K., Terrasse, V., Winstanley, K., Bellisario, C., Biagioli, E., Cinquini, M., Gianola, S., Lorenzo, M., von Karsa, L., Lignini, T., Schüz, J., Espina, C., Villain, P., Herrero, R., Leon, M., Minozzi, S., Romieu, I., Segnan, N., Wardle, J., Wiseman, M., Belardelli, F., Bettcher, D., Cavalli, F., Galea, G., Lenoir, G., Martin-Moreno, J., Nicula, F., Olsen, J., Patnick, J., Primic-Zakelj, M., Puska, P., Van Leeuwen, F., Wiestler, O., Zatonski, W., Guha, N., Kralikova, E., McNeill, A., Peruga, A., Anderson, A., Berrino, F., Boutron-Ruault, M., Cecchini, M., Key, T., Leitzmann, M., Norat, T., Powers, H., Scoccianti, C., Auvinen, A., de Vries, E., Erdmann, F., Greinert, R., Harrison, J., Kesminiene, A., McColl, N., Friis, S., Kogevinas, M., Saracci, R., Straif, K., Vainio, H., Almonte, M., Anttila, A., De Vuyst, H., Dillner, J., Franceschi, S., Gonzalez, P., Hall, A., Park, J., Armaroli, P., Atkin, W., Dean, P., de Koning, H., Dillner, L., Kuipers, E., Lansdorp_Vogelaar, Iris, Paci, E., Regula, J., Suonio, E., Törnberg, S., Wood, L., Gaudin, N., Frie, K., Terrasse, V., Winstanley, K., Bellisario, C., Biagioli, E., Cinquini, M., Gianola, S., Lorenzo, M., von Karsa, L., and Lignini, T.

Abstract

This overview describes the principles of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer and provides an introduction to the 12 recommendations to reduce cancer risk. Among the 504.6 million inhabitants of the member states of the European Union (EU28), there are annually 2.64 million new cancer cases and 1.28 million deaths from cancer. It is estimated that this cancer burden could be reduced by up to one half if scientific knowledge on causes of cancer could be translated into successful prevention. The Code is a preventive tool aimed to reduce the cancer burden by informing people how to avoid or reduce carcinogenic exposures, adopt behaviours to reduce the cancer risk, or to participate in organised intervention programmes. The Code should also form a base to guide national health policies in cancer prevention. The 12 recommendations are: not smoking or using other tobacco products; avoiding second-hand smoke; being a healthy body weight; encouraging physical activity; having a healthy diet; limiting alcohol consumption, with not drinking alcohol being better for cancer prevention; avoiding too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation; avoiding cancer-causing agents at the workplace; reducing exposure to high levels of radon; encouraging breastfeeding; limiting the use of hormone replacement therapy; participating in organised vaccination programmes against hepatitis B for newborns and human papillomavirus for girls; and participating in organised screening programmes for bowel cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer.

Published
2015

34. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEMWOOD AND LIMBWOOD OF SEED ORCHARD LOBLOLLY PINE

Author

MCALISTER, R. H., POWERS, H. R., and PEPPER, W.D.

Subjects
Business, Forest products industry
Abstract

R.H. MCALISTER [+] ABSTRACT Tests were made on micro-bending specimens prepared from stem and limb sections of 11 rust-resistant loblolly pines from a central Georgia seed orchard. A fair correlation [...]

Published
2000

35. Carbon and nitrogen fixation differ between successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert

Author

Housman, D. C., Powers, H. H., Collins, A. D., and Belnap, J.

Subjects
integumentary system, fungi, food and beverages, skin and connective tissue diseases
Abstract

Biological soil crusts (cyanobacteria, mosses and lichens collectively) perform essential ecosystem services, including carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fixation. Climate and land-use change are converting later successional soil crusts to early successional soil crusts with lower C and N fixation rates. To quantify the effect of such conversions on C and N dynamics in desert ecosystems we seasonally measured diurnal fixation rates in different biological soil crusts. We classified plots on the Colorado Plateau (Canyonlands) and Chihuahuan Desert (Jornada) as early (Microcoleus) or later successional (Nostoc/Scytonema or Placidium/Collema) and measured photosynthesis (Pn), nitrogenase activity (NA), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) on metabolically active (moist) soil crusts. Later successional crusts typically had greater Pn, averaging 1.2–1.3-fold higher daily C fixation in Canyonlands and 2.4–2.8-fold higher in the Jornada. Later successional crusts also had greater NA, averaging 1.3–7.5-fold higher daily N fixation in Canyonlands and 1.3–25.0-fold higher in the Jornada. Mean daily Fv/Fm was also greater in later successional Canyonlands crusts during winter, and Jornada crusts during all seasons except summer. Together these findings indicate conversion of soil crusts back to early successional stages results in large reductions of C and N inputs into these ecosystems.

Published
2006

36. Study protocol to investigate the effect of a lifestyle intervention on body weight, psychological health status and risk factors associated with disease recurrence in women recovering from breast cancer treatment

Author

Saxton, J.M., Daley, A., Woodroofe, N., Coleman, R., Powers, H., Mutrie, N., Siddall, V., and Crank, H.

Abstract

Background\ud \ud Breast cancer survivors often encounter physiological and psychological problems related to their diagnosis and treatment that can influence long-term prognosis. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of a lifestyle intervention on body weight and psychological well-being in women recovering from breast cancer treatment, and to determine the relationship between changes in these variables and biomarkers associated with disease recurrence and survival.\ud \ud Methods/design\ud \ud Following ethical approval, a total of 100 patients will be randomly assigned to a lifestyle intervention (incorporating dietary energy restriction in conjunction with aerobic exercise training) or normal care control group. Patients randomised to the dietary and exercise intervention will be given individualised healthy eating dietary advice and written information and attend moderate intensity aerobic exercise sessions on three to five days per week for a period of 24 weeks. The aim of this strategy is to induce a steady weight loss of up to 0.5 Kg each week. In addition, the overall quality of the diet will be examined with a view to (i) reducing the dietary intake of fat to ~25% of the total calories, (ii) eating at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day, (iii) increasing the intake of fibre and reducing refined carbohydrates, and (iv) taking moderate amounts of alcohol. Outcome measures will include body weight and body composition, psychological health status (stress and depression), cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life. In addition, biomarkers associated with disease recurrence, including stress hormones, estrogen status, inflammatory markers and indices of innate and adaptive immune function will be monitored.\ud \ud Discussion\ud \ud This research will provide valuable information on the effectiveness of a practical, easily implemented lifestyle intervention for evoking positive effects on body weight and psychological well-being, two important factors that can influence long-term prognosis in breast cancer survivors. However, the added value of the study is that it will also evaluate the effects of the lifestyle intervention on a range of biomarkers associated with disease recurrence and survival. Considered together, the results should improve our understanding of the potential role that lifestyle-modifiable factors could play in saving or prolonging lives.\ud

Published
2006

46. Free radical reactions in atherosclerosis; An EPR spectrometry study

Author

Taiwo, F. A., Powers, H. J., Nakano, E., Griffiths, Helen R., Nugent, D. F., Taiwo, F. A., Powers, H. J., Nakano, E., Griffiths, Helen R., and Nugent, D. F.

Abstract

The copper catalysed oxidation of homocysteine has been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and spin trapping techniques to determine the nature of free radical species formed under varying experimental conditions. Three radicals; thiyl, alkyl and hydroxyl were detected with hydroxyl being predominant. A reaction mechanism is proposed involving Fenton chemistry. Inclusion of catalase to test for intermediate generation of hydrogen peroxide showed a marked reduction in amount of hydroxyl radical generated. In contrast, the addition of superoxide dismutase showed no significant effect on the level of hydroxyl radical formed. Enhanced radical formation was observed at higher levels of oxygen, an effect which has consequences for differential oxygen levels in arterial and venous systems. Implications are drawn for a higher incidence of atherosclerotic plaque formation in arteries versus veins. © 2006 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

Published
2006

50. Factors associated with inflammation in older adults

Author

Forster, S. E., primary, Flower, D. J., additional, Foulds, G., additional, Jones, L., additional, Powers, H. J., additional, Saxton, J. M., additional, Parker, S., additional, Pockley, A. G., additional, and Williams, E. A., additional

Published
2010
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