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According to the provisions of the Basic Law of our state, life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security of a person are the highest social value. In order to ensure the guaranteed right to health care, the state, in the form of authorized bodies, takes the necessary organizational and legal measures and methods aimed at preserving human health. The human right to health covers a wide range of health-related phenomena and practices. Standardization, licensing and accreditation as means of ensuring the human right to health care directly belong to this spectrum of social relations. Taking into account the fact that the health care of citizens is based on a number of principles enshrined in the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, the article emphasizes that standardization, licensing and accreditation, which are the guarantee of life and health care, occupy a specific weight in health care citizens. Through the prism of legislative regulation and the analysis of subordinate regulatory legal acts, the author of the article examines the impact of regulatory legal acts on the regulation of relations in the field of standardization, licensing, and accreditation. The author focuses on the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the State Service of Ukraine for Medicinal Products and Drug Control, as well as other public administration entities that play a leading role in licensing, standardization and accreditation of business entities, as well as other participants in relations in the field of health care. In general, the article draws attention to the important role of public law entities in regulating relations in the field of standardization, licensing, and accreditation, as well as draws attention to the legal mechanism of compulsory licensing. It is concluded that the modern system of public administration in the researched sphere of public relations is carried out primarily by authorized state bodies. It is emphasized that the subject of further research should be the issue of determining the system of public and private law entities involved in the process of regulating relations in the sphere of health care of Ukraine, the disclosure of the legal mechanism of compulsory licensing in order to ensure the health of the population, the defense of the state, environmental safety and other public interests, as well as the activities of public entities during the martial law regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, Ukraine is under martial law. Historically, it is known that military conflicts of various nature and scale have become an integral feature of the evolution of mankind since ancient times. And therefore, in ancient times, war was a normal, natural state of nations, while peace was an accidental state. Humanity has become more aware of the value of life. However, in the 21st century, Ukraine faced events that, in our time, seemed to be unacceptable, and many citizens have the question of what the martial law regime is, what are its main aspects, taking into account their significant consequences for the normal life of the population. Martial law is a special legal regime introduced on the territory of Ukraine or in some of its localities, which gives the military command, state authorities, military administrations and local self-government bodies certain powers necessary to avert a potential threat, repel armed aggression and ensure national security within countries. The introduction of martial law is associated with the implementation of certain legal procedures provided for by national legislation. The introduction of martial law is carried out by the highest authorities of the state. Law of Ukraine No. 389-VIII «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law» establishes the procedure for introducing martial law in Ukraine. The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine submits proposals for the introduction of martial law in Ukraine or in some of its localities for consideration by the President of Ukraine. In connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, provided for in Articles 30-34, 38, 39, 41-44, 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine, may be temporarily limited for the period of the legal regime of martial law, as well as to introduce temporary restrictions on the rights and legal interests of legal entities within the limits and to the extent necessary to ensure the possibility of introducing and carrying out measures of the legal regime of martial law, which are provided for by the first part of Article 8 of the Law of Ukraine «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law». Thus, in the event of the introduction of a legal regime of martial law, significant restrictions on the rights of both individuals and legal entities may be applied. However, such restrictions may occur except within the limits of temporary restrictions on the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, as well as the rights and legal interests of legal entities, provided for by the decree of the President of Ukraine on the introduction of martial law. Therefore, in the case of the initiation of the procedure for the introduction of the legal regime of martial law, as it happened in Ukraine, information on the features and main aspects of this regime is relevant and important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the principles of protection of legal trust in criminal proceedings under martial law. When posing the problem, it is noted that the state of criminal and criminal procedural legislation, as well as the practice of its implementation in the conditions of martial law, should be stable, uniform, predictable and effective. In the course of revealing the state of development of the corresponding issues, it is noted that the works of scientists touched on some components of the principle of protection of legal trust in criminal proceedings, however, the specified principle during martial law was not comprehensively investigated in the procedural doctrine. In the course of the presentation of the main material, it is emphasized that with the intensive rule-making process regarding the «improvement» of the content of the Criminal Procedure Code in relation to the regulation of criminal proceedings in the period of martial law, it is impossible to talk at all about the stability and predictability of criminal procedural prescriptions, legal certainty and the provision of human rights and freedoms in the criminal process, and therefore - about the protection of legal trust in the field of criminal justice during martial law. Attention is drawn to the fact that the existence of legal regulations that are not always adequate to the procedural powers of the subjects of the criminal process to protect against violations of human rights and freedoms indicates the disregard of the principle of protection of legal trust in criminal proceedings under martial law. It is determined that the inconsistency of the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in terms of the legal regulation of certain rights and freedoms in the conditions of martial law causes the presence of legal uncertainty in criminal procedural legislation, which negatively affects the legal position of a person in the field of criminal proceedings. It is concluded that the difficulty of ensuring the principle of legal trust protection in criminal proceedings under martial law is reflected in the defective legal regulation of the court's decision-making against the will of the accused regarding remote trial, in which the accused is outside the court premises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in formal powers of political actors like presidents are expected to impact their behavior. This study examines speeches that presidents can utilize for a variety of purposes ranging from topical reflections to new political initiatives and criticism of the government and political parties. In semi-presidential regimes, presidents are often constitutionally weaker than governments, but their popularity opens the possibility of using the public platform for swaying the minds of citizens or politicians. We analyze the tone and content of Finnish presidents' New Year's messages and parliamentary speeches from 1932 to 2023. To contribute to the long-standing literature on regime effects, we gauge the impact of Finland's comprehensive constitutional reform that stripped off most powers of the presidency that was formerly considered among the strongest in Europe. The results show that presidential activity changed already in the mid-1990s when the reform was still underway, and presidents appointed since then speak systematically less about domestic policy and emphasize national unity and citizens, indicating that constitutionally weaker presidents recognize their jurisdictional limits and lean more on their role as directly elected heads of state operating above political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the relation between scientific inquiry and philosophical thought in the context of a Thomistic account of human sexual difference. I begin by considering Thomas's own view and its explicit though brief appeal to biological observation. In particular, I focus on his claim that being male or female stems more from a substance's matter than from its form. Then, I look at a fairly recent exchange between William Newton and myself, in which, drawing upon Thomistic thought in the context of contemporary science, we argued opposing positions. Mine held that sex stems more from form than from matter, while Newton maintained that Thomas's original position is better. In reviewing this exchange, I note strengths in Newton's argument and suggest a further distinction, even while concluding that my fundamental position is still a better account. Lastly, I turn to further questions and the necessity of continued partnership between philosophy and science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let I be the t-path ideal of Ln, the line graph with n-vertices. It is shown that Is has a linear resolution for some s ≥ 1 (or equivalently for all s ≥ 1 ) if and only if Is has linear quotients for some s ≥ 1 (or equivalently for all s ≥ 1 ) if and only if t ≤ n ≤ 2 t . In addition, we present an explicit formula for the regularity of Is for all s ≥ 1 . It turns out it is linear in s from the very beginning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the problem of the role of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in implementing the mechanism for division of jurisdictions and powers between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The author provides a general description of this differentiation mechanism and analyzes its evolution. Now, the division of powers takes place mainly through federal laws. However, the adoption of these laws is within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and is carried out through a special procedure — the legislative process. Therefore, the author evaluates the role of constituent entities in the division of jurisdictions and powers mechanism through their role in federal legislation. The author identifies the main problems and formulates a few promising proposals aimed at strengthening the role of the subjects of the Russian Federation and increasing the degree of consideration of their regional interests in the division of powers.

The article focuses on the fact that the creation of the State Bureau of Investigation of Ukraine was an important step towards ensuring the high-quality and efficient functioning of the entire law enforcement sector of our country, as well as the establishment of the rule of law and legality. It is argued that in the current context, the State Bureau of Investigation is beginning to play an increasingly important role in ensuring the proper functioning of all other state institutions. It is emphasised that the work of the State Bureau of Investigation directly depends on the quality and effectiveness of the powers of its territorial offices. Based on the analysis of scientific views of scholars, it is noted that powers are a legally established scope of the rights and obligations which allows to implement the tasks and functions of the territorial offices of the State Bureau of Investigation to the fullest extent and with maximum efficiency. It is stated that these powers are exercised both by the central office of the State Bureau of Investigation and by the territorial departments; the factor determining the scope of application of the powers is the competence of these entities, including the territories covered by their activities. It is determined that the powers are aimed at protecting the legitimate interests of SBI employees in a fair assessment of their service, career and professional growth, and the absence of obstacles to their professional activities. It is argued that the powers of the territorial offices of the State Bureau of Investigation should be divided into two large groups: a) according to the subject to whom the powers belong such as: the head, investigators, employees of operational units, employees of auxiliary units (e.g., personnel, financial and economic); b) according to the orientation 1) on the direct implementation of the SBI’s tasks (rule-making, personnel and organisational, information and analytical, pre-trial investigation and operational search activities, methodological, protection of public property interests, in the field of cooperation); 2) related to the organisation of effective performance of the above powers (careful treatment of property, ethical behaviour, etc.)

The article examines the functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings as an integral part of his/her criminal procedural status. The existing approaches to understanding the concept of “criminal procedural status” and its analogues are identified. It is noted that the function of the head of a pre-trial investigation body differs from the function of a prosecutor - procedural supervisor (at the pre-trial investigation stage) and a prosecutor supporting the public prosecution (at the trial stages of criminal proceedings). The above is determined by the prosecutor's powers which are determined by the criminal procedure law. The expediency of distinguishing four functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings is emphasized: procedural guidance, public prosecution, organisational and managerial function and quasi-judicial control function. Based on the analysis of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine provisions which vest the head of a prosecution body with procedural powers, the article establishes that some of these functions are exercised by the head of a prosecution body depending on his/her specific position (Prosecutor General, head of a regional prosecution office, etc.). It is also established that the approaches to determining the criminal procedural status of participants to criminal proceedings (subjects of criminal proceedings) available in the current scientific literature through the use of the terms “legal status” and “procedural status” are inaccurate, although not entirely wrong. Their use significantly expands the content of this category, which is illogical. The functions of the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings constitute the core, or basis, for determining his/her criminal procedural status in general, due to the close connection of this category with his/her powers (rights and obligations) in criminal proceedings, which opens up the possibility of studying other components of his/her status. It is also worth mentioning that under martial law, in certain circumstances, the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office may also perform the supervisory function of the court. These powers are unique and inherent only to the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office in criminal proceedings. Thus, the Head of the Prosecutor’s Office replaces the powers of the investigating judge to exercise the judicial control function, which indicates the quasi-judicial nature of such a function.

The article is devoted to the study of the concepts of “competency”, “competence”, “powers”, and their correlation in the formulation of powers of local self-government bodies. The study focuses on the understanding that local self-government and local self-government bodies are a product of civil society and are called upon to regulate, promote and implement the interests of civil society, associations of citizens, in particular, on the territorial principle, as well as individuals. Since local self-government is the right of residents of certain settlements to associate, local governments must provide relevant services to the community and its residents. The provision of relevant services by local self-government bodies, which are public services by their nature, involves the exercise of their powers granted to them as a result of decentralisation of power to fulfil their functions and tasks. The exercise of powers by local self-government bodies is impossible without understanding the essence and content of powers, their correlation with the subjects of exercise – the relevant officials of local self-government bodies. Thus, understanding of the holistic doctrine of powers of local self-government bodies, their functionality and hierarchy is impossible without studying the concepts of “competency” and “competence” of a local self-government official. Based on the results of the study, the author formulates the author’s own definitions of the concepts of “competency”, “competence” and “powers” of local self-government bodies. Competence is considered as an integral system that includes subsystems of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform a certain function and implement a relevant task, which by its purpose meets the requirements for holding a position in local self-government bodies, as well as the rights and obligations resulting from the implementation of the functions and tasks of local self-government. Competency is the ability of a person to exercise the rights and duties of a local self-government official, taking into account the availability of relevant knowledge, skills and abilities, the ability of the official to independently form the specified necessary set of rights and duties for the exercise of the powers of the local self-government body, taking into account the available administrative discretion. At the same time, it is substantiated that the powers of local self-government bodies are a system of rights and obligations of local self-government officials enshrined in legal documents which ensures the realisation of the interests of the territorial community by providing relevant services within the framework of certain functions for these bodies and is based on the competence and competence of officials, employees of local self-government bodies and institutions and organisations established by them aimed at achieving the tasks set by these bodies.

Are acids natural kinds? Or are they merely relevant kinds? Although acidity has been one of the oldest and most important concepts in chemistry, surprisingly little ink has been spilled on the natural kind question. I approach the question from the perspective of microstructural essentialism. After explaining why both Brønsted acids and Lewis acids are considered functional kinds, I address the challenges of multiple realization and multiple determination. Contra Manafu and Hendry, I argue that the stereotypical properties of acids are not multiply realized. Instead, given the equivalence between the proton-donating and electron-accepting mechanisms of Brønsted and Lewis, respectively, I show that acidity as a property type can be identified with a unique microstructural property, namely the presence of a LUMO or other low energy empty orbital. In doing so, I defend the view that the Lewis theory encompasses Brønsted–Lowry, and that all Brønsted acids are also Lewis acids. Contra Hacking and Chang, I thus maintain that the different concepts of acidity do not crosscut, and that the hierarchy requirement is met. Finally, by characterizing natural kinds as powerful objects and by adopting a dispositional view of functions, I illustrate how the microessentialist can make sense of the latent and relational character of most acids. In sum, I contend that acids are genuine natural kinds, even for the microstructural essentialist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system‐property or ‘cybernetic’ theory of goals and goal‐directedness became popular in the twentieth century. It is a theory that has reductionist and behaviourist roots. There are reasons to think that the system‐property theory needs to be formulated in terms of counterfactuals. However, it proves to be difficult to formulate a counterfactual analysis of goal‐directedness that is counterexample‐free, non‐circular, and non‐trivial. These difficulties closely mirror those facing reductionists about dispositions, though the parallels between the two debates have been overlooked in the literature. After outlining those parallels, the paper considers what goal theorists might learn from the dispositions debate. In particular, the paper discusses the need for a realist, non‐reductionist account of goal‐directedness, and explores the idea that properties of goal‐directedness are themselves dispositions or ‘powers’ of a certain sort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to Friend's (2023) critique of the Powers-BSA , a view according to which laws of nature are efficient descriptions of how modally laden properties (powers) are possibly distributed in spacetime. In the course of this response, the paper discusses the nature of scientific and metaphysical explanation, the aim of science, and the structure of modal space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the role of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine and the Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine in terms of strengthening the independence of the National Bank of Ukraine. It was established that during 1999-2023, the range of subjects entrusted with the main task of the National Bank of Ukraine was changed - currently it is entrusted only to the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine, there were changes in the legal norms that determined the composition and procedure of forming the composition of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine of the Bank of Ukraine, the term of office of the chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine was extended and the law was changed, which established the requirements for acceptance and dismissal from the position of the chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine - the requirements for this subject of law were strengthened. It has been established that the evolution of the role of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine in terms of strengthening the independence of the National Bank of Ukraine is manifested in the fact that it was followed by the Parliament of Ukraine in a special law - the Law of Ukraine "On the National Bank of Ukraine" with the following powers: development of the main principles of monetary policy and implementation of control over the conduct of monetary policy; supervision of the internal control system of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is noted that the requirements of the legislation of Ukraine regarding the incompatibility of the position of a member of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine with other types of his activities are currently debatable. It has been established that the evolution of the role of the Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine in terms of strengthening the independence of the National Bank of Ukraine is manifested in the fact that the Parliament of Ukraine, in a special law - the Law of Ukraine "On the National Bank of Ukraine", changed the term of office of the Chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine, established legal norms that strengthen the requirements before his acceptance into office and dismissal from office, it is prohibited for the Head of the NBU to have a representative mandate/hold the position of head of a state authority or other state body (provided that one year has not passed since the day of dismissal from such a position), or to be the head of a political party or a member of the governing bodies of a political party, or be a manager/member of the governing body of a legal entity (with the exception of the NBU), or be a direct or indirect owner of any number of shares (parts, shares) of a legal entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In articles published ten years apart in 2011 and 2021, Gur-Arye argues that when considering an agent's explanation for doing something that looks, prima facie, like a criminal offence, we should distinguish between a plea of justification, and an assertion that one acted within one's power. The former explains an agent's reasons for having committed a pro tanto offence (i.e., actus reus + mens rea). The latter is a denial that the agent committed any pro tanto offence at all. In this piece, I build on Gur-Arye's argument, suggesting that her claim about powers can be extended to all instances in which rights are displaced. I argue that in its expanded form, the practical significance of Gur-Arye's claim goes well beyond what she identifies. It points to important and underappreciated points about the structure and classification of defensive claims in the criminal law, and helps identify errors in some arguments commonly made to support claims about disputed features of justifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The view that to act is to cause change and that to be an agent is to be the causer of an action's result has gained traction in the past twenty years or so. This view seems to have two significant corollaries. First, there is no distinction between doing an action and causing its result. Second, any two actions that have the same result will turn out to be identical. Ruben (2018) has recently used the first corollary to challenge the view, and the second corollary raises further problems for the view. This article aims to refine this view and defend it against the challenges that arise out of its two corollaries. It is argued that being the cause of an action's result is not the same as being its causer and that doing an action is not just causing its result but causing it in a specific way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to establish how parliamentary committee factors affect the performance of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of the Parliament of the Republic of Uganda. The specific objectives were to establish how committee composition influences the PAC performance of the Parliament of the Republic of Uganda, to investigate whether committee powers affect the PAC performance of the Parliament of the Republic of Uganda, and to investigate whether committee practices determine the PAC performance of the Parliament of the Republic of Uganda. This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional research design, which was mixed in the approach. The study population comprised 63 people, and a sample of 58 respondents was selected using purposive and random sampling. Questioning surveys and interviews were conducted. To determine the relationship between committee factors and PAC performance, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used. The study found Parliamentary Committee factors positively contributed to PAC performance. Hence, the study concluded that committee composition factors, committee powers, and committee practices enhances performance of PAC. This study recommends providing training and capacity-building programs for PAC members to enhance understanding of financial matters, auditing processes and seminars on topics relevant to committee’s work. There is also need to establish legal provisions to protect PAC members from political interference or pressure.

The reform of the decentralization of power in Ukraine, which was initiated 10 years ago with the adoption of the Concept of Reforming Local Self-Government and Territorial Organization of Power in Ukraine, was not only not curtailed in connection with the Russian military aggression, which has been going on for the third year in a row, but on the contrary, it has been intensified. Certain evidence of this is the final stage of work in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Ministry of Development of Communities, Territories and Infrastructure of Ukraine on the new edition of the Law of Ukraine "On Local State Administrations". The reorganization of the administrative-territorial system at the sub-regional level in Ukraine and the formation of 136 consolidated districts instead of 490 districts became the basis for improving the organization and activities of local state authorities. In addition, the deprivation of powers of the prosecutor's office to exercise general supervision over compliance with the law in the state has created a certain vacuum in terms of administrative supervision of local self-government bodies and an imbalance of the system of checks and balances in relations between the state and local selfgovernment. As a result, there was a need to improve the mechanism of such interaction by preparing changes and additions to the current legislation. The proposal for the establishment of local state administrations (hereinafter referred to as local state administrations) of the prefecture type (before appropriate amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine) is, according to the legislators, one of the options for legal settlement of the above-mentioned problems. The purpose of the article is to analyze changes and additions, first of all, to the Law of Ukraine "On Local State Administrations" and to outline individual proposals aimed at improving the legal mechanism of interaction between state authorities and local self-government bodies in modern socio-political and financial-economic realities. It was established that the problems of decentralization of power, administrative-territorial organization, implementation of their own powers by local self-government bodies and their interaction with state authorities in Ukraine were studied by well-known scientists and researchers: P. Lyubchenko, V. Mamonova, S. Seryogina, T. Yehorova-Lutsenko, I. Bodrova, V. Negoda, V. Kuybida, S. Chernov, Yu. Hanushchak, A. Tkachuk, V. Kozina and others, but these issues still require additional study and justification. The authors come to the conclusion that the prefecturalization of MDA can put an end to the definition of the modern role and place of MDA in the structure of state authorities (before amendments to the Basic Law) and exclude Ukraine from the list of European countries that do not have a mechanism of administrative supervision over the activities of local councils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monomial in finite collection of homogeneous polynomials is a point-wise product of these polynomials each raised to some power. It was established in [14] and [15] that, given a finite set of positive linear operators acting from an Archimedean vector lattice into an f-algebra with multiplicative unit, the corresponding monomial is orthogonally additive polynomial if and only if the collection of these operators is a disjointness preserving set. It is shown in this paper that a similar result is also true in the case when the target space is a uniformly complete vector lattice. Moreover, the result remains valid if we replace the linear operators with homogeneous orthogonally additive polynomials. The correct definition of monomials in homogeneous polynomials is guaranteed by the homogeneous functional calculus and the concavification procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the grounding theory of powers, fundamental physical properties should be thought of as qualities that ground dispositions. Although this view has recently been defended by many different philosophers, there is no consensus for how the view should be developed within a broader metaphysics of properties. Recently, Tugby has argued that the view should be developed in the context of a Platonic theory of properties, where properties are abstract universals. I will argue that the view should not be developed within such a framework. Either the view should be developed with an ontology of Aristotelian properties, or it should be developed in a Nominalist framework that contains no properties at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider recent attempts to metaphysically explain agentive modality in terms of conditionals. We suggest that the best recent accounts face counterexamples, and more worryingly, they take some agentive modality for granted. In particular, the ability to perform basic actions features as a primitive in these theories. While it is perfectly acceptable for a semantics of agentive modal claims to take some modality for granted in getting the extension of action claims correct, a metaphysical explanation of agentive modality cannot, at least not in the way that conditional approaches to agentive modality do. We argue that this problem was present even in the classical conditional analysis. By a pessimistic induction, we suggest that, probably, no conditional approach to agentive modality will succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent photovoltaic (TPV) devices offer the potential to generate power without being visible to the human eye, making them ideal for use in building integrated photovoltaic applications. TPV devices based on inorganic materials offer eco‐friendly frameworks with stable performances. However, their low power conversion efficiency and incapacity to produce onsite power for real‐time practical applications limit their widespread deployment. Mitigation of exciton quenching by reducing the interface and bulk recombination can significantly improve the performance of TPVs. To address this, the present study investigates the effect of passivation layers (PLs) in all‐metal‐oxide TiO2/Cu2O TPV. The TiO2/Cu2O TPV interface is passivated by depositing thin Al2O3 and Ga2O3 films. The study comprehensively analyzes how passivation controls the interfacial and bulk defects. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to elucidate exciton quenching mechanisms. The results show that the insertion of a thin PL on top of TiO2 effectively mitigates exciton quenching by suppressing hydroxyl ions, Ti2+, and Ti3+ bulk states. Ga2O3 PL, in particular, leads to a substantial enhancement in short‐circuit current density (12.4 mA cm−2) and open‐circuit voltage (669 mV). The study also demonstrates the real‐time onsite energy production and its utilization through the operation of an electric fan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the concepts of partial isometry and A-isometry are generalized. The inspiration for our investigation comes from [4, 10, 20, 27, 28, 29]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insolvency procedure is a complex procedure because it combines 3 components, namely: an economic one, a judicial one and a social one. Consequently, the judge's intervention in this procedure is more limited, compared to the common law civil process. The syndic judge is an actor in the insolvency proceedings, having a role, a competence and attributions expressly provided by law. The role, powers and importance of the syndic judge in insolvency proceedings, but also in insolvency prevention proceedings, involves a changing analysis at the level of the member states of the European Union.

The article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the powers of local self-government bodies in health care. Legislative and subordinate acts governing legal relationships in healthcare are reviewed. The legislation regulating the powers of local self-government bodies is studied. The research of scientists in law and public administration focused on the governance of local healthcare facilities is examined. The paper provides the characteristics of the specific powers of local self-government bodies in healthcare institution management. It includes the possibilities of creating and reorganizing such institutions, appointing leaders, and providing financial and material-technical support. Local councils have the authority to develop and approve programs for municipal healthcare institutions development. The involvement of local self-government bodies in developing hospital district development plans is clarified. The nature of the participation of local councils in providing benefits to medical workers working in rural areas is established. A list of potential healthcare institutions in Ukraine is provided. The norms of several legislative acts that provide relevant powers are compared. An article proposes a classification of the powers of local self-government bodies in health care. In particular, all powers should be divided into three groups: planning and forecasting, regulatory, and organizational-supportive. In particular, powers should be divided into three groups: planning and forecasting, regulatory, and organizational-supportive. Proposals are made for amending the current legislation on healthcare and local self-government. It is proposed to enhance the legal regulation of the powers of local self-government bodies by including the full list of powers of local councils and their executive committees in the healthcare field in a separate section of Article 32 of the Law on Local Self-Government.

Stephen Mumford and Alexander Bird disagree about which properties are powers and, correspondingly, about the extent of the philosophical work to which powers may be put. Unfortunately, there is an important respect in which these authors are talking past each other and so the reason for their disagreement remains obscured. I highlight what has gone wrong in their recent exchange, attempt to clear up the confusion and pinpoint the true source of their disagreement. My hope is to redirect the efforts of these authors and their followers onto more pressing foundational issues in the metaphysics of powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several philosophical theories of wellbeing claim Aristotelian ancestry and employ an Aristotelian construct of flourishing. Yet it is not clear how we should interpret Aristotle’s notion of flourishing or eudaimonia (εὐδαιμονία). In this article, we offer an analysis of Aristotle’s notion of eudaimonia and consider to what extent it can be categorized within the framework of contemporary philosophical theories of wellbeing. We stress the active character of Aristotelian flourishing and its focus on the development of living things over time, which contrasts with the static and passive character of contemporary philosophical accounts of wellbeing. We suggest that Aristotle is closest to a perfectionist theory of wellbeing, though even this requires some qualification. While rational activity in accord with virtue is central to Aristotle’s account of living well, Aristotle also states that a range of practical human activities and propitious life circumstances are necessary (and, on some interpretations, constitutive) features of the flourishing life. As such, Aristotelian flourishing includes elements of moral and cognitive perfectionism as well as an objective list of external goods and presupposes one’s embeddedness within communities. We close with a consideration of the implications of our argument for the philosophical and social scientific study of flourishing. Contemporary well-being philosophers should be mindful of ways in which Aristotelian eudaimonia extends beyond the dominant philosophical categories of wellbeing that have a static focus and concern themselves with subjective experience or the possession of objective goods. Social scientists should be transparent about the limits of invoking an Aristotelian pedigree to motivate their own theories of wellbeing and should understand the implications of more limited conceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of requirements for independent professional examination of legal circumstances and their consequences is associated with a number of issues, in particular, of a theoretical and methodological nature. One of the main issues is the development of a theory of competence of an independent professional expert institution, the starting point of which is to determine the requirements under which such an institution is able to perform certain actions (i. e., is competent), in particular, with regard to the organisation and conduct of an expert study to assess compliance with a material change in circumstances that the parties could not foresee when entering into an agreement (contract) and its legal consequences within the meaning of Article 652 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. Despite a certain number of scientific papers devoted to the study of various aspects of the possible implementation of the legal doctrine in practice, it should be noted that the legal literature has not yet formalised the requirements and established a full-fledged definition of the competence of an independent professional expert. The purpose of the publication is to substantiate the doctrinal basis for the requirements to such a category as the competence to assess compliance with a material change of circumstances which the parties could not foresee when entering into an agreement (contract) and its legal consequences within the meaning of Article 652 of the Civil Code of Ukraine; to analyse practical situations to which attempts have been made to apply the conclusions of chambers of commerce and industry in Ukraine and to find out the reasons for their judicial devaluation. The object is legal relations arising in the course of independent professional examinations, as well as the circumstances that significantly complicate the fulfilment of obligations under the agreement (contract) for reasons beyond the will, desires and actions of the parties; the subject is the current positive law, the practice of judicial activity and the activities of expert institutions. The author establishes that the opinions of chambers of commerce and industry in Ukraine on assessing a material change in circumstances which the parties could not foresee when concluding an agreement (contract) and its legal consequences within the meaning of Article 652 of the Civil Code of Ukraine are widely used. The author has clarified the legal conclusions of the court which state that chambers of commerce and industry in Ukraine do not have the authority to provide such conclusions. The optimal methodological basis for the competence of an independent professional expert to provide an assessment of compliance with a material change in circumstances that the parties could not foresee when concluding an agreement (contract) and its legal consequences within the meaning of Article 652 of the Civil Code of Ukraine may be legal requirements that: 1) are similar to the requirements of international standards, in particular, ISO 9001:2015 (Quality Management Systems), ISO 37001:2016 (Anti-Corruption Management Systems), ISO/IEC 27001:2013 (Information Security Management Systems), EN ISO/IEC 17020: 2012 (Management Systems for Inspection Bodies. Conformity Assessment), as they guarantee the adequacy and controllability of the processes of providing conformity assessment (independent professional expertise), and provide for: 2) the availability of statutory powers to carry out such activities; 3) confirmed professional qualifications and professional competence of experts; 4) voluntary insurance of professional liability risks for damage caused to third parties by the conformity assessment (expert opinion) provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the increase in the usage of 'symbolic ritual wrist bands' as symbols of power, protection, and healing in neo-Pentecostals seen as resonating with the religio-cultural practice of ritual bands in African primal religions. The study demonstrates that such practices indirectly satisfy the deep yearning of traditional communities who maintain a strong feeling of the versatility of symbolic ritual bands. The fact that most Africans remain deeply ingrained in their religio-cultural environment where it is believed that ritual bands attended to their spiritual and physical needs, the usage of symbolic wrist bands in most neo-Pentecostal churches is seen as bridging the gap created by missionary Christianity. This study employs the missio-cultural theory to explore the extent to which neo-Pentecostals are reconceptualising the idea of ritual wrist bands in the practice of African Christianity. It concludes that the neo-Pentecostal proliferation of wrist bands is relevant in the spiritual, psychological, social, cultural and theological missionising effort in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Metaphysics Theta 3 Aristotle attributes to the Megarics and unknown others a notorious modal thesis: (M) something can φ only if it is φ-ing. Aristotle does not tell us what motivated (M). Almost all scholars take Aristotle's report to indicate that the Megarics defended (M) as a highly counterintuitive doctrine in modal metaphysics. But this reading faces several problems. First: what would motivate the Megarics to hold such a counterintuitive view? The existing literature tries, in various ways, to motivate (M) in a way neither trivial nor absurd. But, as we will argue, the main approaches end up attributing an unsustainable position to the Megarics. Second: most historical evidence for the Megaric lineage presents the group's philosophical practice as dialectical or negative. So why think that the claim reported in Theta 3 presents a positive, and highly controversial, metaphysical claim? This paper addresses these problems by proposing a dialectical (or negative) reading of the Megarics in Theta 3. By 'dialectical' we here mean a mode of philosophizing that neither seeks to establish the truth or falsity of certain theses, nor takes a skeptical stance. There are different reasons why a philosopher might want to take up such a mode; in the case of the Megarics we argue that they might have wanted to put pressure on Aristotle's idea of possibility and the 'test' for possibility that Aristotle mentions in several works. Reading, as we do, (M) as (part of) a paradox about possibility and actuality, we argue that the Megarics' dialectical approach here aims to highlight a shortcoming of an intuitive conception of possibility, which underpins Aristotle's idea of possibility and which features in his test for possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of local self-government bodies and local state administrations in the development of cross-border cooperation in the field of health care. It was determined that currently, the development of cross-border cooperation in the field of health care is particularly important for Ukraine with the member states of the European Union, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania in the conditions of existing challenges, external threats, and taking into account the European vector of Ukraine’s development. It is necessary to overcome several legal and administrative obstacles that still exist today for the development of systemic cross-border cooperation in the field of health care. A significant role in the development of efficient and systematic cross-border cooperation in the field of health care belongs to local self-government bodies and local state administrations together with other participants of such cooperation aiming to provide citizens of Ukraine equal rights to access to quality medical care with citizens of the European Union. Such cooperation can develop through available Interreg programs 2021-2027, namely “Poland - Ukraine”, “Ukraine-Hungary-Slovakia-Romania”, and “Ukraine-Romania”. It has been established that local self-government bodies and local state administrations can ensure the development of cross-border cooperation in the field of health care through the respective powers granted to them. They can implement cross-border cooperation in the field of health care with relevant subjects and/or participants of such cooperation of neighboring states through the development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trabajos y Comunicaciones is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The liberal reading of Montesquieu not only evokes his conception of checks and balances, it insists on the distance taken by Montesquieu from the republican conception of liberty. Montesquieu would express his choice in favor of the "modern republic", representative and merchant in the English style, to the detriment of the "participatory republic" of the ancients and the absolutist monarchy of the French style. The Spirit of the Laws would make the English model the regime most in keeping with human nature, the one that would best guarantee the security of individuals. If we accept this view of things, positive liberty gives way here to negative liberty, defined as independence within a sphere protected by law, guaranteed by the separation of powers within the representative system. In order to assess the relevance of this interpretation, this article will examine (I) the definitions of political liberty that Montesquieu distinguishes from so-called "philosophical" liberty; secondly, it will consider the "solution" he proposes in The Spirit of the Laws to the risk that despotism poses to all governments. The purpose here will be to assess the status of the "English model" (II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the powers of the National Police of Ukraine to combat illegal migration. Since illegal migration is a negative phenomenon that requires a comprehensive, mutual and coordinated set of measures by all specially authorised actors in the field of combating illegal migration to prevent and counteract this process. The National Police of Ukraine, in our opinion, is one of the main actors in countering this phenomenon. We classified the powers to combat illegal migration into general and special, depending on the structural unit of the National Police of Ukraine that carries them out. The subdivision, which is directly empowered to implement state policy in the field of countering illegal migration, as well as bringing to administrative responsibility for violations of legislation in the field of registration of natural persons, issuance of documents certifying identity and confirming citizenship, belongs to the Department (Office) of the Migration Police, which includes to the criminal police. Their scope of authority includes organizational, preventive and administrative-legal measures to combat illegal migration. The National Police of Ukraine, which is endowed with an exhaustive list of powers that currently require expansion and modernization. First of all, it is very important to coordinate the mutual activities of all subjects of combating illegal migration and to adopt relevant legal acts. Secondly, it is necessary to improve and expand the scope of powers of the Department (Office) of the Migration Police to bring to justice foreigners who violate the migration legislation of Ukraine, for quick response to administrative and criminal offenses. This article has a scientific and theoretical significance based on the relevance of illegal migration in our country and combating human trafficking as one of the factors that threaten national security and law and order.

The scientific study is devoted to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the police officers’ powers of the Ukrainian SSR in the 20s of the XX century. The problems of the activities of the police of the Ukrainian SSR in the period under study were studied by V. Hrechenko, O. Bandurka, O. Yarmysh, I. Kotsan and other researchers. The norms of the legislative and by-laws of the USSR, which established the rights and duties of police officers, have been analysed. The departmental and local by-laws norms of various authorities of the Ukrainian SSR, which set additional tasks for police officers, have been studied. The documents containing information on the functions and tasks of police officers in certain settlements of the Ukrainian SSR during the period under study have been studied. The legislative acts of the USSR, on which the Soviet police was based, also determined the powers of the employees of this authorityIn the early 20s of the XX century, the powers of police officers were enshrined in the Regulation on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Police of the Ukrainian SSR dated September 14, 1920. In the second half of the 1920s the rights and duties of police officers were established in the Regulations on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Militia dated November 10, 1926, and the Administrative Code of the Ukrainian SSR dated 1927. Police officers had to fulfill their duties to protect the revolutionary order and public safety. The Administrative Code of the Ukrainian SSR established the powers of police officers to carry out searches and seizures, requisitions and confiscations, the use of weapons, citizen detention, and the imposition of administrative fines. The powers of police officers in the field of the preliminary investigation were established in the Criminal Procedure Codes of the USSR dated 1922 and 1927. It has been concluded that in the first half of the 1920s of the XX century, police officers were often involved in performing tasks that were not typical of law enforcement activities. At the same time, in the second half of the 1920s, legislative and by-law acts were adopted on the police officer exemption from performing tasks that were not typical for them.

The aim of this article is to present the main aspects of the concept of the inherent powers of international organizations. This is a topic of importance, yet it is often overlooked in the existing literature, which predominantly delves into attributed powers and implied powers of international organizations. The author discusses the essence of Finn Seyersted’s concept of inherent powers and the doctrinal assessment of this concept. The author also presents the assessment of the concept of inherent powers made by legal scholars – their nuanced interpretations and acceptance – shedding light on the varying viewpoints on this concept.

Background: The development of social relations in the democratic state of Kosovo necessitates quality regulation by the police. Therefore, the question of developing and implementing the police supervision system in Kosovo is relevant. Objectives: This research aims to explore the principles underlying the monitoring of police officers in Kosovo, to describe the historical development of the Kosovo police and to characterise the prerequisites for the development of police oversight. Furthermore, it aims to draw a comparative analysis between the experiences of Kosovo and the United States in the context of monitoring police performance. Methods: The research uses methods of analysis (to explore the Kosovo police as a law enforcement agency), synthesis (to explore the stages of policy development), comparison (to explore the similarities and differences between the activities), generalisation (to describe the effectiveness of different supervisory institutions), and formal legal analysis (to study the content of the main regulations governing activities). Results and Conclusions: The research has established that in Kosovo, such a body is represented in the context of the Police Inspectorate. The research highlighted the main areas of activity of internal and external oversight mechanisms designed to combat unethical and illegal behaviour of police officers. It examined the main regulations that establish the rights and obligations of Kosovo Police officers and inspectors and proved that the control mechanisms complement each other in the course of police supervision. In addition, the research examined the experience of police oversight in the United States. The research has established that to increase the effectiveness of monitoring police activities, it is necessary to involve public representatives. It was found that the police system consists of an internal and external mechanism that allows for covering various areas of police activity and timely detection of violations in them. Also, within the internal control, there are special departments that are part of the police system. The research findings should be used to prepare reforms and strategies to improve police performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the foreign experience of legislative consolidation of the prosecutor's legitimate requirements and identifies the prospects for its adoption in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the legal requirements of the prosecutor are aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, and their failure to fulfill them entails liability under Ukrainian law. It is emphasized that the adoption of an effective model of prosecutorial activity can be implemented by Ukraine and will contribute to the unification of legislation for Ukraine's accession to the EU as a member state. The author summarizes that: a) the legislation on prosecution, as well as the name and system of such bodies, may differ significantly, but the essence of the principles and tasks of the prosecution is unified in accordance with EU policy; b) the absence of requirements defined in the relevant legislation on prosecution does not mean their automatic absence in the legislation. Relevant legal requirements and other tools of prosecutorial response are specified and supplemented in national legislation, depending on the tasks and functions of the prosecution service in a particular state; c) the most appropriate for Ukraine to adopt as a basis is the positive experience of post-Soviet states that have demonstrated successful implementation of democratic reforms (primarily the Baltic states - Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia); d) at the national level, it is advisable to specify and enshrine in a separate article the requirements which may be made by the prosecutor within the framework of exercising his/her powers. The author concludes that specifying the legal requirements of the prosecutor in the Law of Ukraine "On the Prosecutor's Office" from 14.10.2014 may in the future contribute to improving the efficiency of pre-trial investigation, eliminating the possibility of abuse by prosecutors and better protecting the rights of persons to whom the relevant requirements are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]