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The need to be connected to a client's personal and business network is a key to better serving the client's needs. Do you have a relationship with the client's executor(trix), the person who holds a durable power of attorney, friends and neighbors who could provide a wellness check on elderly clients, and other members of the professional team (CPA, estate attorney, etc.)?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I seek to plumb the built-in civic engagement of libraries that sits alongside the efforts promoted in this issue. Key concepts are interrogated and democracy and democratic theory are the first, signaling the civic republican model of democracy and democratic citizenship, a model that is both old and durable, different from other forms of democratic theory. Second, modern conditions of democracy challenge the assumptions that civic republicanism rests on, leading to "polarization and cynicism." How they manifest for libraries is next explored. Operating as libraries, libraries engage democratic civic life in an important if overlooked way: equal respect—what it is and what it isn't and how it is made manifest in libraries from the library and information science literature. The concluding section ties together the strengths of libraries' support for democratic society in this essential aspect of the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to consideration and proposals regarding the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions in civil law. The deed in civil law is considered as the main element of annulment, change, or termination of civil legal relations between their participants. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of the conclusion of deeds, and also considers the difficulties that arise in judicial practice in distinguishing the concept of “deeds” from related concepts. At the same time, this article analyzes some aspects of judicial practice arising from the problem of understanding and defining unilateral transactions, where it is noted that they include: issuance and cancellation of a power of attorney; acceptance or preservation of the done thing; notification by one co-owner to other co-owners about the sale of their share in joint ownership; property sale proposal; a public promise of a reward for finding a lost thing; drawing up, changing and revoking a will; acceptance of inheritance and rejection of it, etc. Also, this article takes into account the fact that when considering disputes about the invalidity of transactions, courts need to distinguish between invalid and unconcluded transactions, that is, those that do not have the necessary conditions for their conclusion established by law (for example, there is no agreement on all the essential conditions provided for by law. In the conclusions, the main ways of improving the conclusion of transactions are proposed, which include the following: economic - the conclusion of transactions is carried out in order to ensure and improve the state of the general economy of the country; political - the conclusion of transactions in civil law between participants in civil legal relations ensures the general well-being of the state and the well-being of society in general; social – the conclusion of transactions between participants in civil legal relations is determined by the social policy of the state, where the legal status of a person and a citizen plays a significant role; legal - the conclusion of transactions in civil law is determined by legal aspects, where transactions are concluded between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the current provisions of normative legal acts; cultural - it is planned to carry out cultural and educational work, which will involve the implementation of certain measures that will have a positive effect on the improvement of the procedure for concluding transactions between participants in civil legal relations in accordance with the requirements of current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Past studies have shown mixed results on how gender and living with a spouse or partner impact advance care planning (ACP). Few if any have tested for the interaction between these two variables. Objective: We examined how gender and couple status interact to impact the use of ACP practices including written instructions, designating a durable power of attorney for healthcare (DPOAHC), and discussing one's decisions with others. Design: We used cross-sectional data taken from the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal study of adults over the age of 50 in the United States. Methods: Data are from 632 respondents who died between the 2016 core survey and the 2018 exit survey. Participants had completed the 2016 survey and had a proxy informant complete the 2018 exit survey after their death. Generalized linear mixed models were used to test for main effects and interactions. Results: Women were more likely than men to designate a DPOAHC and to discuss their wishes with others. Women living without a partner were more likely than men living without a partner and coupled households to discuss their wishes with family or others. Conclusion: Both gender and couple status are important variables associated with ACP practices. Healthcare providers may want to reach out to women living within a coupled household and men living without a partner to ensure that they know the benefits of ACP. Plain language summary: Are men and women living with a partner less likely to make plans for the type of medical treatment they prefer at the end of life? Why was the study done? To see if men and women living alone or with a partner were more likely to make plans for the type of medical treatment they preferred at the end of life. We examined whether they had written plans, designated someone to make decisions for them, or discussed their wishes with other family members or healthcare providers before they died. What did the researchers do? The research team used survey data from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States on 632 people who had completed a survey in 2016 and died within two years. A family member or friend completed a survey after the person's death reporting on their preferences for end-of-life medical care. What did the researchers find? Women were more likely than men to designate another person to make medical decisions for them and to discuss their wishes with others. Single women were more likely than single men and people living with a partner to discuss their wishes with family or others. What do the findings mean? Women living alone may be more likely to see the benefits of making their end-of-life medical care wishes known to others. Men living alone were the least likely to make their wishes known. Healthcare providers may want to keep these differences in mind when reaching out to patients to explain the benefits of making plans for medical treatments in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this installment of the "Looking at Patent Law" series, we present a case study of the prosecution events of U.S. Patent No. 10,357,839; "Method for Electrochemical Machining using Sympathetic Waveform Interactions". The subject invention aligns with the technical interests of several divisions of The Electrochemical Society (ECS), including Corrosion (CORR), Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) and Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (PAE). Additionally, the case introduces ECS members to an emerging technology of interest to industry. The case study begins with a brief synopsis of the background of the invention followed by 1) summary of several drawings and the specification of the invention, 2) inventor assignment and power of attorney designations, 3) submission of the Invention Disclosure Statement (IDS) and associated Duty of Candor, 4) summary of the non-final office action rejecting the patent application for obviousness, and 5) applicant response and allowance of the patent application. The case study illustrates the use of adding limitations from the dependent claims and the specification to the independent claim to overcome an obviousness rejection. In addition, the case illustrates an applicant initiated nonpublication exception to the eighteen month publication rule. With this case study, we hope to de-mystify the patent prosecution process and better prepare electrochemical and solid-state scientists, engineers and technologists to interact with their patent counsel regarding their inventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and ObjectivesMethods and DesignResultsConclusionsDementia-related anxiety (DRA) is the fear or anxiety about a current or future diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease or another type of dementia. The purpose of the present study was to examine management of DRA.In semi-structured qualitative interviews, 50 community-dwelling adults (58–89 years old, M = 70.80, SD = 6.02) without dementia diagnoses reflected on their thoughts and feelings about dementia. A reflexive inductive thematic approach was used to examine ways people managed DRA.We identified five themes related to managing DRA: monitoring cognitive status (e.g., self-monitoring or objective assessment); active coping strategies (e.g., using external reminders, normalizing age-related change); interpersonal relationships and support (e.g., anticipating benefit of support from others); planning and preparing for potential outcomes (e.g., securing power of attorney, saying goodbyes); and personal responsibility to manage risk or accept diagnosis (e.g., lifestyle factors to reduce dementia risk, thereby reducing risk for burdening others).Findings suggest internal and external means for coping with DRA that are likely to vary in degrees of usefulness. We consider findings within the context of relevant, established theories, attending to potential clinical interventions for individuals experiencing DRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States alone, more than 100,000 people are waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant. In response to the growing need for viable organs to transplant, donor management centers have opened to provide care to brain-dead organ donors prior to the organ procurement operation. This article describes donor management center operations, details the opening of one such unit, and describes the results and lessons learned. More research is needed on the impact of nursing care on the specialized organ donor population. This article describes donor management center operations, details the opening of one such unit, and describes the results and lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease. Yet dialysis is not suitable for all ESRD patients. Moreover, while shared decision-making (SDM) is the preferred model for making medical decisions, little is known about SDM between nephrology nurses and ESRD patients in Israel. Research Objective: Assessing the views, attitudes, practices, and ethical dilemmas of nephrology nurses in Israel regarding SDM with ESRD patients. Methods: Using the descriptive quantitative approach, questionnaires were completed by 444 nephrology nurses in Israel. In addition to conducting descriptive statistics, t-tests for independent samples, f-tests for analysis of variance, and both tests for independence were also performed. Ethical Considerations: The research aims, expected advantages and risks have been explained to respondents before completing the questionnaire to secure informed consent. Anonymity and confidentiality were ensured throughout the study. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Haifa (Approval # 411/21). Results: About one-third (30%–36.5%) of nurses reported discussing quality of life issues with ESRD patients, asking about their advance directives/power of attorney, exploring cultural/religious beliefs in end-of-life care, and ask about their preferred place of death. Nurses who convey high levels of patient-centered care (68.9%, p <0.0001), have high end-of-life training (76.2%, p <0.0001), and report cooperating with interdisciplinary teams (63.8%, p = 0.0415), also reported higher SDM practices than others. Nurses who refer less patients to palliative care (70%, p <0.0001) reported higher involvement in SDM compared to other nurses. Conclusions: Nephrology nurses in Israel do not tend to implement the SDM model, despite its potential for improving quality of life for ESRD patients and their families and increasing conservative care options. Policy makers and educators in Israel should develop and implement training programs and support in the workplace, to enhance SDM between nephrology nurses and ESRD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In goals of care conversations and through the care trajectory, to avoid insensitive or discriminatory care, it is vital clinicians recognize lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer+ patients' values and wishes. In clinical settings, implicit bias operating within unconscious awareness may challenge the commitment to equitable care, negatively affecting patient outcomes. In this composite case, during a conversation with a social worker/nurse team, a cisgender woman repeatedly expressed her wishes for her female partner to be her decision maker instead of her biological family. The conversation stalled during the patient's attempts to identify her partner as her most valued and trusted person. Interviewer follow-up responses based on motivational interviewing techniques, which do not include strategies for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer+ interactions, inaccurately reflected the patient's needs. Two ethical issues emerged, (1) autonomy and (2) beneficence. Clinicians should approach all patients using nongendered language, and allow patients to self-identify and decide which people are in their support system. Lack of inclusivity training has significant potential to affect the patient experience and decrease clinician/patient trust. Clinicians should not assume the decision maker is a cisgender, heterosexual partner or a biological family member. When patients speak about their partners, it is imperative clinicians use the patient's language and not avoid or redirect responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in medical care, more youth with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) are transitioning into adulthood. Patient- and family-centered, integrated care is warranted around this time of transition. Support teams (including the youth, caregivers, teachers, and pediatricians) should engage in transition planning, ideally starting between 12 and 14 years of age, to identify and develop resources to support the maturing youth's capacity for independent decision-making. Care teams should consider the varied levels of alternative decision-making support, which may include supported decision-making, medical proxy decision-making, power of attorney, and/or establishment of legal guardianship arrangements, to support the youth's health and well-being optimally. Ultimately, if independent decision-making is not appropriate, the goal for youth with IDD should be the least restrictive alternative, while preserving human rights and human dignity and promoting their autonomy. These considerations review alternative decision-making support, concepts, and legal requirements available for youth with IDD and their care teams. Pediatricians can support youth with IDD and their families in the transition process and decision-making autonomy by actively engaging the youth in care decisions, supporting needs for augmentative communication, fostering their expression of preferences and understanding of care decisions, and linking them to resources such as themedical-legal partnership model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite oxide La 0.9 Sr 0.1 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3 (LSGM) is an intermedium-temperature solid oxide cell electrolyte material with extraordinary oxygen-ion conductivity. However, the manufacturing procedures of LSGM discs are complex involving multiple steps of powder preparation, forming, and sintering at high temperatures. Herein, thin LSGM electrolyte discs are prepared by coupling of tape casting and in situ solid-state reaction using oxides/carbonates as the feedstock. A pure-phase LSGM electrolyte disc with uniform elemental distribution is obtained by sintering at 1450 °C, and it possesses an ionic conductivity of 0.105 S cm 1 at 800 °C, a thermal expansion coefficient of 12.2 × 10 6 K 1, and a bending strength of 156 MPa A 170 µm thick LSGM electrolyte-supported single cell delivers a peak power density of 0.96 W cm 2 at 800 °C and an electrolysis current density of 1.82 A cm 2 at 1.5 V with no noticeable degradation for 200 h. The findings of this research provide a cost-effective approach for manufacturing the LSGM electrolytes of efficient and durable solid oxide cells. • Thin LSGM discs are prepared by coupling of tape casting and in situ solid-state reaction. • Pure-phase LSGM discs are produced with favourable physical properties. • A LSGM-supported single cell exhibits outstanding output performance and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the lack of research on geographic variations in advance care planning (ACP) engagement, this study examined whether there were 1) regional variations in engagement in ACP and 2) racial and ethnic differences in ACP by regions of the United States. The sample included 2,015 Medicare beneficiaries in the U.S. from the 2012 National Health and Aging Trends Study that asked respondents about ACP engagement (i.e., discussed end-of-life treatments, had a durable power of attorney for health care, or completed a living will). Results from logistic regression analysis showed that older adults living in the West (OR = 1.66, p =.003) and the Midwest (OR = 1.39, p =.032) were more likely to engage in ACP than those living in the South. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses that examined racial and ethnic differences by region revealed that Blacks were less likely to be engaged in ACP than Whites in the Northeast, Midwest, and South. Hispanics were less likely to participate in ACP than Whites in the West and the Northeast. The findings provide an insight into disparities in ACP in different regions in the U.S., suggesting target areas for interventions to improve engagement in ACP among non-dominant racial and ethnic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to manage one's finances or to make a will can become important under certain circumstances. Physicians are sometimes asked to evaluate the financial or testamentary capacity of their patients, particularly vulnerable, older, and cognitively impaired individuals, and thus can play a vital role in assisting with the legal process of determining one's capacity. Undue influence may be a factor affecting an individual's judgment. Identifying signs that signal susceptibility to undue influence can be both clinically and legally relevant, and the British Columbia Law Institute's recently published guide for recognizing and preventing undue influence can aid in such an evaluation. This review provides guidance for clinicians in assessing patients for financial capacity, testamentary capacity, capacity to assign a power of attorney or a representative, and undue influence, particularly if the individual has been deemed incapable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explain the legal basis and functions of organs in a Limited Liability Company (PT) and identify the legal impact on PT organs that carry out the duties and authorities of other organs. In the global context, Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is the key to the company's success for long-term growth and business continuity. The economic crisis in Asia and Latin America in 1999 was attributed to the failure of GCG implementation. The research method used is normative juridical with an analytical descriptive approach. The two main approaches used are the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The results showed that the executive actions of Commissioners in PT require approval from the Board of Directors with a power of attorney, maintaining legality and implementing the principles of Good Corporate Governance. The Bank, as a third party, also requests a power of attorney to ensure the legality of the applicant who is a Commissioner. Research reveals the legal basis for the establishment of a PT stipulated in Articles 36-56 of the Criminal Code and Articles 1233-1652 of the Civil Code. This research contributes to understanding the importance of GCG implementation and the legality of the Commissioners' executive actions in maintaining the integrity of the company. The results of the research are expected to be the basis for companies and regulators to improve good corporate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on various legal decisions, including the termination of a patient's ventilation without the approval of the guardianship court and the non-obligation of a defendant to search for a power of attorney. A doctor is accused of making false claims for COVID-19 vaccinations. It is noted that computer fraud is possible even without data verification. A legal dispute over the social insurance obligation of a doctor working in a foreign practice is described. Employment is not excluded simply because the practice owners receive a portion of the patient fees. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Survivor's Compensation after the Death of the Mother due to the Decision of a Guardian?" deals with a legal dispute concerning the liability of a guardian for the death of a person under guardianship. The Saarbrücken Regional Court has ruled that the lawsuit is admissible but unfounded. The plaintiff has no claim to payment of survivor's compensation according to § 844 para. 3 of the German Civil Code. It is determined that the guardian did not commit any breach of duty and therefore cannot be held liable. It is also explained that the presumed will of the patient must be determined if no living will is available. The statements of the guardian are considered credible, while the statements of the plaintiff raise doubts. It is determined that the plaintiff did not submit a living will and her explanation for its absence is not convincing. The present text deals with various legal aspects related to a power of attorney for care and a living will. It is determined that the court is convinced that the presumed will of the person under guardianship was communicated to the defendant, that she did not wish for life-prolonging measures through machines. It is also determined that no approval from the guardianship court was required to terminate ventilation. Furthermore, it is mentioned that the defendant was not obligated to investigate whether a power of attorney for care existed in favor of the plaintiff. In another part of the text, the offense of forging a vaccination certificate and computer fraud through the use of incorrect data in connection with falsely billed "Corona" vaccinations is discussed. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the financial power of attorney case law and its impact on the practice of law in the area of estate planning. Topics discussed include the capacity required for a principal to execute a power of attorney, ability granted to an agent under power of attorney to create a trust on behalf of the principal, agent empowerment to make gifts, and tips for client consultation and drafting.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in introspection of the United States health care infrastructure, especially with advance care planning (ACP). Methods: This is a retrospective chart review assessing the frequency of ACP discussions and formal documents reflecting ACP wishes in an outpatient palliative medicine (PM) practice. The study site was at University Medical Center New Orleans from pre-COVID-19 surge (November 2019–February 2020) to months during and post-COVID-19 surge (March–April 2020). Results: Results showed an increase in ACP discussions during the post-COVID-19 months. Patients seen during the surge and post-COVID-19 months were more likely to discuss medical power of attorney (odds ratio [OR] = 1.78, p = 0.045) and preferred code status (OR = 2.82, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed that more ACP discussions were conducted post-COVID-19 versus pre-COVID-19. However, formal documents reflecting these wishes were lacking. These results can help guide ACP use in crisis periods and improve understanding of ACP discussions in an outpatient PM clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sexuality, Gender & Policy Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An application for a replacement certificate can only be made by the party whose name appears as the right holder in the land book at the local land office. An application for a replacement certificate cannot be made if the name of the party is different from the name of the right holder in the land book. If the right holder listed in the land book has died, the application can be made by his heirs. The application must be accompanied by valid supporting documents, such as a Certificate of Death from the right holder and a Certificate of Heirs and Heirs. The formulation of the problem in this research is How is the Procedure for the Implementation of the Issuance of Land Rights Substitute Certificates at the Medan City Land Office. How are the obstacles and efforts faced by the Medan City Land Office in the Implementation of the Issuance of Replacement Certificates of Land Rights that are lost. The type of research used in this research is juridical-empirical. Juridical-empirical research is legal research on the enactment or implementation of normative legal provisions directly on each specific legal event that occurs in society. An application for a replacement certificate due to loss can only be submitted by the party whose name is listed as the right holder in the relevant land book or another party who is the recipient of the right based on a PPAT deed or an excerpt of minutes of auction, deed, letter and power of attorney. If the right holder or beneficiary has died, an application for a replacement certificate can be submitted by his heirs by submitting a letter of proof as an heir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the ever-expanding debates in various academic and policy fields around migrant and refugee integration and local integration, we bring these two concepts in conversation with one another. Until very recently, theories of integration have had a state-centric focus in the Global North. This article expands and complicates this literature to focus on displaced Somalis within Somalia and its borderlands living in the cities of Kismayo and Garowe using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods in five displacement settlements. Toward this end, we use the often- engaged term "domains of integration" to frame integration. In our conceptualization, however, we incorporate the concept of "local integration" as a durable solution. In brief, we see the domains of integration as a productive concept in the Somali context. However, in Somalia, where clans are interwoven into the state, which lacks resources and power, clan affiliation represents social connections domains, yet also influences the state's role in the foundational domain of rights and citizenship and makers and means (employment, housing, education, health). International donors and NGOs, as well as international capitalist urban expansion also have a large role in these processes. As such, we argue that the ten domains of integration (discussed in detail below) intersect and blur to an even greater extent than in European and North American contexts, particularly around crucial issues such as housing, land, and property; a key factor in people's decisions to remain or leave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Advance directives (ADs) in Portugal have been legalized since 2012. What has been observed over time, from the few studies carried out, is that despite the positive attitudes in the population, there is a low level of adherence to ADs. To try to understand the reasons for these data, the current study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of the Portuguese population regarding AD. (2) Methods: For this exploratory and descriptive qualitative study, the researchers conducted open (unstructured) interviews with a convenience sample aged over 18 years until data saturation was achieved. (3) Results: A total of fifteen interviews were conducted—eight with women and seven with men. The following four categories emerged from the content analysis of the interviews: (1) AD literacy, (2) AD relevance, (3) AD attitudes, and (4) conditionalities for compiling the ADs. (4) Conclusions: The study pointed out the good receptivity of the participants to the ADs; however, literacy on this subject was low, and identifying the conditionalities in the development of ADs could contribute to improvements in implementation in the population. The data from this study suggest the need to implement measures to increase the literacy of the Portuguese population on ADs and review the legal framework for improving the accessibility of the citizen population. There is also a need to continue researching and obtain more evidence about the ways in which the Portuguese population perceives ADs; thus, in this way, a society can better respond to its citizens' right to freely exercise their prospective autonomy at the end of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Settlement of deceased’s debts is one of the fundamental questions of succession. The liability of heirs for these debts is very difficult to regulate because of the need to balance several conflicting interests: the interests of heirs, the interests of estate creditors and the interests of heirs’ personal creditors. Legal systems may attempt a simple, but rigid approach to heirs’ liability or provide detailed and flexible, but complex rules on different scopes of liability in different situations. This article discusses the main approaches to liability of heirs for estate debts and provides a critical analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. The author concludes that complex and flexible rules on liability of heirs may ultimately lead to more just distribution of estate assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wills and powers of attorney are two components of effective estate planning. Financial professionals are in a privileged position to identify roadblocks that prevent clients from establishing these critical components of an estate plan. When a client or loved ones are ill, incapacitated, or pass, these documents help guide individuals and families through tough times. This column provides a brief overview of the current landscape of wills and powers of attorney in the United States and how financial professionals can assist clients and their loved ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction booms have dominated Albania's economy and politics since the late 1990s. These booms continued even during times of illiquidity. One of the sources of financing construction in Albania is the practice of klering (in‐kind payments). In this practice, developers pay subcontractors in (future) apartments in exchange for materials and labor. I argue that, in klering transactions, housing serves as an asset and a means of payment. The practice of klering emerged at the interface of postcommunist transformations, neoliberal reforms, and the fetishization of housing as an asset of more durable and multifaceted economic and cultural value. While grounded in the local histories and values of housing, klering is made possible by a fuzzy property regime, systemic corruption, and widespread informality. At the same time, klering echoes other global patterns pertaining to housing, such as the rise of asset economy, financialization, and money laundering through real estate purchases. The klering economy echoes speculative logics and practices that are prevalent across and that link centers and peripheries, formal and informal markets. These economic logics generate uncertainty and ambiguity; they mobilize social networks and cultural imaginaries; and they thrive on and further reproduce deep social and economic inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]