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This paper describes the general properties of power dividers, in particular matching and isolation. This original works relates to three different divider structures based on the circular-shaped resonator. These prototypes resemble the Wilkinson power divider due to their geometric configuration. These power dividers provide very good isolation between their output ports of −51.26 dB. In fact, the originality of these new structures stems from the idea of minimizing the size of this classic power divider. The required design parameters for the three proposed dividers came from a simulation study using the Ansoft HFSS tool in addition to a design theory. The experimental prototypes are well presented and operate at 2.4 GHz. They demonstrate excellent performance in adaptation, which refers to impedance matching, ensuring consistent impedance at the component terminations. Additionally, they exhibit low insertion losses and high isolation at 2.4 GHz. The measurement results agree well with those of the simulation. The benefits demonstrated by this study are significant, justifying the preference for these components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, we propose an inverse design approach based on a neural network for a novel multiport power divider (MP‐PD) with complex geometry. The inverse design approach is obtaining geometry from the desired physical performance to address the challenge of conventional methods. We develop a hybrid neural network model for this inverse design. The backbone architecture incorporates a bidirectional long short‐term memory module, a multihead self‐attention module, and convolutional modules. This hybrid neural network is employed to capture the feature of physical performance and learn the relationship between the geometric structure of the proposed MP‐PD and its corresponding physical performance. Consider the design of the power divider as an end‐to‐end methodology that directly maps design requirements to optimal geometric parameters. The neural network transfers the designed process into multiple‐input‐multiple‐output. We adopt the network model to successfully predict 20 geometric parameters of MP‐PDs for two distinct operating frequencies. The two operating frequencies are those utilized in real engineering applications, which are 3.5 GHz in the 5G band and 2.45 GHz in the trackside communication band. The predicted MP‐PD improves the return loss and bandwidth by 8.05 dB and 0.25 GHz, respectively, over the desired performance. The experiments and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of our inverse design approach. The efficiency and flexibility of design are also significantly improved by the hybrid neural network model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a method for designing a feeding network for all port-matched and high gain dipole subarray antennas excited by uniform current mode (UCM) by considering the mutual coupling effect. By analyzing the array impedance matrix, we first calculated the active input impedance and the required excitation power. Following this, we transformed and combined the complex impedances using the proposed power divider, thus preserving the required excitation power. The design process and results of this study are demonstrated stepwise through circuit simulation. Subsequently, we fabricated and evaluated the proposed subarrays. The impedance matching performance of the UCM was found to be better than that of the conventional subarray, with their array gains being 11.5 dBi and 9.8 dBi, respectively.

This paper presents the miniaturization of power dividers using asymmetric compact-microstrip-resonant-cell (CMRC) structures employing low-cost materials based on a quarter-wave-like transformer (QWLT). The proposed CMRC-based QWLT power divider is intended for operation at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, utilizing the FR-4 print circuit board (PCB) with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. The CMRC dimensions include a width of 5.32 mm and a length of 8.52 mm. It is found that a significant 50% size reduction of length is achieved compared to a conventional power divider, while maintaining an insertion loss (IL) of 3.3 dB, as well as achieving the return loss and isolation loss of 20 dB.

This letter presents a methodology for the design of high-performance miniaturized Circular Power Dividers (CPDs) for wideband applications. To accomplish this objective, annular slots are strategically incorporated into patch and the ground plane of CPDs. This, in turn, increases the effective path length of the surface current flowing across the patch. This yields miniaturization, improved impedance matching, reduced insertion loss and increased isolation over a larger bandwidth. A mathematical model is developed for the design of the proposed configuration called Circular power dividers with Defected Ground Plane(CDGP). The presented model has been verified through various simulations and practical measurements. By implementing this approach, a substantial miniaturization of approximately 83% and more than threefold increase in bandwidth has been achieved when compared with non-slotted CPDs. Moreover, there is improvement in insertion loss, isolation, and return loss as well. There is good agreement between the mathematical model, simulation results and measured parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the miniaturization of power dividers using asymmetric compact-microstrip-resonant-cell (CMRC) structures employing low-cost materials based on a quarter-wave-like transformer (QWLT). The proposed CMRC-based QWLT power divider is intendedfor operation at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, utilizing the FR-4 print circuit board (PCB) with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. The CMRC dimensions include a width of 5.32 mm and a length of 8.52 mm. It is found that a significant 50% size reduction of length is achieved compared to a conventional power divider, while maintaining an insertion loss (IL) of 3.3 dB, as well as achieving the return loss and isolation loss of 20 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work proposes a four element Substrate Integrated Waveguide based Cavity Backed (CBSIW) antenna. It introduces a novel CBSIW antenna design incorporating bow-tie shaped slots coupled with a quarter-wave power divider for the first time. The power efficiency and gain of the CBSIW antenna can be improved by combining low loss SIW cavities with a transmission line power divider based on a quarter wave transformer. A slot with bow-tie shape is etched on a square shaped SIW cavity with most favorable dimensions to construct the elements of the array. To achieve good impedance matching and proper power distribution to each element, the excitation is developed with a couple of T-shaped quarter wave power dividers connected end-to-end. The innovative combination significantly enhances gain (21.9 dBi) and efficiency (82%), outperforming existing designs and offering a unique solution for high-performance microwave and millimeter-wave applications. The experimental results are well matched with the simulation results produced by the HFSS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper deals with a directional high gain PCB 1 × 8 antenna array for 2.4 ISM band utilizations. To achieve this antenna array, a well-matched equal-split 9 dB-power splitter is designed and integrated with the suggested antenna array. It exhibits a wide operating range of 506 MHz (2.022–2.528 GHz) and splits the feed power to 8 equal-in-phase output quantities. Then eight identical patch elements with good reflection coefficient, high gain and excellent radiation efficiency are connected at the eight-output ports of the 1 × 8-power divider in order to obtain an array antenna consisting of eight radiating elements. A quarter-wave impedance adapter is utilized to obtain a perfect matching of impedance between patches and the power divider. The suggested directional antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz with good impedance matching via offering reflection coefficient S 1 1 = − 2 4. 3 4 dB and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.16. Moreover, it offers good radiation traits like the enhanced gain of 14.76 dB, an excellent radiating efficiency equals about 98.86% and a directional radiation pattern. Initially, the proposed planar directional antenna array has been designed and simulated utilizing high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) EM simulation tool, the results are validated with another simulation tool via computer simulation technology (CST) software. This printed antenna array is a potential candidate to operate at around 2.4 GHz for RFID reader utilizations due to its outstanding impedance and radiation characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RF (Radio Frequency) signals carry both energy and information. Harvesting energy from these RF signals leads to new technology such as WEH (Wireless Energy Harvesting). In this paper, the design of a microstrip-fed spurious free slant antenna array for wireless energy harvesting applications. A prototype antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is designed and fabricated. Defected ground structure (DGS) and stubs have been used to suppress the spurious responses. The measured results show 19% 10 dB return loss bandwidth, 7.11 dBi average gain, and more than 80% radiation efficiency. Spurious radiations up to third harmonics resulting from higher-order modes are effectively suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A branch-line coupler has an input port(port-1), two output ports(port-2 and port-3) with equal power and a 90-degree phase shift, and an isolated port(port-4). By varying the characteristic impedance of the lines, signals fed into port-1 can be directed to any two of the other three ports. This paper proposes a branch-line coupler with an auxiliary microstrip line beside the primary microstrip line, allowing for selectable output ports through interconnections between the lines. The proposed circuit, with a center frequency of 1GHz, demonstrated that signals could be output from port-2 and port-3 or port-3 and port-4 within the 0.95 to 1.15GHz range, with a power level of -3.4±0.3dB and a phase shift of 90±3 degrees. Output to port-2 and port-4 showed a power level of -3.45±0.3dB and a phase shift of less than 0.5 degrees. These results suggest that the proposed branch-line coupler can reliably output signals with various combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Components & Materials is the property of Electronic Components & Materials and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A compact microstrip six-port reflectometer (SPR) with extended bandwidth is proposed in this paper. The design is based on using 16-dB multi-section coupled line directional couplers and a multi-section 3-dB Wilkinson power divider operating from 1 to 6 GHz. The proposed SPR employs only two calibration standards: a matched load and an open load. As compared to other dielectric substrates, fabricating the proposed SPR involves using a low-cost (FR4) substrate. A novel algorithm is also proposed to estimate the complex reflection coefficient over the frequency ranges at which the standard performance of the circuit components is not fully satisfied. The new algorithm is based on the circles’ intersection points, which have been derived from basic SPR equations, to estimate the complex reflection coefficient. To validate the SPR performance, a multiband microstrip patch antenna has been measured and the resulted reflection coefficient is compared with those obtained using a vector network analyzer (VNA). Results show that the proposed SPR provides a good estimation of the complex reflection coefficient within the frequency range of 1 GHz to 8 GHz. Owing to its compact size and ease of fabrication, the proposed reflectometer is suitable for various microwave broadband applications.

Design and realization of a broadband H-plane Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) power divider with equal and unequal output powers is presented. The configuration of the proposed structure is based on the three equal width SIW lines. In proposed SIW power divider septum has been realized with a row of metalized vias. The inclusive input bandwidth in the proposed structures is achieved due to the proper septum design. The output powers are controlled with the septum offset. The parametric analysis shows that the magnitude of outputs could be adjusted with septum offset and the width of SIW could control the cutoff frequency. Power flow from input port toward output port confirm the proposed design concept. Two SIW H-plane power dividers with the same and different outputs have been designed and produced. There are good agreements between simulation and measurement results for both structures. The input impedance bandwidth for equal and unequal prototypes is 3.4 GHz and 2 GHz respectively.

This paper proposes a power divider with integrated filtering characteristics. To enhance selectivity at the two output ports, T-shaped grounded transmission lines are incorporated into the series-connected parallel-coupled lines of the bandpass filter. Additionally, by adopting a hairpin-type configuration within the filter, extra transmission zeros are introduced, resulting in sharper roll-offs and higher attenuation around the passband edges. The proposed filtering power divider is fabricated on a Rogers RO4003C substrate, with a center frequency of 3.5 GHz and an overall circuit size of $0.4~\lambda _{\mathrm {g}} \times 0.29~\lambda _{\mathrm {g}}$ . The performance of the circuit is validated through a comparison of simulated and measured results.

This paper presents a planar slot structure antenna array with a simple structure of a substrate-integrated waveguide for D-band communication bands. This antenna achieves wideband and high gain characteristics. The antenna is fed by a power divider in the corporate structure and a transition structure is designed from the WR-6.5 metal waveguide to the SIW. To improve bandwidth, a cavity is added to the transition structure to provide multiple propagation modes. The proposed antenna is designed incrementally, from a $2\times 6$ antenna array to a $4\times 6$ antenna structure. After verifying with simulations and measurements, the designed $4\times 6$ antenna array has a frequency coverage of 130-131, 135-136, and 138.7-142 GHz and an average radiation gain of about 15 dBi. The proposed antennas are considered ideal for the D-band communication system. Therefore, the proposed antenna is compact, easy to integrate in RF circuits, and high gain, which makes it suitable for development and application in D-band communications.

This paper introduces a novel design methodology for a dual-band branch-line coupler (DBBLC) that, for the first time, facilitates practically unlimited band ratio, enhanced flexibility in power division, and arbitrary port termination impedance concurrently. This approach ensures precise power distribution, matching, and isolation requirements by utilizing a generalized coupler core paired with an L-section impedance-matching network. This paper details an innovative and comprehensive analytical strategy for DBBLC design, which overcomes the limitations noted in prior research by deriving a generalized formula for the power division ratio (k) and simplifying the design equations to decrease complexity. This method enables the simultaneous realization of varied power division ratios, frequency ratios (r), and port impedances ( $Z_{p}$ ), thus offering remarkable design versatility. The effectiveness of this new analytical design methodology is corroborated through several design examples. Moreover, two prototype models operating at 1 GHz/2.5 GHz ( $r=2.5, k=0$ dB) and 1 GHz/2 GHz ( $r=2, k=4.77$ dB) frequencies, constructed on Rogers’ RO4003C substrate, exhibit >22 dB return loss, 25 dB isolation at all the targeted frequencies. Therefore, the development and validation of this new DBBLC structure, as demonstrated by the strong correlation between our simulated and experimental findings, not only surpasses the capabilities of existing models, but also broadens the applicability of dual-band couplers in modern wireless communication systems.

There has been growing interest in the field of wireless power transfer (WPT), especially for a high-power (Watt-level) application. Rectifiers are essential components for WPT, as they convert incoming RF into DC power. However, conventional Schottky diodes used in WPT exhibit their highest efficiency at low power levels typically less than few Watts. To address this limitation, we introduce a power dividing rectenna system that can handle beyond several Watts of input RF power. The proposed rectenna consists of a single patch antenna integrated with a radial power divider, whose output ports are connected to rectifiers. In this way, incident RF power can be distributed into lower levels at which Schottky diode-based-rectifier can accommodate. Via simulation and measurement, we demonstrate that the input power (about 10 W) received through the proposed structure can be uniformly distributed to each output port of the divider to be rectified at lower power levels, which are then combined at DC to provide several Watts of DC power. The proposed rectenna can be utilized in WPT applications requiring beyond several Watts. Furthermore, by configuring the proposed structure into an array, even higher power handling can be achieved for applications that require hundreds of Watts.

In the paper, a novel design of a wideband power splitter for a four-element antenna array using two RF antiphase segments is proposed. Based on a detailed analysis of the power splitter circuit, an analytical model was set up in the MATLAB environment. The derived analytical model allows the development of a design of the described structure for any operating frequency and estimates the properties of the designed structure. In addition to the RF electrical part, the copper cover is also considered in this study. The copper cover serves as both a support and shielding part of the proposed structure. The electrical part consists of two sections of transmission lines. The first transmission line is symmetrical, while the second transmission line is asymmetrical. The given transmission lines can be realized using any technology (microstrip, coaxial, etc.). A prototype of the proposed wideband splitter operating at 650 MHz with a fractional bandwidth of 84.3% was designed and tested in real-world conditions to prove the concept. The board of the manufactured prototype has dimensions of 25 × 152 mm. A double-sided FR4 material with a substrate height of 1.48 mm, copper thickness of 50 μ m, and ϵ r ≅ 4.3, with a dielectric loss tangent of 0.021 was used to manufacture the prototype. The prototype was tested and its parameters were verified in practical conditions as a part of the current radio communication system for the 5G band. Under these conditions, verification measurements of the proposed splitter with a four-element antenna array were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter presents a novel compact quad‐band power divider using stepped impedance coupled lines. The power divider adopts a stepped impedance coupling line with two transmission zeros as the primary transmission unit and forms a flexible quad‐band in the architecture of the second‐order power divider design through clever impedance matching and transmission zeros design. In addition, the complete and detailed formula derivation and calculation process of this power divider are given, and the specific parameters of the transmission line and coupled line model of the power divider are obtained. Finally, a novel compact power divider operating at 0.9, 1.8, 3.5, and 4.4 GHz is designed and implemented based on the calculation. The test results of the power divider show good performance and are consistent with the simulation results, which proves the effectiveness of the method and structure design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and compact three-way planar power divider, which avoids the floating common node of the isolation resistors, is presented. The proposed structure exhibits a wideband operation (measured frequency range of 1.6–3.3 GHz and bandwidth of 69.4%) with good return loss and isolation characteristics. Transmission line theory is used for the mathematical analysis and extraction of design equations, followed by simulations and experimental measurements that confirm the predicted results. The proposed divider achieves an equal power split (∼32%, −4.9 ± 0.4 dB insertion loss) between the input and each output port. The measured return loss is better than −10 dB at all ports, and the measured maximum isolation is close to −30 dB. The proposed design exhibits a fully planar structure, thus eliminating the need for a floating common node for the isolation resistors. Additionally, its structure is much simpler (i.e., no coupled lines, crossovers, or lumped capacitors are required) than other designs, achieves wideband operation, and provides design simplicity, flexibility, and easy implementation. Despite its simple noncomplicated structure, the proposed three-way planar divider achieves similar (or in some cases, better) performance and size than other more complicated structures. Furthermore, it can be expanded to an n -way structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact broadband combiner with a high power capacity and a low insertion loss, which is especially useful for solid-state power sources where multi-way power synthesis is needed, was designed and experimentally investigated. The combiner could combine the microwave signals of sixteen terminals into a single one and was based on a radial-line waveguide whose circumferential symmetry benefited the amplitude and phase consistency of the combiner. Simulation and experimental results showed that the prototype device, designed for S-band applications, exhibited a reflection coefficient S1,1 < −20 dB in the range of 2.06–2.93 GHz, which corresponds to a relative bandwidth of approximately 34.6%. At 2.45 GHz, the phase imbalance was ±4.5° and the 16-way transmission coefficient was concentrated around −12.0~−12.3 dB. The insertion loss of the device at ambient and elevated temperatures was simulated and experimentally verified, which is of importance for the design of similar high-power microwave combiners. High-power tests proved that even without enforced wind or liquid cooling, the device can handle continuous power (CW) of at least 3.9 kW, which can be much enhanced by taking regular cooling measures. The combined features of the designed combiner suggest promising applications for power synthesis in high-power, solid-state RF sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a harmonic-suppressed Wilkinson power divider (HS WPD) utilizing parallel resonant shunt stubs (PRSSs). PRSSs are integrated into the conventional WPD by adding functionalities such as bandpass filtering, harmonic suppression, and physical port separation. The resonance conditions and design equations of the PRSS are theoretically derived and verified through circuit simulations. Using the PRSS, we designed an HS WPD operating at 1 GHz. The fabricated HS WPD demonstrated an insertion loss of 3.2 dB at the fundamental frequency, with a wide 3 dB bandwidth of 129%. The harmonic suppression levels at the 2nd and 3rd harmonic frequencies are measured to be 21.0 dB and 25.8 dB, respectively. The measured input return loss at the fundamental frequency was 27.9 dB, whereas the output return loss was 24.6 dB. Additionally, the HS WPD demonstrates isolation levels at the fundamental, 2nd, and 3rd harmonic frequencies, with levels of 29.2 dB, 17.8 dB, and 47.1 dB, respectively. It also exhibited broadband isolation (>8.7 dB) across the frequency range of 100 kHz to 3.35 GHz. The PRSS design allows for the physical separation of the ports without requiring additional circuitry. Compared to previously reported PDs, the proposed design offers multiple functions in a compact size, making it highly suitable for various microwave systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wideband signal combining circuit with continuous bandwidth based on multichannel different‐/same‐frequency power combiner is presented. Two‐way signals with the same frequency can be combined to a higher power signal. Two‐way signals with different frequencies can be combined into a broadband signal. A stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is used as a multimode resonator. The wider bandwidth is got by SIR. And the selectivity of the two filtering channels is improved by the introduction of SIR stubs, which generate four transmission zeros on both sides of the passbands. The high 3‐dB point of the low‐frequency channel overlaps with the low 3‐dB point of the high‐frequency channel. Therefore, the output passband is continuous. The measured frequency ranges of two channels are 1.34–2.21 GHz/2.21‐2.87 GHz, respectively, and from 1.46 to 2.74 GHz, the input reflection coefficient is such that the return loss is higher than 15.5 dB. The insertion loss of the two channels is 0.71/1.18 dB, and the measured isolation is higher than 15.4 dB. The measured bandwidth of the combining signal is 1.5 GHz (1.34–2.84 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript introduces an innovative six-way power divider design using substrate integrated waveguide technology, specifically tailored for applications in both X-band and Cband frequencies. The utilization of SIW technology in this design offers significant advantages, including exceptional isolation between output ports, and a high level of return loss. Additionally, the design incorporates a coaxial port at its center, facilitating the analysis of the power divider's performance. This coaxial port can also serve as a feeding structure for an antenna array, adding to its versatility. The simulation results indicate that the input return loss for port 1 of the power divider exceeds 23dB, demonstrating excellent performance. Furthermore, the design has been successfully fabricated, and the measured results align with the expected performance standards, affirming its practicality and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel design method based on a novel origami process that can create a solid structure swiftly and at a low cost is presented for rectangular waveguide-type microwave devices in this paper. A planar structure was fabricated by the lamination and laser cutting of polystyrene membranes and aluminum foils and was converted into a solid structure via origami in accordance with the selective absorption of infrared light. A rectangular waveguide, a rectangular waveguide-type coupler, and a power divider based on an origami structure with a multi-layer structure and a single-layer structure were fabricated and tested, demonstrating easy assembly and good microwave performance. The measured results of the rectangular waveguide indicated that the insertion loss was superior to −0.9 dB. Meanwhile, the results of the coupler showed that the coupling degree increased from −12.8 dB to −8.9 dB in the range of 11.0 GHz to 12.0 GHz. Correspondingly, the prepared power divider demonstrated that the return loss dwindled from −8.9 dB to −11.3 dB and that the insertion loss of one output port was approximate to that of the remaining one, varying between −3.5 dB and −5.2 dB in the range of 10.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz—verifying the effectiveness of the origami-based design method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A W-band eight-way radial-waveguide power divider with low insertion loss and high power-combining efficiency has been proposed in this paper. The coaxial waveguide has been utilized in the eight-way radial-waveguide power divider as a transition from the rectangular waveguide to radial waveguide. The structure of the coaxial mode transition from the rectangular waveguide to radial waveguide is simple, and its electrical length is much shorter than others' mode transition, which results a low insertion loss and high power power-combining efficiency. The microwave signal was inputted from the rectangular waveguide (TE10 mode) and transmitted to the radial waveguide (cylindrical TEM mode) through the coaxial waveguide (TEM mode). Finally, the signal in radial waveguide is divided into eight ways with equal power and equal phase by the eight output standard rectangular waveguide. This all-metal waveguide multi-way power divider demonstrates the advantages of easy design and fabrication, large and arbitrary number of combination ports, and a simple and compact structure. To verify the presented power divider, a W-band eight-way power divider is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that, over the frequency range from 82 to 110 GHz, the measured input return loss is greater than 15 dB, the measured average insertion loss is about 9.4 ± 0.5 dB, the phase imbalance is about ± 5°, and the power-combining efficiency is about 91%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several types of microstrip power divider are studied and compared in terms of harmonics suppression and size reductions. The importance of this research lies in the fact that power dividers are critical components in various communication systems, and their performance directly affects the overall system efficiency. The conventional structure of the power divider has an acceptable performance at operating frequency in terms of excellent output ports isolation, low insertion loss, and high return loss, but occupies large size and passes unwanted signals at higher frequencies along with desired signal without any suppression. Harmonics are popular distortion and has different distortion impacts in many different facilities. Recently, several techniques are introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Applied open stubs, applied resonators, lumped reactive components such as capacitors and inductors, coupled lines, defected ground structure (DGS), and electronic band gaps are common methods, which are widely used to overcome these drawbacks. Finally, the study results show that the resonatorbased power dividers and coupled-line-based power dividers have good performances in terms of size reduction and harmonic suppression but increase insertion loss parameter. Furthermore, the lumped reactive component-based power dividers and applied DGS and electromagnetic bandgap cells suppress unwanted harmonics, but they need extra process to fabrication, which is undesirable. Moreover, the open-stub-based power dividers have moderate performance with simple structure, but size reduction and harmonics suppression are not so superior in this method. Overall, the results of this study can be used to design power dividers for desirable applications with high performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branch-line coupler to be four ports (Input: Port 1, Output: Ports 2 and 3, Isolation: Port 4) distributes the signal applied to Port 1 to Ports 2 and 3 as signals of equal amplitude with a 90-degree phase difference. This paper proposes a variable branch-line coupler to use the dual-impedance (35.35Ω and 50Ω) transmission lines allowing selective signal distribution from Port 1 to Ports 2 and 3, Ports 3 and 4, and Ports 2 and 4. The proposed circuit was fabricated and its performance was verified at a center frequency of 1GHz. The fabricated circuit exhibited valued of -5.0dB and -3.6dB to be outputted to Ports 2 and 3, -5.3dB and -5.0dB to be outputted to Ports 3 and 4, and -3.9dB and -3.8dB to be outputted to Ports 2 and 4, confirming the distribution of signals to any two of the output ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission line forms of the power divider mainly include microstrip line, stripline, waveguide structure, etc, among which the connection between stripline structure and other transmission lines is a challenge. In response to this challenge, this paper proposes a hybrid transmission line one-to-four power divider with a stripline opening and directly connected to microstrip line. Through the analysis of the basic principles of the power divider via electromagnetic simulation software, the power divider is modeled and simulated, and the design method is verified by physical verification. The power divider has an input and output reflection coefficient of less than-10 dB and the isolation of 15 dB in the frequency range of 2~6 GHz, which achieves a good design effect. The bending design of the power divider meets the design requirements of miniaturization. This paper provides certain reference value and significance in the future research.

In this paper, several types of microstrip power divider are studied and compared in terms of harmonics suppression and size reductions. The importance of this research lies in the fact that power dividers are critical components in various communication systems, and their performance directly affects the overall system efficiency. The conventional structure of the power divider has an acceptable performance at operating frequency in terms of excellent output ports isolation, low insertion loss, and high return loss, but occupies large size and passes unwanted signals at higher frequencies along with desired signal without any suppression. Harmonics are popular distortion and has different distortion impacts in many different facilities. Recently, several techniques are introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Applied open stubs, applied resonators, lumped reactive components such as capacitors and inductors, coupled lines, defected ground structure (DGS), and electronic band gaps are common methods, which are widely used to overcome these drawbacks. Finally, the study results show that the resonator-based power dividers and coupled-line-based power dividers have good performances in terms of size reduction and harmonic suppression but increase insertion loss parameter. Furthermore, the lumped reactive component-based power dividers and applied DGS and electromagnetic bandgap cells suppress unwanted harmonics, but they need extra process to fabrication, which is undesirable. Moreover, the open-stub-based power dividers have moderate performance with simple structure, but size reduction and harmonics suppression are not so superior in this method.

This paper introduces a novel algorithm for designing a low-pass filter (LPF) and a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using a neural network surrogate model. The proposed algorithm is applicable to various microwave devices, enhancing their performance and frequency response. Desirable output parameters can be achieved for the designed LPF and WPD by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed artificial neural network (ANN) surrogate model is employed to calculate the dimensions of the LPF and WPD, resulting in their efficient design. The LPF and WPD designs incorporate open stubs, stepped impedances, triangular-shaped resonators, and meandered lines to achieve optimal performance. The compact LPF occupies a size of only 0.15 λg × 0.081 λg, and exhibits a sharp response within the transmission band, with a sharpness parameter of approximately 185 dB/GHz. The designed WPD, operating at 1.5 GHz, exhibits outstanding harmonics suppression from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, with attenuation levels exceeding 20 dB. The WPD successfully suppresses 12 unwanted harmonics (2nd to 13th). The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed design algorithm effectively accomplishes the LPF and WPD designs, exhibiting desirable parameters such as operating frequency and high-frequency harmonics suppression. The WPD demonstrates a low insertion loss of 0.1 dB (S21 = 0.1 dB), input and output return losses exceeding 30 dB (S11 = −35 dB, S22 = −30 dB), and an output ports isolation of more than 32 dB (S23 = −32 dB), making it suitable for integration into modern communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the first time, a wideband low -loss high-power equally splitting power divider based on the new half-height pin form is introduced with bandwidth from 10 to 13.5 GHz centered at 11.75 GHz. Also, for the first time, a wideband transition from coaxial line to half-height pin gap waveguide with no need of any matching sections with excellent results at the band of (10:20 GHz) was achieved. The proposed transition shows excellent return loss which is lower than 30 dB (measured) at the transition bandwidth center frequency which is (15 GHz) with 0.2 dB (measured) insertion loss and return loss lower than 20 dB (measured) with 0.55 dB insertion loss at the rest of the bandwidth. The proposed transition and power divider designs were validated using circuit and 3D full-wave simulations and confirmed using experimental measurements with all agreements. The power divider has simple manufacturing due to the new pin form; hence, it is suitable for low-cost mass production of high-power mm-wave power dividers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a dual-band six-way power divider is designed with equal and unequal power division capabilities. The unequal design of the divider is capable of providing up to four different output levels at each band. Furthermore, it is capable of achieving band-distinct power division ratios. These capabilities are realized in the proposed divider by using dual-band pi-shaped impedance transformers. The S-parameters of the proposed divider are derived analytically, and its design procedure is explained in detail. Four prototypes operating at 0.9/1.4 GHz are designed and fabricated to demonstrate the divider’s capabilities. Simulation and measurements results of the four prototypes are presented. The measured output power levels of the four prototypes at each band are within 1 dB from their theoretical values. Also, good input matching (

This article reports a wide-band power divider with ultra-wide harmonic suppression. The filtering power divider consists of a Wilkinson power divider and a filter merged into a single structure. For filtering purposes, a novel suppressor cell is designed using resonators of various shapes. The power divider exhibits an operational frequency of 1.64 GHz, encompassing a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 57 percent, ranging from 1.151 GHz to 2.08 GHz. Notably, it effectively suppresses a total of 24 harmonics, attaining a rejection level exceeding −15 dB. The measured in-band isolation, input return loss, insertion loss, and output return loss are determined at 1.64 GHz to be −23 dB, −36 dB, −3.03 dB, and −18 dB, respectively. These results showcase the superior performance of the proposed design compared to existing state-of-the-art solutions.

In this paper, a slotted waveguide array antenna (SWAA) is designed for S-band high-power microwave (HPM) applications. The single element of the array consists of ten Gaussian distributed slots on the broad wall of the waveguide, integrated with inside grooves. The 4-element SWAA configuration is designed to achieve a relatively high gain (24.6 dB) along with highly isolated (−24 dB) radiating elements. The gain enhancement and mutual coupling (MC) reduction is achieved by optimizing inside-grooved regions. An efficient $1\times 4$ power divider (PD) of identical phase and magnitude (−6 dB) at its output ports, is designed to feed the array elements. The radiation performance of SWAA is further improved by developing a dielectric radome. The proposed design is compact having dimensions $8.46\lambda _{0}\times 4.3\lambda _{0}\times 1.47\lambda _{0}$ , and offers return loss (RL) better than −25 dB with side lobe level (SLL) of −15 dB and −20 dB in E and H-plane, respectively. The designed array has 95.78% antenna efficiency over 3.8% measured bandwidth with 63% aperture efficiency. It has been demonstrated that the developed system, because of effective suppression of unwanted surface current, provides ±22° beam scanning without causing a significant reduction in its gain. The technique, without adding any complexity in the system, offered a 7% improvement in the gain when compared with a similar design.

Substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) technology can eliminate the limitations associated with conventional rectangular waveguides, i.e., bulky structures and production complexity at higher frequencies. Moreover, SIW technology replaces microstrip structures eliminating the drawback of excessive radiation leakage at higher frequencies. SIW power dividers are key elements in SIW antenna array synthesis. A SIW power divider’s design procedures are more complicated than conventional microstrip power dividers. However, no comprehensive review with design guidelines of substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) power dividers has been reported. In this paper, different types of SIW power dividers based on their configurations, functionality, and operating principles are analyzed and some recommendations are made for selection purposes. A comprehensive design guideline for SIW power dividers is given in this paper through a comparative study of T- and Y-type SIW junctions. These guidelines are based on key parameters, including insertion loss, isolation, co-phase bandwidth, return loss bandwidth, and phase balancing. This study provides valuable information for selecting and designing the best possible configuration of SIW power dividers for specific applications in microwave and millimeter-wave frequency ranges. A case study of a Ku-band SIW power divider is performed for a Ku-band soil moisture radiometer SIW antenna array.