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With the large scale and high proportion of distributed generation connected to the power grid, the distributed economic dispatch system has attracted more attention because of its significant advantages. However, the distributed economic dispatch system faces more serious information security issues due to the variation of communication topology. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the information security issues that may occur in the distributed economic dispatch system and the defense measures. By summarizing the existing literature on information security issues and defense measures, it can be found that the current research focuses on the cyber-side defense for information security, and lacks consideration of the cyber-physical coupling characteristics. Additionally, the separate cyber-side defense measures still have a defense blind spot and cannot respond in a timely manner to the physical-side actions caused by information security issues. Finally, the establishment of the information security issues model and the construction of the integrated security defense system are discussed from the perspective of the power cyber-physical system. This research will be helpful in the construction of the security defense system for information issues in distributed economic dispatch systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power cyber–physical system (CPS) realizes the wide-area interconnection of new energy sources and multiple loads and the dynamic interaction of information and energy flows; however it faces increasingly severe security threats of false data injection attacks (FDIAs). In this context, the active defense methods against power CPS FDIAs from the multiple spatiotemporal perspective are summarized and analyzed in this paper. First, the architecture of a power CPS is abstracted and its multiple spatiotemporal coordination characteristic and FDIAs security risk are expounded upon. Then, the active defense system against FDIAs is conceived in the spatiotemporal coordinate system, and based on different spatiotemporal intersections, the six active defense methods and application examples – namely network deception, data encryption protection, vulnerability policy protection, false identification correction, traffic anomaly detection, and fault prevention control – are summarized. Finally, the limitations of existing active defense methods against FDIAs are discussed, and the linked defense methods with multiple spatiotemporal coordination are prospected.

[Introduction] China’s power grid is now entering the new era of smart grid with the “power-information-business” interconnected stage, where the cybersecurity in the information system and the operational security in the power system are closely coupled, which, however, would cause severe security problem of the cyber-physical system(CPS). [Method] This paper surveyed on the cybersecurity issue of CPS and summarizes the corresponding risk estimation and management framework.Then the paper introduced the background and current status of cybersecurity, categorized the state-of-the-art methods, risk estimation framework, modeling insights, etc. This paper also fundamentally investigated both the advantages and disadvantages of each model and evaluated its development potentials. [Result] This study would help enterprises to screen and identify cybersecurity events and explore the correlation and dependency within the events, which may help researchers to exploit new interests. [Conclusion] This work induces investors to optimize their resources and budget allocations, which would also guide for security engineers to proceed with cyber risk estimates and to prepare contingency plans.

Power cyber-physical systems (PCPSs) are becoming increasingly complex and diverse, benefitting from all aspects of societal issues. A PCPS is a next-generation system that is a tight conjunction of computation, communication, control, and power systems. The integration of Internet of Things and PCPS generates a novel energy system, the Internet of Energy, which is the future of the energy system. In the same way, the connection of bulk components and the extensive communications among them has brought many insecurities, uncertainties, and security challenges. Thus, a study of the analysis and synthesis of the reliability and security of PCPS is presented in this paper. By considering the unsafe uncertainties, models are formulated for a general cyber-attack, and a double-loop architecture for security defense is designed. According to this framework, security control scenarios are obtained from the character of each kind of cyber-attack. Finally, a separately excited dc motor with uncertainty is used as an example to demonstrate the problem.

In the increasingly complex cyber-environment, appropriate sustainable maintenance of substation auto systems (SASs) can lead to many positive effects on power cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Evaluating the cybersecurity risk of power CPSs is the first step in creating sustainable maintenance plans for SASs. In this paper, a mathematical framework for evaluating the cybersecurity risk of a power CPS is proposed considering both the probability of successful cyberattacks on SASs and their consequences for the power system. First, the cyberattacks and their countermeasures are introduced, and the probability of successful cyber-intruding on SASs is modeled from the defender's perspective. Then, a modified hypergraph model of the SAS's logical structure is established to quantitatively analyze the impacts of cyberattacks on an SAS. The impacts will ultimately act on the physical systems of the power CPS. The modified hypergraph model can describe more information than a graph or hypergraph model and potentially can analyze complex networks like CPSs. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed evaluation method is verified by the IEEE 14-bus system, and the test results demonstrate that this proposed method is more reasonable to assess the cybersecurity risk of power CPS compared with some other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]