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1. Evolutionary history of grazing and resources determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity

Author

Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Sitters, J. (Judith), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Bakker, E. S. (Elisabeth S.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Gruner, D. S. (Daniel S.), Olde Venterink, H. (Harry), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Graff, P. (Pamela), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Grégory, S. (Sonnier), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Standish, R. (Rachel), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Sitters, J. (Judith), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Bakker, E. S. (Elisabeth S.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Gruner, D. S. (Daniel S.), Olde Venterink, H. (Harry), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Graff, P. (Pamela), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Grégory, S. (Sonnier), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Jónsdóttir, I. S. (Ingibjörg S.), Lannes, L. S. (Luciola S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Standish, R. (Rachel), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.)

Abstract

Ecological models predict that the effects of mammalian herbivore exclusion on plant diversity depend on resource availability and plant exposure to ungulate grazing over evolutionary time. Using an experiment replicated in 57 grasslands on six continents, with contrasting evolutionary history of grazing, we tested how resources (mean annual precipitation and soil nutrients) determine herbivore exclusion effects on plant diversity, richness and evenness. Here we show that at sites with a long history of ungulate grazing, herbivore exclusion reduced plant diversity by reducing both richness and evenness and the responses of richness and diversity to herbivore exclusion decreased with mean annual precipitation. At sites with a short history of grazing, the effects of herbivore exclusion were not related to precipitation but differed for native and exotic plant richness. Thus, plant species’ evolutionary history of grazing continues to shape the response of the world’s grasslands to changing mammalian herbivory.

Published
2022

2. Nutrients and herbivores impact grassland stability across spatial scales through different pathways

Author

Chen, Q. (Qingqing), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Stevens, C. (Carly), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Alberti, J. (Juan), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Chen, Q. (Qingqing), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Donohue, I. (Ian), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schütz, M. (Martin), Stevens, C. (Carly), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Bagchi, S. (Sumanta), Alberti, J. (Juan), and Hautier, Y. (Yann)

Abstract

Nutrients and herbivores are well-known drivers of grassland diversity and stability in local communities. However, whether they interact to impact the stability of aboveground biomass and whether these effects depend on spatial scales remain unknown. It is also unclear whether nutrients and herbivores impact stability via different facets of plant diversity including species richness, evenness, and changes in community composition through time and space. We used a replicated experiment adding nutrients and excluding herbivores for 5 years in 34 global grasslands to explore these questions. We found that both nutrient addition and herbivore exclusion alone reduced stability at the larger spatial scale (aggregated local communities; gamma stability), but through different pathways. Nutrient addition reduced gamma stability primarily by increasing changes in local community composition over time, which was mainly driven by species replacement. Herbivore exclusion reduced gamma stability primarily by decreasing asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony). Their interaction weakly increased gamma stability by increasing spatial asynchrony. Our findings indicate that disentangling the processes operating at different spatial scales may improve conservation and management aiming at maintaining the ability of ecosystems to reliably provide functions and services for humanity.

Published
2022

3. Long-term N-addition alters the community structure of functionally important N-cycling soil microorganisms across global grasslands

Author

Frey, B. (Beat), Moser, B. (Barbara), Tytgat, B. (Bjorn), Zimmermann, S. (Stephan), Alberti, J. (Juan), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Hautier, Y. (Yann), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Nepel, M. (Maximilian), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Frey, B. (Beat), Moser, B. (Barbara), Tytgat, B. (Bjorn), Zimmermann, S. (Stephan), Alberti, J. (Juan), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Hautier, Y. (Yann), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Nepel, M. (Maximilian), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Vázquez, E. (Eduardo), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Risch, A. C. (Anita C.)

Abstract

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input is known to alter the soil microbiome, but how N enrichment influences the abundance, alpha-diversity and community structure of N-cycling functional microbial communities in grasslands remains poorly understood. Here, we collected soils from plant communities subjected to up to 9 years of annual N-addition (10 g N m⁻² per year using urea as a N-source) and from unfertilized plots (control) in 30 grasslands worldwide spanning a large range of climatic and soil conditions. We focused on three key microbial groups responsible for two essential processes of the global N cycle: N₂ fixation (soil diazotrophs) and nitrification (AOA: ammonia-oxidizing archaea and AOB: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria). We targeted soil diazotrophs, AOA and AOB using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and measured the abundance (gene copy numbers) using quantitative PCR. N-addition shifted the structure of the diazotrophic communities, although their alpha-diversity and abundance were not affected. AOA and AOB responded differently to N-addition. The abundance and alpha-diversity of AOB increased, and their community structure shifted with N-addition. In contrast, AOA were not affected by N-addition. AOA abundance outnumbered AOB in control plots under conditions of low N availability, whereas N-addition favoured copiotrophic AOB. Overall, N-addition showed a low impact on soil diazotrophs and AOA while effects for AOB communities were considerable. These results reveal that long-term N-addition has important ecological implications for key microbial groups involved in two critical soil N-cycling processes. Increased AOB abundance and community shifts following N-addition may change soil N-cycling, as larger population sizes may promote higher rates of ammonia oxidation and subsequently increase N loss via gaseous and soil N-leaching. These findings bring us a step closer to predicting the responses and feedbacks of microbial-mediated N-cycling processes to long

Published
2022

4. Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands

Author

Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.)

Abstract

1.Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability can modify these relationships. 2.Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus. 3.Invertebrate damage significantly increased with nitrogen addition, especially in grasses and non-leguminous forbs. Pathogen damage increased with nitrogen in grasses and legumes but not forbs. Effects of phosphorus were generally weaker. Damage was higher in grasslands with more precipitation, but climatic conditions did not change effects of nutrients on leaf damage. On average, invertebrate damage was relatively higher on legumes and pathogen damage was relatively higher on grasses. Community-weighted mean damage reflected these functional group patterns, with no effects of N on community-weighted pathogen damage (due to opposing responses of grasses and forbs) but stronger effects of N on community-weighted invertebrate damage (due to consistent responses of grasses and forbs). 4.Synthesis: As human-induced inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus continue to increase, understanding their impacts on invertebrate and pathogen damage becomes increasingly important. Our results demonstrate that eutrophication frequently increases plant damage and that damage increases with precipitation across a wide array of grasslands. Invertebrate and pathogen damage in grasslands is likely to increase in the future, with potential consequences for plant, invertebrate and pathogen communities, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients across trophic levels.

Published
2022

5. Opposing community assembly patterns for dominant and nondominant plant species in herbaceous ecosystems globally

Author

Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Baez, S. (Selene), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Buckley, Y. M. (Yvonne M.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel Nuno), Donohue, I. (Ian), Dwyer, J. (John), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Gridzak, R. (Riley), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Helm, A. (Aveliina), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laanisto, L. (Lauri), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), McCulley, R. (Rebecca), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo Luis), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schamp, B. (Brandon), Speziale, K. (Karina), Standish, R. (Rachel), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Baez, S. (Selene), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Buckley, Y. M. (Yvonne M.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel Nuno), Donohue, I. (Ian), Dwyer, J. (John), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Gridzak, R. (Riley), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Helm, A. (Aveliina), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laanisto, L. (Lauri), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), McCulley, R. (Rebecca), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo Luis), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schamp, B. (Brandon), Speziale, K. (Karina), Standish, R. (Rachel), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.)

Abstract

Biotic and abiotic factors interact with dominant plants—the locally most frequent or with the largest coverage—and nondominant plants differently, partially because dominant plants modify the environment where nondominant plants grow. For instance, if dominant plants compete strongly, they will deplete most resources, forcing nondominant plants into a narrower niche space. Conversely, if dominant plants are constrained by the environment, they might not exhaust available resources but instead may ameliorate environmental stressors that usually limit nondominants. Hence, the nature of interactions among nondominant species could be modified by dominant species. Furthermore, these differences could translate into a disparity in the phylogenetic relatedness among dominants compared to the relatedness among nondominants. By estimating phylogenetic dispersion in 78 grasslands across five continents, we found that dominant species were clustered (e.g., co-dominant grasses), suggesting dominant species are likely organized by environmental filtering, and that nondominant species were either randomly assembled or overdispersed. Traits showed similar trends for those sites (<50%) with sufficient trait data. Furthermore, several lineages scattered in the phylogeny had more nondominant species than expected at random, suggesting that traits common in nondominants are phylogenetically conserved and have evolved multiple times. We also explored environmental drivers of the dominant/nondominant disparity. We found different assembly patterns for dominants and nondominants, consistent with asymmetries in assembly mechanisms. Among the different postulated mechanisms, our results suggest two complementary hypotheses seldom explored: (1) Nondominant species include lineages adapted to thrive in the environment generated by dominant species. (2) Even when dominant species reduce resources to nondominant ones, dominant species could have a stronger positive effect on some

Published
2021

6. Temporal rarity is a better predictor of local extinction risk than spatial rarity

Author

Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Asmus, A. L. (Ashley L.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Henning, J. A. (Jeremiah A.), Adler, P. (Peter), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Biederman, L. (Lori), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), MacDougall, A. (Andrew), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mortensen, B. (Brent), Hueso, R. O. (Raul Ochoa), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Shoemaker, L. (Lauren), Stevens, C. (Carly), Strauss, A. T. (Alexander T.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Asmus, A. L. (Ashley L.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Henning, J. A. (Jeremiah A.), Adler, P. (Peter), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Biederman, L. (Lori), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Harpole, W. S. (W. Stanley), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Kirkman, K. P. (Kevin P.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), MacDougall, A. (Andrew), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mortensen, B. (Brent), Hueso, R. O. (Raul Ochoa), Ohlert, T. (Timothy), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Shoemaker, L. (Lauren), Stevens, C. (Carly), Strauss, A. T. (Alexander T.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.)

Abstract

Spatial rarity is often used to predict extinction risk, but rarity can also occur temporally. Perhaps more relevant in the context of global change is whether a species is core to a community (persistent) or transient (intermittently present), with transient species often susceptible to human activities that reduce niche space. Using 5–12 yr of data on 1,447 plant species from 49 grasslands on five continents, we show that local abundance and species persistence under ambient conditions are both effective predictors of local extinction risk following experimental exclusion of grazers or addition of nutrients; persistence was a more powerful predictor than local abundance. While perturbations increased the risk of exclusion for low persistence and abundance species, transient but abundant species were also highly likely to be excluded from a perturbed plot relative to ambient conditions. Moreover, low persistence and low abundance species that were not excluded from perturbed plots tended to have a modest increase in abundance following perturbance. Last, even core species with high abundances had large decreases in persistence and increased losses in perturbed plots, threatening the long-term stability of these grasslands. Our results demonstrate that expanding the concept of rarity to include temporal dynamics, in addition to local abundance, more effectively predicts extinction risk in response to environmental change than either rarity axis predicts alone.

Published
2021

7. Microbial processing of plant remains is co‐limited by multiple nutrients in global grasslands

Author

Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Hobbie, S. E. (Sarah E.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Bahamonde, H. A. (Hector A.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dickman, C. R. (Chris R.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Esch, E. H. (Ellen H.), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fernandez, V. (Victoria), Gusewell, S. (Sabine), Gutierrez-Larruga, B. (Blanca), Hofmockel, K. (Kirsten), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), Lind, E. (Eric), Lopez, A. (Andrea), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Schutz, M. (Martin), Siebert, J. (Julia), Standish, R. J. (Rachel J.), Ayuso, S. V. (Sergio Velasco), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wiehl, G. (Georg), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Zamin, T. (Tara)

Subjects
decomposition, eutrophication, fertilization, carbon cycling and sequestration, food and beverages, nutrient (co‐)limitation, microbial activity, NutNet
Abstract

Microbial processing of aggregate‐unprotected organic matter inputs is key for soil fertility, long‐term ecosystem carbon and nutrient sequestration and sustainable agriculture. We investigated the effects of adding multiple nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium plus nine essential macro‐ and micro‐nutrients) on decomposition and biochemical transformation of standard plant materials buried in 21 grasslands from four continents. Addition of multiple nutrients weakly but consistently increased decomposition and biochemical transformation of plant remains during the peak‐season, concurrent with changes in microbial exoenzymatic activity. Higher mean annual precipitation and lower mean annual temperature were the main climatic drivers of higher decomposition rates, while biochemical transformation of plant remains was negatively related to temperature of the wettest quarter. Nutrients enhanced decomposition most at cool, high rainfall sites, indicating that in a warmer and drier future fertilized grassland soils will have an even more limited potential for microbial processing of plant remains.

Published
2020

8. Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties

Author

Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Zimmermann, S. (Stefan), Moser, B. (Barbara), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Blair, J. M. (John M.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), di Virgilio, A. (Augustina), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Melbourne, B. A. (Brett A.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Siebert, J. (Julia), Silveira, M. L. (Maria L.), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Zimmermann, S. (Stefan), Moser, B. (Barbara), Schuetz, M. (Martin), Hagedorn, F. (Frank), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Blair, J. M. (John M.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Broadbent, A. A. (Arthur A. D.), Brown, C. S. (Cynthia S.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Davies, K. F. (Kendi F.), di Virgilio, A. (Augustina), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Melbourne, B. A. (Brett A.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Siebert, J. (Julia), Silveira, M. L. (Maria L.), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Stevens, C. J. (Carly J.), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Yahdjian, L. (Laura), and Ochoa-Hueso, R. (Raul)

Abstract

Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical for grassland functioning. However, human activities have increased the supply of biologically limiting nutrients, and changed the density and identity of mammalian herbivores. These anthropogenic changes may alter net soil N mineralization (soil net Nmin), that is, the net balance between N mineralization and immobilization, which could severely impact grassland structure and functioning. Yet, to date, little is known about how fertilization and herbivore removal individually, or jointly, affect soil net Nmin across a wide range of grasslands that vary in soil and climatic properties. Here we collected data from 22 grasslands on five continents, all part of a globally replicated experiment, to assess how fertilization and herbivore removal affected potential (laboratory‐based) and realized (field‐based) soil net Nmin. Herbivore removal in the absence of fertilization did not alter potential and realized soil net Nmin. However, fertilization alone and in combination with herbivore removal consistently increased potential soil net Nmin. Realized soil net Nmin, in contrast, significantly decreased in fertilized plots where herbivores were removed. Treatment effects on potential and realized soil net Nmin were contingent on site‐specific soil and climatic properties. Fertilization effects on potential soil net Nmin were larger at sites with higher mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet). Reciprocally, realized soil net Nmin declined most strongly with fertilization and herbivore removal at sites with lower MAP and higher T.q.wet. In summary, our findings show that anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, herbivore exclusion and alterations in future climatic conditions can negatively impact soil net Nmin across global grasslands under realistic field conditions. This is an important context‐dependent knowledge for grassland management worldwide.

Published
2020

9. General destabilizing effects of eutrophication on grassland productivity at multiple spatial scales

Author

Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), and Wang, S. (Shaopeng)

Abstract

Eutrophication is a widespread environmental change that usually reduces the stabilizing effect of plant diversity on productivity in local communities. Whether this effect is scale dependent remains to be elucidated. Here, we determine the relationship between plant diversity and temporal stability of productivity for 243 plant communities from 42 grasslands across the globe and quantify the effect of chronic fertilization on these relationships. Unfertilized local communities with more plant species exhibit greater asynchronous dynamics among species in response to natural environmental fluctuations, resulting in greater local stability (alpha stability). Moreover, neighborhood communities that have greater spatial variation in plant species composition within sites (higher beta diversity) have greater spatial asynchrony of productivity among communities, resulting in greater stability at the larger scale (gamma stability). Importantly, fertilization consistently weakens the contribution of plant diversity to both of these stabilizing mechanisms, thus diminishing the positive effect of biodiversity on stability at differing spatial scales. Our findings suggest that preserving grassland functional stability requires conservation of plant diversity within and among ecological communities.

Published
2020

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