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1. Back Cover

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

2. Index

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

3. 5. The Composer as Conductor and Composer

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

4. Postlude: Extensions of the Tradition—Linkages and Canon

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

5. 6. Generation X and Beyond (1950-1965)

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

6. About the Author

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

7. 1. Laying the Foundations

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

8. 3. The Arrived and the Acknowledged, Part 2 (1937-1945)

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

9. 4. Perspectives on Spirituality, Jazz, and Contemporary Popular Languages

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

10. Acknowledgments

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

11. 2. The Arrived and the Acknowledged, Part 1 (1922-1936)

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

12. Foreword

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

13. Preface: Black Beethovens

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

14. Copyright Page

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

15. Dedication

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

16. In Loving Memory

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

17. Title Page

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

18. Table of Contents

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

19. Cover

Author

Woods, Michael, Wilson, Olly, Williams, Tony, Williams, Julius, Williams, James Kimo, Walker, George, Tillis, Frederick C, Taylor, Billy, Smith, Hale, Simpson-Curenton, Evelyn, Scott, Kevin, Russell, George, Rushen, Patrice, Powell, Michael, Perkinson, Coleridge-Taylor, Newby, Stephen, Nash, Gary Powell, Mumford, Jeffrey, Moore, Dorothy Rudd, McFerrin, Bobby, Logan, Wendell, Kelley, Anthony, Holland, Jonathan, Hancock, Herbie, Hairston, Jester, Hailstork, Adolphus, Fox, Donal, Dunner, Leslie, Duke, George, Davis, Anthony, DaCosta, Noel, Childs, Billy, Barnwell, Ysaye Maria, Banfield, William C., Baker, David, Baiocchi, Regina Harris, Andrews, Dwight, Anderson, Thomas J, Alston, Lettie Beckon, Adams, H. Leslie, and Abels, Michael

Published
2023

23. Polarity is all you need to learn and transfer faster

Author

Wang, Qingyang, Powell, Michael A., Geisa, Ali, Bridgeford, Eric W., and Vogelstein, Joshua T.

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Natural intelligences (NIs) thrive in a dynamic world - they learn quickly, sometimes with only a few samples. In contrast, artificial intelligences (AIs) typically learn with a prohibitive number of training samples and computational power. What design principle difference between NI and AI could contribute to such a discrepancy? Here, we investigate the role of weight polarity: development processes initialize NIs with advantageous polarity configurations; as NIs grow and learn, synapse magnitudes update, yet polarities are largely kept unchanged. We demonstrate with simulation and image classification tasks that if weight polarities are adequately set a priori, then networks learn with less time and data. We also explicitly illustrate situations in which a priori setting the weight polarities is disadvantageous for networks. Our work illustrates the value of weight polarities from the perspective of statistical and computational efficiency during learning., Comment: ICML camera-ready

Published
2023

26. Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of Al$_2$O$_3$ on graphene using monolayer hBN as interfacial layer

Author

Canto, Barbara, Otto, Martin, Powell, Michael J., Babenko, Vitaliy, Mahony, Aileen O, Knoops, Harm, Sundaram, Ravi S., Hofmann, Stephan, Lemme, Max C., and Neumaier, Daniel

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

The deposition of dielectric materials on graphene is one of the bottlenecks for unlocking the potential of graphene in electronic applications. In this paper we demonstrate the plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of 10 nm thin high quality Al$_2$O$_3$ on graphene using a monolayer of hBN as protection layer. Raman spectroscopy was performed to analyze possible structural changes of the graphene lattice caused by the plasma deposition. The results show that a monolayer of hBN in combination with an optimized deposition process can effectively protect graphene from damage, while significant damage was observed without an hBN layer. Electrical characterization of double gated graphene field effect devices confirms that the graphene did not degrade during the plasma deposition of Al$_2$O$_3$. The leakage current densities were consistently below 1 nA/mm for electric fields across the insulators of up to 8 MV/cm, with irreversible breakdown happening above. Such breakdown electric fields are typical for Al$_2$O$_3$ and can be seen as an indicator for high quality dielectric films.

Published
2022
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27. Why do networks have inhibitory/negative connections?

Author

Wang, Qingyang, Powell, Michael A., Geisa, Ali, Bridgeford, Eric, Priebe, Carey E., and Vogelstein, Joshua T.

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract

Why do brains have inhibitory connections? Why do deep networks have negative weights? We propose an answer from the perspective of representation capacity. We believe representing functions is the primary role of both (i) the brain in natural intelligence, and (ii) deep networks in artificial intelligence. Our answer to why there are inhibitory/negative weights is: to learn more functions. We prove that, in the absence of negative weights, neural networks with non-decreasing activation functions are not universal approximators. While this may be an intuitive result to some, to the best of our knowledge, there is no formal theory, in either machine learning or neuroscience, that demonstrates why negative weights are crucial in the context of representation capacity. Further, we provide insights on the geometric properties of the representation space that non-negative deep networks cannot represent. We expect these insights will yield a deeper understanding of more sophisticated inductive priors imposed on the distribution of weights that lead to more efficient biological and machine learning., Comment: ICCV2023 camera-ready

Published
2022

29. Expected Impact of the Pass/Fail Scoring System for USMLE Step 1 on the Plastic Surgery Residency Selection Process: A National Survey of Plastics Program Directors.

Author

Powell, Michael, Rhodes, Laila, Gonzalez, Santiago, and Mehta, Sagar

Subjects
national survey, plastic surgery residency, residency program director, step 2, usmle step 1 pass/fail
Abstract

BACKGROUND:  Traditionally, the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 3-digit score has been used as a metric to stratify plastic surgery residency candidates. The transition to a pass/fail exam may impact the manner in which integrated plastic surgery residency program directors (PS-RPD) evaluate candidates. It may also limit opportunities for applicants to differentiate themselves from their counterparts. METHODS: A 14-question survey was distributed via email to 76 PS-RPDs collected from the American Medical Association (AMA) residency program site, FRIEDA. It was sent three times from March 3 - March 14, 2020. McNemar tests were performed on the current metrics of evaluation in comparison to metrics expected to be used in the absence of a 3-digit Step 1 score, assuming a P < 0.05 level for statistical significance.  Results: Of the 76 integrated plastics programs surveyed, 24 PS-RPDs responded (31.6% response rate); 91.3% of PS-RPDs strongly disagree or disagree that Step 1 should be pass/fail; 78.3% of PS-RPDs strongly disagree or disagree that diversity will increase. The top five evaluation metrics PS-RPDs expect to utilize following the transition to pass/fail are: letters of recommendation (87.0%; CI 72% - 100%; p=0.500), Step 2 score (78.3%; CI 60% - 96%; p=0.001), research (56.5%; CI 35% - 78%; p=0.125), elective rotation (56.5%; CI 35% - 78%; p=1.000), and personal knowledge of the applicant (52.2%; CI 30% - 74%; p=0.500).  Conclusions: In the absence of a Step 1 score, PS-RPDs may require more holistic metric(s) to evaluate the best fit for their program. This study found that PS-RPDs expect their candidate evaluation process to remain highly similar with the only statistically significant change being an increased emphasis on the candidates Step 2 score.

Published
2022

32. Aiolos represses CD4+ T cell cytotoxic programming via reciprocal regulation of TFH transcription factors and IL-2 sensitivity

Author

Read, Kaitlin A., Jones, Devin M., Pokhrel, Srijana, Hales, Emily D. S., Varkey, Aditi, Tuazon, Jasmine A., Eisele, Caprice D., Abdouni, Omar, Saadey, Abbey, Leonard, Melissa R., Warren, Robert T., Powell, Michael D., Boss, Jeremy M., Hemann, Emily A., Yount, Jacob S., Xin, Gang, Ghoneim, Hazem E., Lio, Chan-Wang J., Freud, Aharon G., Collins, Patrick L., and Oestreich, Kenneth J.

Published
2023
Full Text
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34. Federated Causal Inference in Heterogeneous Observational Data

Author

Xiong, Ruoxuan, Koenecke, Allison, Powell, Michael, Shen, Zhu, Vogelstein, Joshua T., and Athey, Susan

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Economics - Econometrics, Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods, Statistics - Methodology
Abstract

We are interested in estimating the effect of a treatment applied to individuals at multiple sites, where data is stored locally for each site. Due to privacy constraints, individual-level data cannot be shared across sites; the sites may also have heterogeneous populations and treatment assignment mechanisms. Motivated by these considerations, we develop federated methods to draw inference on the average treatment effects of combined data across sites. Our methods first compute summary statistics locally using propensity scores and then aggregate these statistics across sites to obtain point and variance estimators of average treatment effects. We show that these estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. To achieve these asymptotic properties, we find that the aggregation schemes need to account for the heterogeneity in treatment assignments and in outcomes across sites. We demonstrate the validity of our federated methods through a comparative study of two large medical claims databases.

Published
2021

35. Conservation Easements for Biodiversity and Happy Clients.

Author

Powell, Michael A.

Subjects
Confidential communications -- Attorneys, Biological diversity conservation -- Laws, regulations and rules, Climatic changes -- Laws, regulations and rules, Conservation easements -- Laws, regulations and rules, Skepticism -- Analysis, Government regulation, Company business management, Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad
Abstract

On January 27, 2021, President Joseph Biden issued an executive order to set a goal of conserving 30 percent of U.S. land and waters by the year 2030. Exec. Order [...]

Published
2023

38. Research Infrastructure Core Facilities at Research Centers in Minority Institutions: Part I—Research Resources Management, Operation, and Best Practices

Author

Tchounwou, Paul B, Malouhi, Mohamad, Ofili, Elizabeth O, Fernández-Repollet, Emma, Sarpong, Daniel F, Yanagihara, Richard, Aguilera, Renato J, Ayón, Cecilia, Chen, Xiaoxin, Dasmahapatra, Asok, Gao, Song, Hinton, Cimona V, Holt, Robert, Kolesnichenko, Vladimir, Powell, Michael D, Merchant, Fatima, Redda, Kinfe K, Roche-Lima, Abiel, Shikuma, Cecilia M, Stevens, Jacqueline J, Torres, Jose A, Trotter, Robert T, Wachira, James, Wang, Paul, Wells, Kristen J, White, Jason, and Wu, Yanyuan

Subjects
Public Health, Health Sciences, Health Disparities, Good Health and Well Being, United States, Humans, Biomedical Research, Minority Groups, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Minority Health, Research Personnel, RCMI program, research infrastructure core, laboratory management and operation, best practices, Toxicology
Abstract

Funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Program fosters the development and implementation of innovative research aimed at improving minority health and reducing or eliminating health disparities. Currently, there are 21 RCMI Specialized (U54) Centers that share the same framework, comprising four required core components, namely the Administrative, Research Infrastructure, Investigator Development, and Community Engagement Cores. The Research Infrastructure Core (RIC) is fundamentally important for biomedical and health disparities research as a critical function domain. This paper aims to assess the research resources and services provided and evaluate the best practices in research resources management and networking across the RCMI Consortium. We conducted a REDCap-based survey and collected responses from 57 RIC Directors and Co-Directors from 98 core leaders. Our findings indicated that the RIC facilities across the 21 RCMI Centers provide access to major research equipment and are managed by experienced faculty and staff who provide expert consultative and technical services. However, several impediments to RIC facilities operation and management have been identified, and these are currently being addressed through implementation of cost-effective strategies and best practices of laboratory management and operation.

Published
2022

39. Pressure, temperature, and orientation dependent thermal conductivity of $\alpha$-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane ($\alpha$-RDX)

Author

Perriot, Romain, Powell, Michael S., Lazarz, John D., Bolme, C. A., McGrane, Shawn D., Moore, David S., Cawkwell, M. J., and Ramos, Kyle J.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We use reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) simulations to determine the thermal conductivity in $\alpha$-RDX in the <100>, <010>, and <001> crystallographic directions. Simulations are carried out with the Smith-Bharadwaj non-reactive empirical interatomic potential [Smith & Bharadwaj, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 3570(1999)], which represents the thermo-elastic properties of RDX with good accuracy. As an illustration, we report the temperature and pressure dependence of lattice constants of $\alpha$-RDX, which compare well with experimental and ab initio results, as do linear and volume thermal expansion coefficients, which we also calculate. We find that the thermal conductivity depends linearly on the inverse temperature in the 200-400K regime due to the decrease in the phonon mean free path. The thermal conductivity also exhibits anisotropy, with a maximum difference at 300K of 24% between the <001> and <010> directions, an effect that remains when temperature increases. Thermal conductivity in the <100> direction is mostly between the two other directions, although crossovers are predicted with <001> at high temperature, and <010> at low temperature under pressure. We observe that the thermal conductivity varies linearly with pressure up to 4 GPa. The data are fitted to analytical functions for interpolation/extrapolation and use in continuum simulations. MD results are validated against experiments using impulsive stimulated thermal scattering (ISTS) on RDX single crystals at 293K and ambient pressure, showing good qualitative and quantitative agreement: same ordering between the three principal orientations, and an average error of 10% between the experiments and the model. These results provide confidence that the extracted analytical functions using the RNEMD methodology and the Smith-Bharadwaj potential can be applied to model the thermal conductivity of $\alpha$-RDX.

Published
2021
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42. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists to prevent hyperinflammation and death from lower respiratory tract infection

Author

Koenecke, Allison, Powell, Michael, Xiong, Ruoxuan, Shen, Zhu, Fischer, Nicole, Huq, Sakibul, Khalafallah, Adham M., Trevisan, Marco, Sparen, Pär, Carrero, Juan J, Nishimura, Akihiko, Caffo, Brian, Stuart, Elizabeth A., Bai, Renyuan, Staedtke, Verena, Thomas, David L., Papadopoulos, Nickolas, Kinzler, Kenneth W., Vogelstein, Bert, Zhou, Shibin, Bettegowda, Chetan, Konig, Maximilian F., Mensh, Brett, Vogelstein, Joshua T., and Athey, Susan

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Tissues and Organs, Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
Abstract

In severe viral pneumonia, including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the viral replication phase is often followed by hyperinflammation, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. We previously demonstrated that alpha-1 adrenergic receptor ($\alpha_1$-AR) antagonists can prevent hyperinflammation and death in mice. Here, we conducted retrospective analyses in two cohorts of patients with acute respiratory distress (ARD, n=18,547) and three cohorts with pneumonia (n=400,907). Federated across two ARD cohorts, we find that patients exposed to $\alpha_1$-AR antagonists, as compared to unexposed patients, had a 34% relative risk reduction for mechanical ventilation and death (OR=0.70, p=0.021). We replicated these methods on three pneumonia cohorts, all with similar effects on both outcomes. All results were robust to sensitivity analyses. These results highlight the urgent need for prospective trials testing whether prophylactic use of $\alpha_1$-AR antagonists ameliorates lower respiratory tract infection-associated hyperinflammation and death, as observed in COVID-19., Comment: 31 pages, 10 figures

Published
2020
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44. Obituary and Tribute to Billie L. Turner: Botanist, Teacher, Mentor, Philosopher, Friend

Author

Adams, Robert P., Averett, A, Ayers, T, Barrie, F, Blackwell, M, Blackwell, Will H., Bierner, Mark W, Clary, K, Delprete, Piero G., Elisens, W, Irwin, D, Lavin, M, Northington, D, Olmstead, R, Powell, Michael, Rankin, S P, Raven, Peter H, Robinson, Harold Ernest, Scott, R, Strother, J L, Stuessy, Tod F., Tomb, S, Turnerii, B L, Warnockturner, M, Walker, J., Yatskievych, George Alfred, and BioStor

Published
2020

46. ALEGRA: Finite element modeling for shock hydrodynamics and multiphysics

Author

Niederhaus, John H.J., Bova, Steven W., Carleton, James B., Carpenter, John H., Cochrane, Kyle R., Crockatt, Michael M., Dong, Wen, Fuller, Timothy J., Granzow, Brian N., Ibanez, Daniel A., Kennon, Stephen R., Luchini, Christopher B., Moral, Ramón J., O’Brien, Christopher J., Powell, Michael J., Robinson, Allen C., Rodriguez, Angel E., Sanchez, Jason J., Scott, W. Alan, Siefert, Christopher M., Stagg, Alan K., Tezaur, Irina K., Voth, Thomas E., and Wilkes, John R.

Published
2023
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50. Factors associated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in autoimmune disease individuals

Author

Anderson, Erik, primary, Powell, Michael, additional, Yang, Emily, additional, Kar, Ananya, additional, Leung, Tung Ming, additional, Sison, Cristina, additional, Steinberg, Rebecca, additional, Mims, Raven, additional, Choudhury, Ananya, additional, Espinosa, Carlo, additional, Zelmanovich, Joshua, additional, Okoye, Nkemakonam C., additional, Choi, Eun Jung, additional, Marder, Galina, additional, Narain, Sonali, additional, Gregersen, Peter K., additional, Mackay, Meggan, additional, Diamond, Betty, additional, Levy, Todd, additional, Zanos, Theodoros P., additional, Khosroshahi, Arezou, additional, Sanz, Ignacio, additional, Luning Prak, Eline T., additional, Bar-Or, Amit, additional, Merrill, Joan, additional, Arriens, Cristina, additional, Pardo, Gabriel, additional, Guthridge, Joel, additional, James, Judith, additional, Payne, Aimee, additional, Utz, Paul J., additional, Boss, Jeremy M., additional, Aranow, Cynthia, additional, and Davidson, Anne, additional

Published
2024
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