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Small-scale chicken farming provides livelihoods and animal protein for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. (1,2) This helps explain why the domestic poultry production sector is growing fast in many [...]

Background: The burden of diarrheal diseases remains high among children in low- income countries. Enteropathogens are challenging to control because they are transmitted via multiple pathways. Chickens are an important animal protein source, but live chickens and their products are often highly contaminated with enteropathogens. Objectives: We conducted this study to a) understand the contribution of multiple transmission pathways to the force of infection of Campylobacter spp. and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp., b) quantify the potential impact of reducing each pathway on human infection, and c) quantify hypothesized pathway reduction from the context of Maputo, Mozambique. Methods: We developed transmission models for Campylobacter and Salmonella that captured person-to-person, water- to- person, food-to-person, soil-to-person, animal-to-person, and all-other-sources-to-person in an urban, low-income setting in Mozambique. We calibrated these models using prevalence data from Maputo, Mozambique and estimates of attributable fraction of transmission pathways for the region. We simulated the prevalence of human infection after reducing transmission through each pathway. Results: Simulation results indicated that if foodborne transmission were reduced by 90%, the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella infection would decline by [52.2%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 39.7, 63.8] and (46.9%; 95% CrI: 39, 55.4), respectively. Interruption of any other pathway did not have a substantial impact. Combined with survey and microbiology data, if contamination of broiler chicken meat at informal markets in Maputo could be reduced by 90%, the total infection of Campylobacter and Salmonella could be reduced by 21% (16-26%) and 12% (10- 13%), respectively. Discussion: Our transmission models showed that the foodborne transmission has to be reduced to control enteropathogen infections in our study site, and likely in other similar contexts, but mitigation of this transmission pathway has not received sufficient attention. Our model can serve as a tool to identify effective mitigation opportunities to control zoonotic enteropathogens. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12314, Introduction Diarrheal diseases are a substantial source of childhood morbidity and mortality. (1) In contexts where enteropathogen transmission is high, repeated asymptomatic infections also contributed to undernutrition and growth faltering [...]

Cereal-based diets of the people in developing countries are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients--vitamins and minerals--due to low intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes and foods of animal origin. Consumption of nutritious millets has also come down in India. Calorie sufficiency may ensure protein sufficiency (though not protein quality), but it does not ensure adequacy of micronutrients. Studies in several countries in Asia, and India show that with education and advocacy even farmers with small and marginal land holdings can be persuaded to raise homestead vegetables and fruits gardens and increase household vegetables consumption. Backyard poultry also has good acceptance and impact on household egg consumption. For best results, the community, especially the mothers have to be educated about the importance of nutrition for health and wellbeing. Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education-behavioural change communication. Impact of nutrition gardens and backyard poultry with high egg-yielding breeds had positive impact on the household consumption of vegetables and eggs., Author(s): Mahtab S. Bamji [sup.1] , P. V. V. S. Murty [sup.1] , Parimala Diana Sudhir [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) Dangoria Charitable Trust (DCT), Hyderabad, India (2) Department of statistics, [...]

This autoethnographic, multidisciplinary illness narrative describes the working conditions of a crew of Latina/o chicken workers (gallineras/os) in North Carolina and explores how these laborers respond to and make meaning of their brutal and dehumanizing work. Transporting us back to a pre-pandemic era, this project seeks to demonstrate how systemic conditions, exacerbating health disparities among poultry workers during COVID-19, are, in fact, endemic and will persist after a post-pandemic US society. Engaging with medical anthropological scholarship that investigates the intersections between Latina/o labor, legislation, and health, this project employs structural violence and structural vulnerability frameworks to investigate the network of structures that contribute to poor health outcomes among Latina/o immigrant workers. 'Chicken Doctors' explores how disabling working conditions and their attending legislative and occupational policies debilitate Latina/o immigrant workers, and it argues that gallinera/o labor must be understood as a form of illness, as their toil leaves them with daily pains and lasting impairments. The project draws from an interview with the author's father, who worked as a gallinera/o laborer and manager for over two decades, as well as from the author's own observations and journal entries written during his work as a gallinera/o. The piece details the incapacitating gallinera/o labor required to move and vaccinate chickens, describes the toxic working environments, and reflects upon the collective strategies for transcendence that gallineras/os employ to survive their conditions. While this project unveils the spirited resilience of gallineras/os, who make up an essential link in the poultry industry chain but are less conspicuous than their meatpacking counterparts, it especially seeks to expose the network of injustices surrounding their labor. KEYWORDS disability studies, illness narratives, immigrant labor and labor reform, Latina/o studies, Latinx environmentalisms, PREFACE: (PRE-)COVID ILLNESSES & THINKING BEYOND A PANACEA The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us of our universal mortality as humans, but it has simultaneously exacerbated pre-existing racial and ethnic inequalities [...]

Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were laboratory confirmed in China in the spring of 2013 (1). Since then, 1,567 human cases and 615 fatal cases have been officially [...]

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses were identified in 1996 in a goose from Guangdong, China, and the evolution of the hemagglutinins (HAs) of these A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage viruses [...]