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Heparin, traditionally known for its anticoagulant properties, has recently been identified as a potential agent in cancer therapy. Its derivatives, including low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH), are being investigated for their multifaceted roles in oncology. This review focuses on the expanding exploration of heparin's anticancer effects and its possible integration into cancer treatment protocols. The primary aim is to consolidate and analyze current research on the anticancer properties of heparin and its derivatives. It seeks to illuminate the mechanisms by which these compounds influence cancer progression, including their impact on angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, immune response modulation, and the inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion. Additionally, the review aims to evaluate the potential of heparin and its derivatives in complementing existing chemotherapy treatments. An extensive literature review was conducted, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Sources included a range of scientific databases, employing keywords related to heparin and oncology. The selected studies were critically reviewed to extract relevant data on the efficacy, mechanisms, and potential clinical applications of heparin in cancer therapy. The results reveals that heparin and its derivatives exhibit significant anticancer activity across various research settings; key findings include the inhibition of angiogenesis, reduction in tumor cell proliferation, stimulation of immune responses, and the limitation of cancer cell migration and invasion. The compounds also show promise as adjuncts to conventional chemotherapy, potentially enhancing the efficacy of existing cancer treatments. This review highlights the burgeoning role of heparin and its derivatives in the realm of cancer therapy, marking a shift from their traditional use as anticoagulants. While promising, the research underscores the need for further comprehensive studies to fully understand the mechanisms of action, optimal dosing, potential side effects, and patient selection criteria. The potential integration of heparin into cancer treatment regimens opens new therapeutic possibilities warranting continued investigation in this rapidly evolving field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel leaves (Piper betle) are a species of Piper genus which is rich in phytonutrients like steroids, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antiplaque, and anti-diabetic properties are among the health benefits of this plant's leaf extract. This study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant capacity of piper betle leaves. In this study, qualitative phytochemical screening were used done by using test for alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins. Additionally, we calculated the betel leaves' total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH, H202 scavenging activity after extraction by methanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The TPC and TFC was noted 51.5278 mg GAE/gm and 33.769 mg QE/gm respectively. There was a significant positive connection found between DPPH and Total Phenolic Content. (R²=0.9939) (p value= 0.0002), H202 (R²=0.9979) (p value<0.0001) respectively at a 95% confidence level which is consistent with the above literature reports. There is significant relationship between TFC and DPPH (R²=0.9781) (p value= 0.0014) H202 (R²=0.9591) (p value= 0.0036) respectively at a 95% confidence level. The leaves of Piper betle contain high amount of phenolic and flavonoid content, hence can be used as natural antioxidant. To fully comprehend antioxidants' potential to prevent diseases that have a major negative influence on life expectancy, more research must be done on the separation, identification, and mechanism of action of the relevant antioxidant components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]