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SUMMARY Mexican wild diploid potato species are reproductively isolated from A‐genome species, including cultivated potatoes; thus, their genomic relationships remain unknown. Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd. et Bché. (2n = 4x = 48, AABB) is a Mexican allotetraploid species frequently used in potato breeding. We constructed a chromosome‐scale assembly of the S. stoloniferum genome using PacBio long‐read sequencing and Hi‐C scaffolding technologies. The final assembly consisted of 1742 Mb, among which 745 Mb and 713 Mb were anchored to the 12 A‐genome and 12 B‐genome chromosomes, respectively. Using the RNA‐seq datasets, we detected 20 994 and 19 450 genes in the A and B genomes, respectively. Among these genes, 5138 and 3594 were specific to the A and B genomes, respectively, and 15 856 were homoeologous, of which 18.6–25.4% were biasedly expressed. Structural variations such as large pericentromeric inversions were frequently found between the A‐ and B‐genome chromosomes. A comparison of the gene sequences from 38 diverse genomes of the related Solanum species revealed that the S. stoloniferum B genome and Mexican diploid species, with the exception of S. verrucosum, were monophyletically distinct from the S. stoloniferum A genome and the other A‐genome species, indicating that the Mexican diploid species share the B genome. The content and divergence of transposable elements (TEs) revealed recent bursts and transpositions of TEs after polyploidization. Thus, the S. stoloniferum genome has undergone dynamic structural differentiation and TE mobilization and reorganization to stabilize the genomic imbalance. This study provides new insights into polyploid evolution and the efficient use of allotetraploid species in potato breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogen Verticillium dahliae secreted effector V. dahliae Aspf2-like protein (VDAL) has been found to cause leaf wilting in cotton, but the ectopic expression of VDAL-encoding gene enhances the resistance to V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. The application of the VDAL protein powder with optimal dosage promotes the growth and yield in multiple crop species, such as rice and wheat. However, the promotive effects of VDAL on these aspects are sporadically reported in asexually propagated species, including potato, while the molecular regulatory network involved in the process remains unclear. In this study, we observed that VDAL promotes sprouting of the potato pre-basic seed (PBS) tubers and enhances the development of both above-ground and below-ground tissues. Strikingly, VDAL increases the tuber yield in both greenhouse and field trials by up to 18.97%. The time-course transcriptomic analysis and the endogenous phytohormone detection revealed that cytokinin may play an important role in response to VDAL-promoted growth. Interestingly, VDAL-treated PBS tubers show higher resistance to cold temperature (late-spring cold), a phenomenon that is diminished when the lovastatin, a cytokinin inhibitor is applied, indicating that the VDAL-promoted potato growth, particularly under low temperature, is associated with cytokinin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absorption of the essential element nitrogen by plants affects various aspects of plant physiological activity, including gene expression, metabolite content and growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the potato tuberization response to nitrogen remains unclear. Potato plants were subjected to pot experiments under nitrogen deficiency, normal nitrogen levels and nitrogen sufficiency. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological responses, transcriptomic profiles, and metabolic pathways of potato stolons subjected to nitrogen stress was conducted. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 2756 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with nitrogen stress. Metabolomic analysis identified a total of 600 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Further correlation analysis of the major DEGs and DAMs revealed that 9 key DEGs were associated with alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, 16 key DEGs with starch and sucrose metabolism, 7 key DEGs with nitrogen metabolism, and 16 key DEGs with ABC transporters. Nitrogen deficiency significantly increased the sucrose, GDP-glucose and L-glutamic acid levels and promoted stolon growth by increasing the expression of AMY (alpha-amylase), BE (1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme), SS (starch synthase), SPS (sucrose‒phosphate synthase) and AGPS (glucose‒1-phosphate adenylyltransferase). However, high nitrogen levels had the opposite effect. In addition, high nitrogen levels upregulated EG (endoglucanase), SUS (sucrose synthase) and GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) and led to significant accumulation of 9-Hydroperoxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoate (9(S)-HpOTrE), (13 S)-Hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoate (13 (S)-HpOTrE) and L-glutamine, ultimately affecting the balance between plant growth and defense. Overall, our comprehensive study revealed the co-expressed genes and potential pathways related to potato tuber formation under different nitrogen conditions. These data provide a better understanding needed for improving potato tuber traits at the molecular and metabolic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residues colonized saprophytically by necrotrophic plant pathogens are an important primary inoculum source for epidemics of foliar diseases. Residues of crops, weeds, and litter were systematically sampled in a complex crop rotation experiment. Concentrations of DNA of major pathogens of the grown crops, Alternaria solani in potato and Cercospora beticola, Ramularia beticola , and Stemphylium beticola in sugar beet, were quantified in the residues using newly developed qPCR assays. Repeated field trials gave additional insights into the dynamics of A. solani in potato foliage residues for 2 years. The overall results demonstrate that the A. solani and C. beticola colonized crop residues of their host crops initially after harvest at high densities whereas R. beticola and S. beticola were almost absent in the field. Within several months, amounts of available host residues decreased substantially and concentrations of pathogens in the remaining host residues decreased steeply. Alternative substrates, residues of non-host crops including cover crops and weeds, were colonized saprophytically by the necrotrophic pathogens A. solani and C. beticola. It can be concluded that residues of non-hosts can potentially serve as an important bridge for pathogen populations during host-free cropping seasons in crop rotation systems. These findings contribute to the development of rational crop residue management strategies aiming at disease prevention by lowering the inoculum potential in crop rotation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Low‐temperature sweetening is a crucial aspect in the potato chips industry because of the initiation of browning. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasonication on the concentrations of reducing sugars, sucrose, asparagine and chip color on tubers with different characteristics. Therefore, samples of the cultivars (cvs.) Nicola, Laura and Golden Wonder were used in this study. The tubers were initially stored at 4 °C and a relative humidity of 90% for 18 weeks. Ultrasonication was applied at 25 and 50 °C for 10, 20 and 30 min.The results showed that ultrasonication contributed to improve the color of the chips produced from the chip cultivar (cv. Golden Wonder), as well as the non‐chip cultivars (cvs. Nicola and Laura). The concentration of reducing sugars and sucrose is the main factor for the color development of the chips. Increased temperature and extended ultrasonication duration correlate with more pronounced cell wall disruption.The present study revealed that ultrasonication could be considered as a pretreatment for production of chips from cold‐stored tubers. However, it is necessary to validate the feasibility of this application in an upscaled process. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent germplasm resources are the foundation for cultivating high-quality, disease-resistant, and stress-tolerant varieties. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify 138 potato accessions collected from worldwide, and genetic cluster analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity of the tested germplasm resources. The Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance of these potato accessions was identified by artificial friction inoculation combined with molecular marker detection, and potato accessions with different PVY resistance were screened based on disease index and incidence rate. Using SSR markers, 138 potato accessions were identified, and the results showed that the genetic distances between the tested potato germplasm resources ranged from 0.025 to 0.660, and the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.489 to 0.975. The 138 accessions could be clustered into five subgroups using Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Among them, Z173, Biyin No. 4, Suyin No. 2, XN995, XN987, Biyin No 22, Bibiao104, Sarpo mira, XN996, XN979, Desiree, RUNSHI, Actrice, Jia 1219, Heyin No 12, and Moyin No.1 have relatively distant genetic relationship with another 122 accessions. Based on the disease index, the following different accessions were screened: five highly resistant, 11 resistant, 45 moderately resistant, 35 susceptible, and 42 highly susceptible. Fourteen resource materials with good resistance (disease index ≤ 33.74%, and a grading of high resistance (HR) or medium resistance (MR); incidence rate ≤ 67.58%) were identified. By combining genetic cluster analysis and PVY resistance identification, six accessions showed PVY resistance and had distant genetic relationships with other accessions selected which provided important materials for disease resistance breeding and quality improvement of potato. In this study, the genetic diversity and PVY resistance of global potato germplasm resources was explored, and potato germplasm materials with important utilization value were screened. The results obtained in this study could provide important references for the research and utilization of global potato germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth hormone export PIN-FORMED (PIN) is an important carrier for regulating the polar transport of plant growth hormones and plays an important role in plant growth and development. However, little is known about the characteristics and functions of PINs in potatoes. In this study, 10 PIN members were identified from potatoes and named StPIN1, StPIN2, StPIN3, StPIN4, StPIN5, StPIN6, StPIN7, StPIN8, StPIN9, and StPIN10 according to their positions in the potato chromosome In addition, the expression of 10 StPINs was analyzed by qRT-PCR during potato root development. The results showed that the StPIN4 gene plays an important regulatory role in potato root development, and its tissue expression varied greatly. Several cis-regulatory elements related to growth factors were also detected in the promoter region of the StPIN gene. The transgenic overexpressing StPIN4 in potato showed suppressed growth in root length and lateral root number, and StPIN4-interfering plants showed the opposite. These results suggested that StPIN4 plays a key role in the regulation of the potato root architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Can modern breeding technologies, such as genome editing, contribute to reduced pesticide usage? This question has been accentuated by a recent legal proposal to exempt genome‐edited plants from the strict regulations applied to classical genetically modified (GM) crops within the European Union (EU). Using official statistics on crop cultivation and pesticide usage for two example crops commonly grown in Sweden, we calculate that cereal farmers collectively could save up to 70 million € in pesticide usage for wheat alone and that a late blight‐resistant potato could reduce pesticide usage by over 80% provided that the EU legislation is amended. Summary: The European Commission has set goals to reduce the use of chemical pesticides, and one way to meet these goals in the agricultural sector is to breed disease‐resistant crops. Here, we ask whether modern breeding technologies, for example, genome editing using site‐directed nucleases, can contribute to these goals. This question has been accentuated by recent legal proposals in the European Union (EU) and several other jurisdictions worldwide to exempt genome‐edited plants from the strict regulations often applied to classical genetically modified (GM) crops. Using official statistics on crop cultivation and pesticide usage for two example crops commonly grown in Sweden (wheat and potato), we show that cereal farmers collectively could potentially save up to 70 million € in pesticide usage for wheat alone and that a late blight‐resistant potato could reduce pesticide usage by over 80% provided that the EU legislation is amended. Given the immense potential of genome‐edited crops, we further discuss details in the legal proposal currently being negotiated in the EU on the so‐called new genomic techniques that includes both genome editing and targeted insertions of cisgenes. Although promising, we argue that several technical limitations in the legal proposal will, if implemented, hamper the development of disease‐resistant crops and make the suggested legislation less future‐proof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild Solanum species have contributed many introgressed genes during domestication into current cultivated potatoes, enhancing their biotic and abiotic stress resistance and facilitating global expansion. Abiotic stress negatively impacts potato physiology and productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development may help solve this global problem. We made a transcriptomic analysis of potato microtuberization under darkness, cytokinins, and osmotic stress conditions. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified 404 genes with high confidence. These genes were involved in important processes like oxidative stress, carbon metabolism, sterol biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and nucleosome assembly. From this network, we selected nine ancestral genes along with eight additional stress-related genes. We used qPCR to analyze the expression of the selected genes under osmotic, heat–osmotic, cold–osmotic, salt–osmotic, and combined-stress conditions. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 60.61% of the genes analyzed were associated with osmotic, cold–osmotic, and heat–osmotic stress. Seven out of ten introgression/domestication genes showed the highest variance in the analysis. The genes H3.2 and GAPCP1 were involved in osmotic, cold–osmotic, and heat–osmotic stress. Under combined-all stress, TPI and RPL4 were significant, while in salt–osmotic stress conditions, ENO1, HSP70-8, and PER were significant. This indicates the importance of ancestral genes for potato survival during evolution. The targeted manipulation of these genes could improve combined-stress tolerance in potatoes, providing a genetic basis for enhancing crop resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suberin biosynthesis involves the coordinated regulation of both phenolic and aliphatic metabolisms. HXXXD/BAHD acyltransferases occupy a unique place in suberization, as they function to crosslink phenolic and aliphatic monomers during suberin assembly. To date, only one suberin-associated HXXXD/BAHD acyltransferase, StFHT, has been described in potatoes, whereas, in Arabidopsis, at least two are implicated in suberin biosynthesis. RNAseq data from wound-induced potato tubers undergoing suberization indicate that transcripts for 28 HXXXD/BAHD acyltransferase genes accumulate in response to wounding. In the present study, we generated RNAi knockdown lines for StFHT and another highly wound-induced HXXXD/BAHD acyltransferase, designated StHCT, and characterized their wound-induced suberin phenotype. StFHT-RNAi and StHCT-RNAi knockdown lines share the same aliphatic suberin phenotype of reduced esterified ferulic acid and ferulates, which is similar to the previously described StFHT-RNAi knockdown suberin phenotype. However, the phenolic suberin phenotype differed between the two knockdown genotypes, with StHCT-RNAi knockdown lines having proportionately more p-hydroxyphenyl-derived moieties than either StFHT-RNAi knockdown or empty vector control lines. Analysis of soluble polar metabolites revealed that StHCT catalyzes a step upstream from StFHT. Overall, our data support the involvement of more than one HXXXD/BAHD acyltransferase in potato suberin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to establish optimal double-cooking condition using response surface methodology that maintained hardness while maximizing potassium reduction rate. The experimental design was based on the first cooking time (4.5–5.5 min) and rinsing time (20–60 s) through central composite design. This study suggested an optimal double-cooking condition of 5.5 min for first cooking and 57.57 s for rinsing. The model corroborated that the double-cooking condition significantly influenced dependent variables, including potassium reduction rate, hardness, and color (b-value). As the first cooking time increased, the potassium reduction rate increased and the hardness and b-value decreased. SEM revealed that double-cooked potato had more organized and netted structure. This structure could be helpful to maintain hardness, but relatively large amount of potassium could be leached out. The established optimal double-cooking condition for potatoes holds promise for broadening the dietary options for chronic kidney disease patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important crops facing threats from different diseases. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to control disease development and spread. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used in potato disease diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated the specificity of 19 probe-based and four SYBR Green-based qPCR protocols for 17 potato diseases using in silico analysis. Primers and probes of those protocols were subjected to BLASTn analysis against the nucleotide collection (nr/nt) database and the whole-genome shotgun contigs (wgs) database of NCBI for the presence of primer/probe sequences in non-target species. Results showed that 12 of 23 qPCR protocols were not specific to the target pathogens. A qPCR experiment indicated that even nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are present on the sequences of the primer/probe binding sites between the potato silver scurf pathogen Helminthosporium solani and its close-related species H. velutinum, the primers/probe specific to the former could amplify signals from the latter. These findings highlight the need for additional methods to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and new sequencing technologies such as next generation sequencing could provide useful information to develop specific diagnostic protocols for these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Gram-positive actinobacterium Streptomyces scabies is the major causal agent of potato common scab. The main pathogenicity factor is thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin that causes atypical cell death, although other secondary metabolites have been described to play a role in S. scabies virulence. Despite this, many aspects of the interaction between S. scabies and its primary host Solanum tuberosum L. remain to be elucidated. Methods: Intracellular proteins of S. scabies EF-35 grown in the presence of in vitro produced tubers (microtubers) of the Russet Burbank and Yukon Gold potato cultivars were extracted and analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ES MS/MS). Based on the results of proteomic analysis, iron quantification by ICP-MS and nitrite quantification using Griess reagent in growth media as well as RT-qPCR analysis of the siderophore pyochelin gene expression were performed in the presence and absence of microtubers. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was also determined in the nutrient medium used for co-cultivation of bacteria and potato microtubers. Results: Potato microtubers caused an increase in the content of bacterial proteins involved in stress and defense, secondary metabolism, and cell differentiation, as well as secreted proteins. Co-cultivation with potato microtubers induced the accumulation of S. scabies proteins implicated in siderophore pyochelin biosynthesis, nitrite production and oxidative stress perception and response. The increase in the abundance of proteins related to pyochelin biosynthesis was consistent with a significant decrease in the iron content in the culture medium, as well as with induction of expression of pyochelin biosynthesis genes. Elevated nitrite/sulfite reductase protein levels were associated with increased nitrite excretion by S. scabies cells in the presence of host microtubers. The increase in the levels of proteins associated with signaling and oxidative stress response could have been caused by the accumulation of ROS, in particular hydrogen peroxide, detected in the studied system. Discussion: These findings show that interactions of S. scabies with living potato microtubers induce the production of secondary metabolites, defense responses, and protection from oxidative stress. This study suggests the importance of iron during host - S. scabies interactions, resulting in competition between pathogen and its host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe potential of potato by-products as a protein source presents an exciting opportunity to explore new methods and technologies to extract, enhance, and incorporate this valuable protein source into a variety of food products. This article reviews the progress in research related to potato and other tuber plant protein extraction technology. It also explores some conventional and novel techniques for plant protein extraction that may be applicable to tuber protein extraction. For extraction from solid matter, conventional methods such as acid-base extraction with heat assistance often mean a waste of energy, solvent, and destruction of protein structure. Enzyme-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and pulsed electric field extraction have their own advantages as novel processing methods. For liquid by-products of tuber plants, precipitation, membrane filtration and chromatography are applied to extract proteins. By combining protein extraction with various biomass extraction methods, every part of the potatoes can be fully utilized, minimizing waste. This approach offers the opportunity to optimize the utilization of all potatoes components, reduce waste, generate additional revenue streams and ultimately increase the sustainability and effectiveness of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the current situation of potato fertilization and its main influencing factors in the main potato producing areas of Inner Mongolia, in 2019, a survey was conducted on the fertilization of 1 090.2 hm² potato in 215 households in a typical county at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the farmers who applied chemical fertilizer alone accounted for 63.8% of the surveyed households and 20.6% of the surveyed area. Organic inorganic fertilizer with the number of users accounted for 20.9%, the area accounted for 53.9%. Fertilization mode was mainly affected by irrigation conditions and planting scale. The application amount of organic fertilizer (physical dry base) was mainly 15.0-22.5 t/hm² in dry farming area and small per capita planting area, and the amount of chemical fertilizer (total amount of pure nutrients) was concentrated in the range of 0-75 kg/hm². The amount of organic fertilizer applied by farmers in irrigated farmland and large-scale operation was mainly 45-60 t/hm², and the amount of chemical fertilizer was greater than 750 kg/hm². The N: P2O3: K2O ratio in dry land was 100.0: 82.2:64.4 (t/hm²). Under irrigation condition, N: P2O3: K2O was 300.4: 265.2: 236.3 (kg/hm²). On the whole, the fertilization of potato in the northern foothills of Yinshan is dominated by single application of chemical fertilizer, and the mode of combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is diversified and less normative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant and pervasive post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. AlkB homolog (ALKBH) proteins play crucial roles in RNA metabolism and translation, participating in m6A methylation modification to regulate plant development. However, no comprehensive investigations have been conducted on ALKBH in potato. Here, 11 StALKBH family genes were identified in potato and renamed according to BLASTP and phylogenetic analyses following the Arabidopsis genome. The characteristics, sequence structures, motif compositions, phylogenetics, chromosomal locations, synteny, and promoter cis-acting element predictions were analyzed, revealing distinct evolutionary relationships between potato and other species (tomato and Arabidopsis). Homologous proteins were classified into seven groups depending on similar conserved domains, which implies that they possess a potentially comparable function. Moreover, the StALKBHs were ubiquitous, and their expression was examined in the various tissues of a whole potato, in which the StALKBH genes, except for StALKBH2, were most highly expressed in the stolon and flower. Multiple hormone and stress-response elements were found to be located in the promoters of the StALKBH genes. Further qRT-PCR results suggest that they may be significantly upregulated in response to phytohormones and abiotic stress (except for cold), and the expression of most of the StALKBH genes exhibited positively modulated trends. Overall, this study is the first to report a genome-wide assessment of the ALKBH family in potato, providing valuable insights into candidate gene selection and facilitating in-depth functional analyses of ALKBH-mediated m6A methylation mechanisms in potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bud dormancy is a survival strategy that plants have developed in their native habitats. It helps them endure harsh seasonal changes by temporarily halting growth and activity until conditions become more favorable. Research has primarily focused on bud dormancy in tree species and the ability to halt growth in vegetative tissues, particularly in meristems. Various plant species, such as potato, have developed specialized storage organs, enabling them to become dormant during their yearly growth cycle. Deciduous trees and potato tubers exhibit a similar type of bud endodormancy, where the bud meristem will not initiate growth, even under favorable environmental conditions. Chilling accumulation activates C-repeat/dehydration responsive element binding (DREB) factors (CBFs) transcription factors that modify the expression of dormancy-associated genes. Chilling conditions shorten the duration of endodormancy by influencing plant hormones and sugar metabolism, which affect the timing and rate of bud growth. Sugar metabolism and signaling pathways can interact with abscisic acid, affecting the symplastic connection of dormant buds. This review explores how chilling affects endodormancy duration and explores the similarity of the chilling response of dormant buds in potato tubers and woody perennials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Plastic film mulching technology occupies a prominent position in China's agricultural production and plays an important role in improving crop yields, which can increase farmers' income and ensure national food security. As the current residual film recycling mechanism is incomplete, the accumulation of residual film in the soil has gradually increased, and the problem of residual film pollution has posed a serious threat to agricultural production and the natural environment. Ridge mulching cultivation is one of the main planting patterns for grain and oil crops, such as peanuts, potatoes, and maize, in China. In this paper, the planting patterns, mulching conditions, characteristics, and distribution of residual film of the typical ridge mulching crops, such as peanut and potato, were analyzed. The merits and demerits of various kinds of residual film recycling machines and the application status and operation quality of peanut and potato residual film recycling machines are summarized. Problems and suggestions for the mechanized recycling of residual film were raised. This study may provide ideas for the development of residual film mechanization recycling of ridge mulching crops. The aim of this study is to propose practical solutions by analyzing the current status and existing problems of mechanized residual film recovery in order to reduce residual film pollution, protect the environment, and achieve sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent germplasm resources are the foundation for cultivating high-quality, disease-resistant, and stress-tolerant varieties. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify 138 potato accessions collected from worldwide, and genetic cluster analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity of the tested germplasm resources. The Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance of these potato accessions was identified by artificial friction inoculation combined with molecular marker detection, and potato accessions with different PVY resistance were screened based on disease index and incidence rate. Using SSR markers, 138 potato accessions were identified, and the results showed that the genetic distances between the tested potato germplasm resources ranged from 0.025 to 0.660, and the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.489 to 0.975. The 138 accessions could be clustered into five subgroups using Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Among them, Z173, Biyin No. 4, Suyin No. 2, XN995, XN987, Biyin No 22, Bibiao104, Sarpo mira, XN996, XN979, Desiree, RUNSHI, Actrice, Jia 1219, Heyin No 12, and Moyin No.1 have relatively distant genetic relationship with another 122 accessions. Based on the disease index, the following different accessions were screened: five highly resistant, 11 resistant, 45 moderately resistant, 35 susceptible, and 42 highly susceptible. Fourteen resource materials with good resistance (disease index ≤ 33.74%, and a grading of high resistance (HR) or medium resistance (MR); incidence rate ≤ 67.58%) were identified. By combining genetic cluster analysis and PVY resistance identification, six accessions showed PVY resistance and had distant genetic relationships with other accessions selected which provided important materials for disease resistance breeding and quality improvement of potato. In this study, the genetic diversity and PVY resistance of global potato germplasm resources was explored, and potato germplasm materials with important utilization value were screened. The results obtained in this study could provide important references for the research and utilization of global potato germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal dynamics of canopy growth are closely related to the accumulation and distribution of plant dry matter. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with various sensors have been increasingly adopted in crop growth monitoring. In this study, two potato varieties were used as materials, and treated with different combinations of nitrogen forms (nitrate and ammonium) and application rates (0, 150, and 300 kg ha−1). A canopy development model was then constructed using low-cost time-series RGB imagery acquired by UAV. The objectives of this study were to quantify the variation in canopy development parameters under different nitrogen treatments and to explore the model parameters that represent the dynamics of plant dry matter accumulation, as well as those that contribute significantly to yield. The results showed that, except for the thermal time to canopy senescence (t2), other parameters of the potato canopy development model exhibited varying degrees of variation under different nitrogen treatments. The model parameters were more sensitive to nitrogen forms, such as ammonium and nitrate, than to application rates. The integral area (At) under the canopy development curve had a direct effect on plant dry matter accumulation (path coefficient of 0.78), and the two were significantly positively correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.93). Integral area at peak flowering (AtII) was significantly correlated with yield for both single and mixed potato varieties, having the greatest effect on yield (total effect of 1.717). In conclusion, UAV-acquired time-series RGB imagery could effectively quantify the variation of potato canopy development parameters under different nitrogen treatments and monitor the dynamic changes in plant dry matter accumulation. The regulation of canopy development parameters is of great importance and practical value for optimizing nitrogen management strategies and improving yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciphering the genetic mechanisms underlying key agronomic and quality traits in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is essential for advancing varietal improvement. Phenotypic instability in early clonal generations and inbreeding depression, coupled with the complexity of tetrasomic inheritance, pose significant challenges in constructing mapping populations for the genetic dissection of complex traits. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) offer an efficient method to establish trait–genome associations by analyzing genetic recombination and mutation events in natural populations. This review systematically examines the application of GWASs in identifying agronomic traits in potato, such as plant architecture, yield components, tuber shape, and resistance to early and late blight and nematodes, as well as quality traits including dry matter, starch, and glycoalkaloid content. Some key chromosomal hotspots identified through GWASs include chromosome 5 associated with tuber yield, starch content, and late blight resistance; chromosome 4 and 10 associations with tuber shape and starch content; chromosomes 1, 9, and 11 associated with plant height, tuber number, glycoalkaloid content, and pest resistance. It elucidates the advantages and limitations of GWASs for genetic loci identification in this autotetraploid crop, providing theoretical insights and a reference framework for the precise localization of key genetic loci and the discovery of underlying genes using GWASs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a notorious insect pest of potato incurring substantial yield losses in the field as well as in storage. Chemical control is difficult to exercise due to the latent feeding of the caterpillars and their ability to develop resistance against insecticides. One of the essential components of efficient insect-resistant management is using two or more different insecticidal genes in transgenic crops to effectively avoid and delay the resistance development in insect pests. Two constructs, namely DS-1 (cry3A + SN-19 genes) and DS-2 (OCII + SN-19 genes) in pCAMBIA1301 binary vector, were developed and were transformed in potato cultivars (Agria and Lady Olympia) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The molecular analysis confirmed gene integration and expression of the introduced genes in transgenic plants. The insecticidal effects of incorporated genes in transgenic plants were assessed against 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar potato tuber moth (PTM) larvae. The transgenic plants endured significantly high mortalities (100%) of larval stages of PTM within 72 h. Our results show that these transgenic potato plants have the potential to control populations of PTM and are also useful tools in managing PTM that would ultimately reduce the dependency on conventional chemical pesticides with potentially less or minimal hazards. These lines can also serve as an excellent source of germplasm for potato breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop canopy temperature can often be acquired using the thermal imager. Non-contact and non-destructive automated detection can be expected to achieve for crop water stress status. Automatic image alignment can be used to treat the fuzzy edge distribution, strong noise, as well as shape and texture information lacking in thermal infrared images, according to the information complementarity between visible light and thermal infrared images. The automated extraction can be realized on the crop canopy temperature. This study aims to solve the problems of differences in the radiation, shape, and texture between visible light images and thermal infrared images, leading to the low align images of different modalities. Multimodal image registration was also proposed to integrate the improved brain storm optimization (BSO) and Powell algorithm. Firstly, the original visible light image was downsampled and cropped, according to the normalized cross-correlation value. The area with the most similarity region was obtained in the thermal infrared image under the same resolution; Then, the target area was extracted from the cropped image. The target area image and the original thermal infrared image were decomposed by wavelet transform, where the multilayered low-frequency information was retained; Thirdly, the primitive affine transformation matrix was obtained by the image moments in the low-resolution layer; At the same time, the global search was used to optimize the affine transform matrix in the low-resolution layer using the improved BSO; Fourthly, the optimization was used as the initial point of the Powell algorithm. The optimization was performed in the high-resolution layer; Lastly, the optimization in the previous step was input into the Powell algorithm again. The original image layer was optimized again to obtain the final affine transformation matrix. The original BSO optimization was improved for the optimal affine transformation matrix in the image alignment task. The specific improvements included the following five aspects: The BSO population distribution was initialized using a chaotic mapping function; The mutation range of new individual was modified; The number of K-means clusters was dynamically adjusted in the BSO by the elbow; The chaotic local search was incorporated into the strategy of individual variation; and the probability parameters were dynamically adjusted, according to the different BSO in the early and late stages. Mutual information (MI), normalized mutual information (NMI), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean structure similarity index measure (MSSIM) were taken as the evaluation indexes. A comparison was made with Powell optimization, genetic algorithm (GA) and BSO_Powell algorithm. Specifically, MI indexes were improved by 0.054 2, 0.076 9, 0.040 5, respectively; NMI indexes were improved by 0.015 9, 0.023 1, 0.052 7, respectively; RMSE indexes were reduced by 15.02, 13.03, 27.08, respectively; and MSSIM indexes were improved by 0.0523, 0.0488, 0.1224, respectively, in greenhouse data; In field data, MI indexes were improved by 0.064 2, 0.066 7, 0.035 5, respectively; NMI indexes were improved by 0.007 7, 0.0125, 0.0124, respectively; RMSE indexes were reduced by 14.06, 10.57, 15.40, respectively; and MSSIM indexes were improved by 0.047 1, 0.038 1, 0.042 9, respectively. The strong robustness can accurately achieved in the multimodal image registration tasks for potatoes under complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stomata are essential for photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in plants. When expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, the potato (Solanum tuberosum) proteins EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 (StEPF2) and StEPF-LIKE9 (StEPFL9) play antagonistic roles in regulating stomatal density. Little is known, however, about how these proteins regulate stomatal development, growth, and response to water deficit in potato. Transgenic potato plants overexpressing StEPF2 (E2 plants) or StEPFL9 (ST plants) were generated, and RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to select two lines overexpressing each gene. E2 plants showed reduced stomatal density, whereas ST plants produced excessive stomata. Under well-watered conditions, ST plants displayed vigorous growth with improved leaf gas exchange and also showed increased biomass/yields compared with non-transgenic and E2 plants. E2 plants maintained lower H2O2 content and higher levels of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity than non-transgenic and ST plants, which resulted in higher water-use efficiency and biomass/yields during water restriction. These results suggest that StEPF2 and StEPFL9 functioned in pathways regulating stomatal development. These genes are thus promising candidates for use in future breeding programs aimed at increasing potato water-use efficiency and yield under climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TCP transcription factors are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development and response to stress. Previous studies showed that StTCP7 was involved in the abiotic stress response of potato and positively regulated plant tolerance to drought stress. On the basis of previous studies, this study verified the downstream target genes of StTCP7 transcription factor binding through yeast one hybridization, double luciferase and other technologies, and conducted a preliminary analysis of the downstream target genes. The results showed that the StTCP7 transcription factor could bind the promoter region of StDAM5 and StGOLS2 and regulate the expression of their genes. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of StDAM5 gene was the highest in flower stalk tissue and the lowest in leaf stalk. The expression of StGOLS2 gene was the highest in stem, the second in stalk, and the lower in root. Both StDAM5 and StGOLS2 genes responded to abiotic stress treated with 200 mM NaCl, 20% PEG-6000 and 100 µM ABA. The expression levels of target genes StDAM5 and StGOLS2 were up-regulated in StTCP7 interfered plants. The protein encoded by the target gene StDAM5 belongs to the Type II MADS-box protein, which contains 238 amino acids and is an acidic hydrophilic protein. The analysis of StDAM5 promoter region showed that the promoter region of StDAM5 gene contained cis-acting elements such as light response and abscisic acid. Subcellular localization showed that StDAM5 protein was expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zebra chip is an increasingly serious disease in commercial potato production globally. Resistance can be pursued by control of the insect vector, the tomato-potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli or the bacterial causal agent, Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso). Some Lso-infected plants of the wild potato species S. microdontum (mcd) had been observed to have low symptom expression. Thus, we evaluated a representative core collection of 86 individuals from 50 mcd populations in the US Potato Genebank (USPG). Real-time quantitative PCR on tissue from infected leaves was used as a proxy for bacterial titer of Lso. Russet Burbank control had 56% of the MLT of the most susceptible mcd individual. The average for all mcd was 67%, and the lowest, most resistant six mcd individuals were 0%. Repeated testing of those six individuals identified two as most reliably resistant: mcd15B2 from PI 265575 and mcd62B1 from PI 498126. All of these mcd individuals are available from USPG. They should be useful for research and breeding aimed at better understanding and controlling Zebra chip disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) is a major insect pest of potato and development of resistant varieties is part of a strategy for management. Wild relatives of potato are resources for genetic improvement through breeding. Interspecies crosses to introgress CPB resistance will be facilitated with rapid and inexpensive selection methods. Solanum okadae is a novel source of feeding deterrence against the beetle and was associated with production of a naturally occurring leaf-specific lactone-containing metabolite in the foliage. The Baljet assay has been used for decades in pharmaceuticals for rapid screening of lactone-containing compounds. A modified Baljet assay was developed for potato foliar tissue to rapidly screen for lactone-containing compounds in plants from the field, greenhouse, and laboratory. Herein we report the screening of potato foliage for CPB resistance with a Baljet assay validated by CPB larval feeding studies. Foliage from wild accessions of S. okadae were tested using the Baljet assay and results showed that production of the leaf-specific lactones has a large range of variation in the species. In addition, tubers tested using the Baljet assay had negligible levels of lactone-containing metabolites, confirming leaf-specific production of lactones. This inexpensive method using leaf disk screening will allow potato breeders to quickly select for potential CPB resistant germplasms and advance the breeding of sustainable crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crops' water requirement is generally higher than the annual average precipitation in arid environments characterized by scarce freshwater resources. While using saline water for irrigation can help sustain agriculture in water-stressed regions, several challenges arises concerning productivity and soil salinization. However, adoption of efficient irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation, irrigation scheduling, and deficit irrigation can help optimize water productivity and mitigate salinity problems in irrigated agriculture. In southern Tunisia, potato is considered among the main cultivated horticultural crops due to its high economic value while it is considered as a crop sensitive to salinity. This crop (cv. Spunta) was the subject of long-term studies (2002-2020) conducted during the fall period in the arid region of Médenine. The crop response to full and deficit irrigation with saline water was assessed for several seasons under contrasting climatic conditions. Scheduling using the soil water balance (SWB) method consisted of the total and/or partial replacement of accumulated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), as derived from climatic data and crop coefficients. The impact of decreasing amounts of irrigation waters on crop yield and soil salinity with waters having a salinity ranging between 3 and 7 dS m-1 was evaluated. Results showed improvements in yield (30% to 37%) obtained with the SWB strategy under actual farming conditions, supporting the use of this strategy for irrigation. Appropriate scheduling also seems to be a key element in saving water (15%-22%) and in reducing risks of soil salinization. In the dry environment of southern Tunisia, optimum supply seems to correspond to a replacement of 100% to approximately 70%-80% of ETc. Applying such irrigation levels resulted in a lower salinity buildup in the root zone and higher crop water productivity. Natural salt leaching seems to be more effective under a more humid soil profile. Yield decreases and soil salinity increases almost linearly (r² = 0.60) with decreasing irrigation water amounts. Future work should focus on the integration of management practices when using saline water. Investigating the relationship and interaction between irrigation amounts, cultivar, fertilizer supply, and salt leaching will help in resolving productivity and environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SITE SPECIFIC is a farming management practice with the potential to address management challenges, this approach leverages precise and timely information on agricultural resources to observe and measure variability in field crops. Site -Specific management zones one of the most important pillars of precision agriculture. This technology is designed to enhance management practices by tailoring agricultural treatments to specific production zones within a field, thereby conserving resources, protecting the environment, and improving crop quality. This paper aims to developed spatial modeling for Site-Specific Management Zones based on soil and plant parameters. This work was done in Agrofood Company with an area approximately 18.69 hectares (ha) planted with potato crop (DITTA variety) in winter session 2019. 21 soil samples were taken before planting the crop and 21 plant samples were taken during the three growth stages based on the grid system, Soil and plant variability maps were produced based on Geostatistical Analysis of laboratory analyses of the samples. Spatial Model was developed to delineate site-specific management zones using ArcGIS 10.8, the input factors to developed this model were soil maps for Nitrogen (N), Phosphors (P), Potassium (K), pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and soil organic carbon (SOM), plant maps for NPK, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoids (Car) yield data maps and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to create Site -Specific management zones for the study area. The results showed that management zones were classified into two zones, which zone (I) with an area 10.94 Hectares and its was characterized by high crop yield and good soil parameters, on the other hand zone (II) with an area 7.75 hectares and it was characterized by low crop yield, low soil and plants parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Potato is the fourth largest food crop in the world, but potato cultivation faces serious threats from various diseases and pests. Despite significant advancements in research on potato disease resistance, these findings are scattered across numerous publications. For researchers, obtaining relevant knowledge by reading and organizing a large body of literature is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Therefore, systematically extracting and organizing the relationships between potato genes and diseases from the literature to establish a potato gene-disease knowledge base is particularly important. Unfortunately, there is currently no such gene-disease knowledge base available. Methods: In this study, we constructed a Potato Gene-Disease Knowledge Base (PotatoG-DKB) using natural language processing techniques and large language models. We used PubMed as the data source and obtained 2,906 article abstracts related to potato biology, extracted entities and relationships between potato genes and related disease, and stored them in a Neo4j database. Using web technology, we also constructed the Potato Gene-Disease Knowledge Portal (PotatoG-DKP), an interactive visualization platform. Results: PotatoG-DKB encompasses 22 entity types (such as genes, diseases, species, etc.) of 5,206 nodes and 9,443 edges between entities (for example, gene-disease, pathogen-disease, etc.). PotatoG-DKP can intuitively display associative relationships extracted from literature and is a powerful assistant for potato biologists and breeders to understand potato pathogenesis and disease resistance. More details about PotatoG-DKP can be obtained at https://www.potatogd.com.cn/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potatoes are typically seeded as tubers, and their slow sprouting significantly impacts production. Therefore, the effects of polyacrylamide (20 g·L−1, 30 g·L−1, and 40 g·L−1) as a seed potato dressing on sprouting, seedling growth, and biomass were investigated. The phytohormone content, respiratory intensity, and starch metabolism enzyme activity were analyzed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved. The sprouting rate significantly increased after 20 g·L−1 and 30 g·L−1 treatments by 40.63% and 15.63%, respectively. The sprouting energy was the highest (52.0%) at 20 g·L−1, 7.67 times higher than the control. The 20 g·L−1 and 30 g·L−1 treatments also promoted emergence and growth, with the emergence rate increasing by 18.18% and 27.27% and growth increasing by over 8.1% and 11.9%, respectively. These effects were related to changes in phytohormone content and accelerated starch conversion. After treatment, the auxin and cytokinin contents in the apical buds increased significantly at the germination initiation stage, and during the germination and vigorous growth phases, the auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin contents increased. Polyacrylamide treatment activated α-amylase and promoted starch degradation, increasing soluble sugar content to provide nutrients and energy for sprouting. This study provides a promising approach for promoting potato tuber sprouting and seedling growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is the third most important food crop in the world in terms of adaptability, yield potential, and nutritional advantages. This study aimed to conduct potato breeding work for cultivation in Kazakhstan; potato breeding for further processing into chips with cultivation in the northern regions; and the selection of potatoes for processing into frozen French fries with cultivation in the southern and south-eastern regions. Potato varieties (Fontane, Santana, and Punchy) were used as reference varieties to check molecular markers linked to maturity, tuber shape, and flesh color. A total of 42 potato breeding lines crossed from Yagodnyi 19 and CIP clone 397079-6 were used in this study to identify prospective breeding lines. The research was carried out between 2023 and 2024 and under greenhouse conditions. According to the results of molecular analysis and phenotypic data, 21 breeding lines were identified as prospective potato breeding lines. The majority of these potato breeding lines had a round tuber shape and were recommended for chip processing. Three breeding lines had a long oval tuber shape, making them suitable for French fries. Six breeding lines with short-oval and oval tuber shapes were found for consumer potato processing. It is recommended that the breeding process and studies of biochemical properties are continued in all of these identified potato breeding lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term drought stress has irreversible effects on potato growth and reduces yield. Uniconazole can alleviate the growth inhibition and plant damage resulting from drought stress. In the current study, the effects of drought stress on the leaf physiology and yield of two potato varieties (Kexin No. 1, drought-tolerant, and Atlantic, drought-sensitive) and the ability of uniconazole to promote growth and productivity under drought conditions were studied. The results showed that uniconazole could effectively alleviate the degradation of chlorophyll under drought stress, and drought significantly inhibited the photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of the leaves of the two potato varieties. Exogenous uniconazole effectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of drought on the photosynthetic parameters of potato leaves. Compared with drought treatment, uniconazole treatment reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2−) production in the leaves of Kexin No. 1 and Atlantic plants and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, alleviating the loss of yield factors caused by drought stress. In addition, the antioxidant enzyme activity and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of both varieties increased in response to drought stress. Drought + uniconazole treatment further increased the contents of the osmotic adjustment substances soluble protein and proline and ascorbate-glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle products and substrates, including ascorbic acid (ASA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Drought + uniconazole treatment also increased the ratio of ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG in the two potato varieties under drought stress. This enhancement elevated the levels of reducing power and antioxidant capacity in the leaves, thus reducing the impacts of reactive oxygen species on the cell membrane. The drought-tolerant variety Kexin No. 1 exhibited a greater recovery than did the drought-sensitive variety Atlantic. These results provide a valuable reference for understanding the mechanism of drought resistance in potato plants and the effectiveness of uniconazole in alleviating drought-induced stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractTo attain the optimal production and quality, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) farming requires a large amount of potassium fertilizers. Due to a lack of K mineral reserves, several nations, including India, import potassic fertilizers, which place additional financial strain on the country’s economy. Thus, potassium schoenite produced from sea bittern may present an attractive substitute for potassium nutrition in crop production. The current study examined the relative effect of indigenously produced potassium schoenite (PS) on potato crop. The findings demonstrated that potassium schoenite considerably increased potato growth, yield characteristics, yield, and quality of tuber. With 100% RDK (220 kg/ha K2O) through potassium schoenite + 1% foliar spray of potassium schoenite @ 30 and 45 DAP, the greatest yield attributes, total tuber yield and starch output were achieved which remained at par with 75% RDK (165 kg/ha K2O) through potassium schoenite + 1% foliar spray of potassium schoenite @ 30 and 45 DAP. Furthermore, potassium schoenite saves 25% K2O in potato production as compared to potassium sulfate and muriate of potash. Thus, indigenous potassium sources have been found to be far more effective than imported potassium sulfate and muriate of potash in enhancing potato productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) bacteria are globally dispersed pathogens that cause significant economic loss in potato and other crops. Our understanding of the SRP species diversity has expanded in recent years due to advances and adoption of whole-genome sequence technologies. There are currently 34 recognized SRP species that belong to the Dickeya and Pectobacterium genera. Methods: We used whole-genome sequencing based analysis to describe the current distribution and epidemiology of SRP isolated from diseased potato samples obtained from commercial potato cropping systems in the United States. Our primary objectives in the present study were to: (1) identify the species of these SRP isolates recovered from potato samples across 14 states in the US, (2) describe the variation among SRP isolates from various US locations and track their temporal changes, and (3) evaluate the evolutionary relationships among these SRP isolates to deduce their source. We collected 118 SRP strains from diseased potato plants and tubers in 14 states between 2015 and 2022. Results: We identified three Dickeya and eight Pectobacterium species from diseased potato samples. Dickeya dianthicola, Pectobacterium parmentieri, P. carotovorum, and P. versatile appeared to be the predominant species, constituting 83% of the isolates. Furthermore, all D. dianthicola strains studied here as well as 90% of US D. dianthicola isolates sequenced to date exhibit significant clonality. Discussion: The prevalence of this specific group of D. dianthicola, temporally and geographically, aligns with the occurrence of blackleg and soft rot outbreaks in the northeastern US after 2014. The genomic diversity observed in P. parmentieri implies multiple introductions to the US from at least four distinct sources, earlier than the arrival of the predominant group of D. dianthicola. In contrast, P. carotovorum and P. versatile appear to be widespread, long-term endemic strains in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited crop production due to lower rainfall has a major impact on the supply and demand of food for the human population. In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the major crops, there is also concern about a lack of production due to drought stress. Especially the cultivar "Toyoshiro" suitable for processing, has significant reduction in drought yield. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of gene expression changes that occur in potato "Toyoshiro" plants and tubers during drought. Methods and results: Seed potatoes were split in half and one was used as a control plant (CT), and the other was used as a drought-stressed plant (DS). CT was watered daily, and DS watered off to mimic the weather conditions of the Tokachi-Obihiro region in 2021. These tubers were harvested at week 14 and the transcriptome was analyzed. DS plants showed 423 downregulated genes and 197 upregulated genes compared to CT. Factors related to cell wall modification, heat stress response, and phytosterol metabolism were detected among the genes whose expression changed. Moreover, the expression of "Abscisic acid and environmental stress-inducible protein TAS14 like (TAS14)," a molecule reported to be upregulated under drought stress, was also upregulated, and was upregulated expression in all strains that reproduced drought. The localization of this molecule in the nucleus and plasma membrane was confirmed in a mCherry-tagged TAS14 mutant line. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding the survival strategy system of Japanese processing potatoes in response to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of agroecological management strategies (AEMS) in controlling bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) remains a critical question. A quantitative review was conducted based on publications reporting agroecological bacterial wilt management practices under on‐station or on‐farm field conditions in electronic libraries, without geographical restrictions, on tomato, pepper, eggplant and potato. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 48 papers were retained, resulting in 644 and 146 observations of bacterial wilt incidence (BWI) and yield, respectively. The effectiveness of AEMS for each crop was evaluated based on BWI and crop yield. The effect size was calculated as the natural logarithm of the response ratio, and confidence intervals were determined by bootstrapping. Varietal control, biological control (used of biological control agents) and combinations of many AEMS were the most reported practices, both under on‐station and on‐farm conditions. The use of plant extracts (Thymus spp., Crotalaria spp.), grafting, solarization, soil amendments (manure, compost) and crop rotations (with maize, beans) were also reported. All AEMS significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence and increased yields compared to the untreated plots. Grafting, combinations of control methods, varietal control and biological control were the most effective agroecological practices in reducing BWI and increasing yield in tomato and eggplant. Varietal control was the most effective compared to biological control on pepper. The effectiveness of AEMS also varied with crop susceptibility and origin, climatic zone and soil acidity. This study highlights the potential of AEMS in reducing BWI and increasing crop yield in infested soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of irradiation on the preservation of potatoes, fresh potatoes were selected as the irradiation objects, and irradiated with 60Co-γ radiation source for 0, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 Gy, respectively. During the irradiation, the well-packaged Y1.79Bi0.01Eu0.2MgTiO6 novel thermoluminescence dosimeter material was placed together with the potatoes at the same position. Then, the potatoes were stored in the same temperature and humidity environment, and the quality changes of the potatoes were observed. The Y1.79Bi0.01Eu0.2MgTiO6 material had good performance indicators, and was used to measure the irradiation dose of the potatoes. The experiment showed that irradiation could appropriately extend the storage time of potatoes, and gamma irradiation of about 1000 Gy could achieve the best preservation effect. The main pathogenic fungi that cause dry rot of potatoes were Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the appropriate dose of 60Co-γ irradiation could effectively inhibit the spread and growth of these fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is widespread worldwide. The exploration and analysis of the infection mechanism of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn has important scientific significance to enhance the disease resistance of potato and other horticultural crops, and then break the restriction of fungal harm to agricultural production. The physiological and biochemical indexes and the expression levels of related genes were measured at 0, 1, 4, 8 and 16 days (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4) after inoculation with pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that the contents of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), lignin, total phenols (TP), and flavonoids increased significantly in potato after infection by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, with the contents of PAL and POD reaching a peak at 8 d and then decreasing, and the contents of lignin and total phenols changing most significantly, reaching the highest levels at day 8 (T3) and day 16 (T4), respectively. During the infestation, the content of eight phenolic compounds increased, and the genes responsible for the lignin synthesis pathway were upregulated. However, in the later stage of infestation, the expression of two genes (PAL PG0031457 and PG2021549, HCT PG0014959, and COMT PG0011266) was down-regulated. In the correlation analysis, gene expression levels of all the genes, except POD (PG0005062), CCoAOMT (PG0018688), and COMT (PG0011266), were found to be positively correlated with the contents of lignin, total phenols, flavonoids, PAL, POD, and eight phenolic substances. Therefore, based on a sound understanding of the occurrence mechanism of Potato black scurf, this experiment analyzed the effect of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn infestation on the content of relevant metabolites in the lignin synthesis pathway as well as gene expression in potatoes, which provides a scientific basis for the prevention and control management of potato black scurf. Highlights: Increased accumulation of secondary metabolites in potato caused by infection of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn The expression of genes related to lignin synthesis pathway increased rapidly after the potato was infected by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn The activities of potato antioxidant enzymes changed significantly after pathogen infection Lignin synthesis pathway plays an important role in potato response to Rhizoctonia solani Kühn infection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is a highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is used to recycle the cellular components from the cytoplasm. It plays a crucial function in responding to both biotic and abiotic stress, as well as in the growth and development of plants. Autophagy-related genes (ATG) and their functions have been identified in numerous crop species. However, their specific tasks in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), are still not well understood. This work is the first to identify and characterize the potato StATG18 subfamily gene at the whole-genome level, resulting in a total of 6 potential StATG18 subfamily genes. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships, chromosome distribution and gene replication, conserved motifs and gene structure, interspecific collinearity relationship, and cis-regulatory elements of the ATG18 subfamily members using bioinformatics approaches. Furthermore, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis suggested that StATG18 subfamily genes exhibit differential expression in various tissues and organs of potato plants. When exposed to heat stress, their expression pattern was observed in the root, stem, and leaf. Based on a higher expression profile, the StATG18a gene was further analyzed under heat stress in potatoes. The subcellular localization analysis of StATG18a revealed its presence in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. In addition, StATG18a altered the growth indicators, physiological characteristics, and photosynthesis of potato plants under heat stresses. In conclusion, this work offers a thorough assessment of StATG18 subfamily genes and provides essential recommendations for additional functional investigation of autophagy-associated genes in potato plants. Moreover, these results also contribute to our understanding of the potential mechanism and functional validation of the StATG18a gene's persistent tolerance to heat stress in potato plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study took 10 potato varieties in Guangxi as the research object, and compared the agronomic characters of each potato, such as plant height, stem diameter, yield, number of tubers per plant, commercial potato rate and protein content, starch content and other variety characters under the condition of conventional fertilization and 20% reduction of fertilization. The plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight above ground and yield of all potato varieties were inhibited under the condition of 20% reduction in fertilization. Among them, Jingshu 6 and Longshu 7 reduced their yields more than 35%, Lishu 6 and 03-3-2 by about 28%, No. 12, Guinongshu 1, Yunshu 107 and Huishu 8 by about 15%, and Huishu 16 and Feiwuruita by about 10%. No. 12 and Guinongshu 1 had the higher yield under the condition of reducing fertilizer, and were more suitable for planting under the condition of reducing fertilizer in Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The first small scale cultivation of potatoes in the Nordic countries began roughly 300 years ago, and later became an important staple food in the region. Organized conservation efforts began in the 1980s, and today, potato landraces, improved varieties, and breeding lines are conserved in genebanks at the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), Sweden, and the Norwegian Genetic Resource Centre (NGS), Norway, as well as at potato breeding companies across Nordic countries. All these collections house a diverse array of genotypes with local names and local growing histories from the whole region. However, the presence of duplicates, and inconsistent naming has led to confusion. Methods: In this study, 198 accessions of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) have been genotyped with 62 microsatellite (SSR) markers. The analyzed accessions came from three collections: 43 accessions from the Danish Potato Breeding Foundation in Vandel (LKF-Vandel), 90 from NordGen and 65 from NGS. Results and discussion: The genetic analysis revealed 140 unique potato genotypes and 31 groups/clusters of duplicates, most of which contained duplicate pairs and the others three to ten accessions. Several accessions with distinct names were genetically identical or very similar, suggesting historical sharing, and regional distribution of seed potatoes, leading to the emergence of diverse local names. Moreover, many improved varieties from early potato breeding were revealed to have duplicates that have been considered Nordic landraces. Furthermore, potato accessions with identical names but originating from different collections were confirmed to be duplicates. These findings have already influenced management decisions and will further improve management practices for Nordic potato collections. Additionally, this new knowledge will benefit Nordic potato breeding efforts and allow for the dissemination of more accurate information to other users of potato diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to identify physiological characteristics, including Chl a, b, total Chl "a+b" and carotenoids, in potato genotypes under the influence of lead (Pb+2) and cadmium (Cd+2) heavy metals. Two potato genotypes from the Netherlands, Riviera and Agria, were used in the study. Potato tubers were transferred to 2 kg compost pots and placed in a controlled environment with a 12 photoperiod, a day/night temperature of 25/19°C and a relative humidity of 75%. Since Pb+2 and Cd+2 poisoning was greater than in the control and different fractions of heavy metal residues in the substrate were transferred to plant organs, the amounts of these two metals in each treatment (outside the control) were measured. Plant pigments were extracted from fresh leaves in amounts ranging from 60 to 100 mg and these were then extracted into samples containing 80/20% (v/v) acetone/water with 0.5% w/v MgCO3 at room temperature for a full day. Photosynthetic pigments of each sample were extracted three times. The absorbances obtained at 663 nm, 644 nm and 452.5 nm for the maximum absorption of Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids, respectively, were used to measure the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Differences between Pb+2 and Cd+2 and physiological markers were examined with the Duncan Multiple Range test. Information on Pb+2 and Cd+2 content in applications revealed wide variability. When potato genotype seedlings were exposed to varying levels of Pb+2 and Cd+2, the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids in their leaves was lower than the control group. The results showed that there were significant and statistically significant changes in carotenoid and chlorophyll concentration at the LSD p = 0.01 level. Similar to Pb+2 and Cd+2 inhibiting plant growth, it had a negative effect on photosynthesis as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Moreover, these effects became more pronounced when the concentrations of two stress factors (Pb+2 and Cd+2) increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Traditional methods for detecting potato pollen viability rely on visual counting, which can be inefficient and inaccurate. In this study, a method for quickly detecting pollen viability was proposed based on PaddlePaddle deep learning framework by comparing different models.【Method】First, the pollens were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride（TTC）and imaged using a microscope. The images were annotated by Photoshop（PS）. Viable and total pollens were labeled respectively, then the label images were converted into single-channel images. Three models, SegFormer, U-Net and DeepLabV3, were used for training to distinguish viable pollens and total pollens. Finally, a Python OpenCV program was used to count the pollen number and calculate pollen viability.【Result】Compared with other models, SegFormer demonstrated the best performance in various evaluation indexes of the two datasets. Compared with manual recognition, the OpenCV program enabled fast and batch counting with less error.【Conclusion】Potato pollen viability can be detected quickly and accurately by image processing technology. This method was used to quickly identify the pollen viability of 200 F2 individuals, providing a soild foundation for the collection of pollen viability in potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Post-harvest storage, transportation, shelving, and other factors can lead to the “turning green” of potato, resulting in a significant accumulation of SGAs in tuber. HY5 plays a crucial role as a key mediator of light signals in plants. Investigating its involvement in the turning-green of tuber can establish a molecular foundation for understanding SGAs accumulation induced by light in post-harvest potato. 【Method】Through comprehensive gene expression analysis, transcriptome profiling, targeted metabolite analysis, subcellular localization studies, yeast single hybridization and double luciferase experiments, the involvement of StHY5 in tuber turning green following light exposure was preliminarily elucidated.【Result】The StHY5 gene was expressed in both the peel and flesh of potato, but with different expression patterns. During the treatment of potato greening, the expression of the StHY5 gene in potato meat correlated with changes in SGAs content, while the expression of SGAs synthesizing genes StSGT1/GAME1 and StGAME4 was significantly up-regulated. Yeast single hybridization and double luciferase experiments demonstrated that StHY5 directly up-regulated the expression of StSGT1/GAME1 and StGAME4.【Conclusion】During the process of potato greening, the StHY5 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of SGAs by directly up-regulating the expression of StSGT1/GAME1 and StGAME4. This finding provides a solid foundation for further investigation into the function of StHY5 in potato greening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase（G6PDH）plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stress. Identification of the G6PDH gene family in potato and analysis of its expression pattern in damaged tubers would provide a reference for the subsequent in-depth study of the role of potato G6PDH genes in damage stress. 【Method】We used bioinformatics methods to identify the G6PDH gene family members of the potato w, and to analyze the chromosomal distribution, protein physicochemical properties, secondary structure, evolutionary relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, and promoter cis-acting elements of proteins encoded by members of the gene family, as well as the expression pattern in different organs and damaged tubers of potato.【Result】A total of 4 G6PDH family members in potato genome were identified and distributed on 4 chromosomes, named StG6PDH1-StG6PDH4. Based on the subcellular localization and phylogenetic analysis, StG6PDH1, StG6PDH3 and StG6PDH4 were located in the chloroplasts and belonged to the plastidic type, StG6PDH2 was located in the cytoplasm and belonged to the cytoplasmic type. The number of amino acids of potato G6PDH proteins ranged from 511 to 596 aa, molecular weights from 58.48 to 66.65 kD, isoelectric points from 5.83 to 8.57, and instabilities coefficient from 39.79 to 47.53. The secondary structure of protein showed the highest percentage of α-helices and irregular coils and the least of β-turns. In addition, the promoters of StG6PDHs contained a large number of phytohormone, light, and stress response elements. The four StG6PDHs were expressed in the roots, stems, leaves and tubers of potato, and the expression in the leaves was higher than in other organs. The members of StG6PDHs were involved in the responses of potato tubers to injury stress. The expressions of StG6PDH1, StG6PDH2 and StG6PDH3 were upregulated within 36 h after tubers injured, and StG6PDH4 was down-regulated in injured potato tubers. 【Conclusion】A total of four potato StG6PDHs gene family members are identified, unevenly distributed on four chromosomes, of which one is cytoplasmic and three are plastidic. The promoter region of StG6PDHs includes light, hormone, and stress response elements. The expression of StG6PDHs in wounded tubers is differential, and the members synergistically regulate the responses of potato tubers to damage stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]