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Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SAAF Fungicide is a systemic and contact fungicide that is used to prevent leaf spot, blast disease, rust disease, and other types of fungi pests in all kinds of crops, especially on vegetable plant. Hence, the objective of this paper as to compare the effects of Potassium Iodate and SAAF-fungicide on the control of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and the Yield of Pepper (Capsicum spp L.) using appropriate standard methods. Agronomic data such as number of leaves, plant height and flowers was collected. Disease incidence and severity as well as yield were measured and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Among all the treatment, Gulpinar F1 with KIO3 has the highest height and number of leaves across the experiment while negative control has the least height and number of leaves. De cayenne with SAAF has the highest yield of pepper harvested followed by Gulpinar F1 with KIO3, the negative control has the highest disease infection and severity, there are very mild infection on the treated plots. The two treatments have positive effect on the growth, disease control and yield of pepper. The highest pepper yield was achieved from SAAF treated sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium iodate was employed as a mediator with concentrated sulfuric acid to electrochemically oxidize substituted secondary alcohols in a biphasic medium with platinum electrodes. Using potassium iodate as a mediator in a biphasic medium, ketones were successfully generated from secondary alcohols. 1-phenyl ethanol is electrochemically oxidized to acetophenone in a biphasic medium. With maximum selectivity and good yields, the several substituted alcohols were successfully converted to ketones. The Platinum electrode had much more electrochemical activity and electrochemical products, according to the HPLC study that followed. The product aromatic ketones were described using UV, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the percentage of product yield was calculated using HPLC. Many secondary alcohols could also be converted to the appropriate ketones at room temperature, with isolated yields ranging from 80 to 95%. During recycling, the product's purity remained intact. It appears that this concept can grow while remaining pollution-free as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SAAF Fungicide is a systemic and contact fungicide that is used to prevent leaf spot, blast disease, rust disease, and other types of fungi pests in all kinds of crops, especially on vegetable plant. Hence, the objective of this paper as to compare the effects of Potassium Iodate and SAAF-fungicide on the control of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and the Yield of Pepper (Capsicum spp L.) using appropriate standard methods. Agronomic data such as number of leaves, plant height and flowers was collected. Disease incidence and severity as well as yield were measured and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Among all the treatment, Gulpinar F1 with KIO3 has the highest height and number of leaves across the experiment while negative control has the least height and number of leaves. De cayenne with SAAF has the highest yield of pepper harvested followed by Gulpinar F1 with KIO3, the negative control has the highest disease infection and severity, there are very mild infection on the treated plots. The two treatments have positive effect on the growth, disease control and yield of pepper. The highest pepper yield was achieved from SAAF treated sample.

Iodine deficiency in the diet creates the need to search for innovative, more sustainable and more effective strategies for enriching food with this microelement. The adopted research hypothesis assumed that the use of organic forms of iodine for supplementation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), compared to mineral iodine, has a more favorable effect not only on the concentration of iodine, but also on the yield and the content of other chemical components determining its nutritional and health-promoting value. Lettuce was planted in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic study in a greenhouse. The following application of iodine compounds (all in 5 µM molar mass equivalents) were tested in the studies: control (without of iodine application); potassium iodate (positive iodine control), 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5- quinolinesulfonic acid, 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol, 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol and 4-hydroxy-8-iodo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. In this work, it was shown for the first time that iodoquinolines can be 1) a source of iodine for plants; 2) they have a biostimulating effect on their yielding and 3) they increase the resistance of crops to stress (due to a significant increase in the level of polyphenolic compounds). Lettuce with the addition of 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5- quinolinesulfonic acid was characterized by the highest content of iodine, which was 221.7 times higher than in control plants. The weight gain of the whole plant was particularly visible in the case of lettuce enriched with 5-chloro-7-iodo-8- quinolinol and amounted to 26.48% compared to the control. Lettuce biofortified with iodine in the form of iodoquinolines can successfully become part of a sustainable diet based on plant products, which has a low impact on the environment and contributes to the long-term good health of an individual or community. Reducing iodine deficiency through the use of organoiodine compounds can help achieve the sustainability goal of eliminating hidden hunger, improving nutritional status and promoting sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass fraction of the main component is determined in potassium iodate by a direct method (coulometric titration with control of interfering impurities by ion chromatography) and an indirect method (by subtracting the sum of impurities taking into account their forms of presence from 100%). Both direct and indirect methods give consistent results: 99.966 ± 0.014 and 99.976 ± 0.010%, respectively. The measurement results, considering uncertainty, are consistent with the key comparison reference value of the mass fraction of potassium iodate, 99.980 ± 0.006%. The value was obtained with the same material used in the international key comparison CCQM-K152 Assay of Potassium Iodate, which involved national metrological institutes from seven countries. The indirect method for determining the mass fraction of potassium iodate, implemented in this work, is distinguished by the development of a model of the chemical composition of the test sample based on a priori and experimental data using two basic principles in summing up the impurity content: the conditions of material (mass) balance and the principle of electrical neutrality. A high-precision reference material of the composition of potassium iodate GSO 11713-2021 has been developed with a range of certified values for the mass fraction of potassium iodate of 99.000–100.000%, iodine of 59.242–59.301%, oxygen of 22.406–22.429%, and expanded uncertainty of certified values at k = 2 of 0.020−0.030%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of bromate is of particular interest for the assessment of water and food quality due to its toxicity. Analytical instruments such as ion chromatography have been used to measure bromate and require standard solutions for instrument calibration. A measurement method for potassium bromate as the source material of the standard solution has already been established. This paper describes the certification and long-term stability monitoring of bromate ion standard solutions with comprehensive uncertainty evaluations. The stability of potassium iodate is also presented as additional information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementary blue light, feeding with selenium and iodine can improve the biochemical quality, macro- and micro-elements in the edible parts of fenugreek and, with the accumulation of selenium and iodine in plant tissue, the production of a biofortified crop. For this purpose, the effect of selenium (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1), iodine (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1), and supplementary blue light (no-blue light and blue light treatment) was tested in the form of a three-way factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that supplementary light treatment and feeding with iodine (2 mg L−1) increased the content of phenol, total protein, and vitamin C. The interaction of iodine (4 mg L−1) and blue lighting increased the content of iron and vitamin C. Irrespective of lighting conditions, iodine improved the iodine content. The combination of blue light and 4 mg L−1 selenium increased the nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium compared to other treatments. The best conditions for the accumulation of selenium were a combination of blue light and 4 mg L−1 of selenium. Increasing the concentration of feeding with iodine and selenium was beneficial for the accumulation of flavonoids, carbohydrates, protein, and vitamin C. Although the triple effects of feeding with selenium and iodine under blue supplementary light affected some traits, it is difficult to elicit obvious results from them. In general, the application of iodine and selenium (4 mg L−1) under blue light is recommended to achieve the study objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work presents a new and simple approach to prepare Dialdehyde Starch (DAS) in one step under microwave irradiations and using, a mild and safer oxidizing agent, potassium iodate. Aldehyde content was evaluated to compare the synthesis results with DAS prepared using potassium periodate as an oxidizing agent for starch. To optimize the synthesis parameters of the new approach, the effect of the quantity of oxidizing agent and the effect of reaction time on the content of aldehyde in DAS were evaluated. According to the results, the optimized time was 10 min at the power of 300 W, and the number of moles of oxidizing agent was 0.014 mol per 2 g of starch. After that, DAS was used to prepare two Schiff bases by reaction with urea (DASU) and thiourea (DASTU), respectively. DAS, DASU and DASTU were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Furthermore, DAS, DASU and DASTU were investigated for removing Cu(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions from water. DAS showed the highest removal efficiency towards Pb(II) ions, whereas DASTU exhibited excellent ability for removing the Hg(II) ions. The removal efficiencies of DAS for Pb(II) ions and DASTU for Hg(II) ions are 95.25% and 89.45%, respectively from aqueous solutions containing 100 ppm of respective ions. Adsorption isotherm study suggests that adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm model, (correlation factors (R 2) for Langmuir and Freundlich models for DAS/Pb are equal to 0.984 and 0.799, respectively, and for DASTU/Hg they are 0.995 and 0.813, respectively). The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity for DAS/Pb and DASTU/Hg are 245.09 and 180.83 mg/g, respectively.

This study assessed the possibility of using iodine-containing fertilizers for agronomic biofortification of rye biomass used as fodder for cows, and establish the best application method and form and the optimal dose of iodine (I) under field conditions. The impact of iodine fertilization on grain iodine content was not studied. Results showed that agronomic biofortification of rye plants with iodine, influenced by its dose, form, and method of application was highly effective in increasing I shoot contents. Plant I-enrichment via foliar and soil application significantly affected I concentration in plant biomass even at a low dose (2.5 kg ha−1). Soil I application as KI appeared optimal for rye plants used as fodder for cows, especially cropped under the soil with a neutral reaction. Iodine application improved the biological quality of rye plants by increasing concentrations of sugar, chlorophylls, and at a low rate, protein and total antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementary blue light, feeding with selenium and iodine can improve the biochemical quality, macro- and micro-elements in the edible parts of fenugreek and, with the accumulation of selenium and iodine in plant tissue, the production of a biofortified crop. For this purpose, the effect of selenium (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1), iodine (0, 2, and 4 mg L−1), and supplementary blue light (no-blue light and blue light treatment) was tested in the form of a three-way factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that supplementary light treatment and feeding with iodine (2 mg L−1) increased the content of phenol, total protein, and vitamin C. The interaction of iodine (4 mg L−1) and blue lighting increased the content of iron and vitamin C. Irrespective of lighting conditions, iodine improved the iodine content. The combination of blue light and 4 mg L−1 selenium increased the nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium compared to other treatments. The best conditions for the accumulation of selenium were a combination of blue light and 4 mg L−1 of selenium. Increasing the concentration of feeding with iodine and selenium was beneficial for the accumulation of flavonoids, carbohydrates, protein, and vitamin C. Although the triple effects of feeding with selenium and iodine under blue supplementary light affected some traits, it is difficult to elicit obvious results from them. In general, the application of iodine and selenium (4 mg L−1) under blue light is recommended to achieve the study objectives.

Evaluating chemical purities by different analytical methods based on different reactions is one of the effective approaches to decrease the contribution of unknown biases that each method has, and to establish reliable reference materials. This paper describes new applications of precipitation titration with silver(I) and redox back titration with iron(II) to the assays of bromate ions which were different from a conventional titrimetric reaction with thiosulfate ions. Bromate ions are often used as a standard for redox titration as well as for evaluating water and food quality by instrumental analyses. Required measurands in these instrumental analyses are not redox properties of the ions, but the mass fraction in chemicals. Bromate ions have been determined by a conventional redox titration: iodine (triiodide) liberated by bromate ions in an acidic potassium iodide solution has been titrated with a standardized sodium thiosulfate solution. New titrimetric approaches described in the present paper directly allow to evaluate the mass fraction of the ions without iodine liberation processes in the conventional reaction, and contribute reliable analytical assays. These approaches were also attempted to the assays of iodate ions, which is one of the useful standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background simple, sensitive, free of organic solvents, kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride, both in pure form and Capsules. Method is based on reaction of Clindamycin with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in an aqueous medium at (25 ± 2 °C) to produce yellow-coloured tri iodide ions (I3 −). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at wavelength 350 nm during 40 min. Results the effects of analytical parameters on reported kinetic methods were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the initial rate and fixed time (at 10 min) methods were used for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 1–20 μg ml−1 with limit of detection of 0.12 and 0.22 μg ml−1for the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The results were satisfactory and the analytical performance for both methods was validated. Conclusion The proposed methods have been applied to determine the components in capsules with an average recovery of 98.25–102.00% and the results are in good agreement with those found by the reference method.

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For conventional electroless plating, the heavy metal ions, such as Pb2+ and Cd2+, are normally used as stabilizer, which are gradually banned for health and environmental reasons. In this work, potassium iodate as an environmental friendly stabilizer was studied for the stability of plating bath and intrinsic characteristics for electroless plating of Ni-B binary alloy. Meanwhile, the concentration of KBH4 can be increased to 4 g/L in electroless plating bath. The plating rate, morphology, composition, structure, and property of Ni-B layer with potassium iodate were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), respectively. And the effects of potassium iodate concentration on the reduction rate of Ni2+ and the oxidation of B H 4 - were studied by electrochemical workstation. With the increasing addition amount of PdCl2, the plating electrolyte exhibited higher stability with the existence of potassium iodate, attributing to the inhibited decomposition of electrolyte. The results indicated that the life cycle and stability of the bath were enhanced by addition of potassium iodate. Furthermore, the smooth and density of Ni-B deposit were significantly improved and possessed wonderful wear and corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prerequisite. Since the advent of nuclear energy, industry and weapons, a possibility of radiation events i.e. inci& dents and accidents had emerged. Given the presence of radioactive iodine as part of environmental contamination, the response of authorities and medical services consists, in particular, in carrying out the emergency iodine pro& phylaxis among specialists and general population. And along with the fact that emergency iodine prophylaxis is a generally accepted measure in radiation events accompanied by the release of radioactive iodine, some methods of its implementation were and remain in certain sources and instructions/recommendations contradictory and even false. Such inconsistency increases the potential risks of health effects of radioactive iodine and exacerbates the sense of fear and uncertainty among the population involved in the incident. Objective: to consider and review the essence of emergency iodine prophylaxis during radiation events, physiolog& ical aspects of iodine metabolism in the body, properties of individual iodine prophylaxis agents that are recom& mended, and to justify the rationality of using some of them along with absurdity/inadmissibility of others; sub& stantiate the creation of a unified preventive information strategy regarding the event in order to reduce anxiety and other negative psychological consequences among the affected population. Materials and methods. The review was performed by searching the abstract and scientometric databases and print& ed publications. Results. In the event of serious radiation events at nuclear power plants and industry facilities, radioactive iodine is highly likely to enter the environment. With the threat of radioactive iodine incorporation or with its incorpora& tion that has already begun, it is absolutely necessary to carry out the emergency iodine prophylaxis. Such preven& tion should be carried out with stable iodine preparations such as potassium iodide or potassium iodate in special pharmaceutical formulas. Dosing of drugs in age and population groups should be carried out by specialists in radi& ation medicine and radiation safety in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines. The use of iodine& containing food additives, iodine solution for external use and Lugol's solution is categorically unacceptable due to complete ineffectiveness, impracticality of implementation, and sometimes due to the threat of serious harm to health. Conclusions. Clear preparedness plans for possible radiation accidents and incidents, as well as successfully implemented appropriate preventive measures, including emergency iodine prophylaxis, are crucial for the effec& tive and successful response to such events. Emergency iodine prophylaxis during radiation events should be car& ried out exclusively under the guidance of specialists in radiation medicine and radiation safety using special pharmaceutical formulas of potassium iodide or potassium iodate in doses recognized by the international scien& tific community. Other means of emergency iodine prophylaxis, including «handicraft»/home preparations, are absolutely unacceptable. Implementation of this protective measure should be accompanied by a coordinated information campaign in order to minimize purely radiation risks and to preserve the psychological well&being of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the possibility of using iodine-containing fertilizers for agronomic biofortification of rye biomass used as fodder for cows, and establish the best application method and form and the optimal dose of iodine (I) under field conditions. The impact of iodine fertilization on grain iodine content was not studied. Results showed that agronomic biofortification of rye plants with iodine, influenced by its dose, form, and method of application was highly effective in increasing I shoot contents. Plant I-enrichment via foliar and soil application significantly affected I concentration in plant biomass even at a low dose (2.5 kg ha−1). Soil I application as KI appeared optimal for rye plants used as fodder for cows, especially cropped under the soil with a neutral reaction. Iodine application improved the biological quality of rye plants by increasing concentrations of sugar, chlorophylls, and at a low rate, protein and total antioxidant capacity.

Background: simple, sensitive, free of organic solvents, kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride, both in pure form and Capsules. Method is based on reaction of Clindamycin with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in an aqueous medium at (25 ± 2 °C) to produce yellow-coloured tri iodide ions (I3−). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at wavelength 350 nm during 40 min. Results: the effects of analytical parameters on reported kinetic methods were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the initial rate and fixed time (at 10 min) methods were used for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 1–20 μg ml−1 with limit of detection of 0.12 and 0.22 μg ml−1for the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The results were satisfactory and the analytical performance for both methods was validated. Conclusion: The proposed methods have been applied to determine the components in capsules with an average recovery of 98.25–102.00% and the results are in good agreement with those found by the reference method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new method of determining Ge in AuGe alloys by potassium iodate (KIO3) potentiometric titration when Ge(II) and Au(0) are simultaneously reduced from Ge(IV) and Au(III) by sodium hypophosphite rather than by distillation separation. The influences of such conditions as the reduction acidity, the dosage of sodium hypophosphite and the reduction time on the determination of Ge were studied. Ge in AuGe alloys such as AuGe12, AuGeNi12-2, AuAgGe18.8-12.5, and AuAgGeNi43.8-6-0.2 was measured with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.10 %–0.31 % and the recoveries of added standard Ge in sample of 99.40 %–100.40 % under the conditions of 0.40–0.80 mol·L−1 HCl, 3.3 mol·L−1 H3PO4, 15 g sodium hypophosphite, and reduction time of 40 min. The new method presented is of high accuracy in results, good stability and sensibility in end-point, and easy operation and strong selectivity of determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Foliar application of iodine is effective for iodine accumulation in tomato fruit. • 1 mM KIO 3 solution was the most suitable rate for tomato biofortification. • Foliar application localized on the leaves close to the fruit maximizes its iodine concentration. • Rates of KIO 3 solution less than or equal to 5 mM do not affect yield and plant health. • Iodine application can improve the nutritional profile of tomatoes. Iodine is an essential mineral for the human body and inadequate intake causes iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) worldwide. Agronomic biofortification is a promising complementary approach to other strategies to avoid IDDs. It consists of the enrichment of fruit and vegetables with nutritional elements through preharvest techniques. Tomato is an important, nutritious, and widely consumed crop. Despite a poor iodine accumulation in the fruit, tomato is an iodine accumulator. Our research focused on iodine enrichment of two table tomato types (cherry and mini-plum) in a commercial mediterranean greenhouse. Potassium iodate (KIO 3) was applied four times through foliar spray at three concentrations (0, 1, 5 mM) at two localized sites of application (at plant apex and at the three leaves above the target truss, "target leaves") until the mature green stage of a target truss (untreated and the same for each treatment). The application of 1 mM KIO 3 solution at the target leaves was the most suitable approach for adequate fruit enrichment. The accumulation of 110 μg∙100 g−1 of fresh weight (FW) in cherry and 130 μg∙100 g−1 FW for mini-plum tomato largely satisfy the iodine recommended dietary allowance for adults, pregnant and lactating women. Plant health, yield and commercial quality of fruit (color, size, dry matter content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH) were not affected, while some carotenoids and total phenolics were slightly incremented, indicating a possible positive influence on the nutritional quality. In conclusion, foliar application of iodine for the preharvest enrichment of tomato was a successful approach to biofortification in a commercial greenhouse. That suggests further research is needed to investigate and improve the iodine biofortification techniques in different crops and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not only iodine deficiency, but also its excess may contribute to thyroid cancer. Potassium iodate (KIO3), which is broadly used in the salt iodization program, can increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) under experimental conditions, with the strongest damaging effect at KIO3 concentration of ~10 mM (corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid). Melatonin is an effective antioxidant, which protects against KIO3-induced LPO in the thyroid. This study aimed to compare the protective effects of melatonin, used in the highest achievable in vitro concentration, against KIO3-induced oxidative damage to membrane lipids in various porcine tissues (thyroid, ovary, liver, kidney, brain, spleen, and small intestine). Homogenates were incubated in the presence of KIO3 (20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 0.0 mM) without/with melatonin (5 mM). The malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. KIO3 increased the LPO in all examined tissues; in the thyroid, the damaging effect of KIO3 (10; and 7.5 mM) was lower than in other tissues and was not observed for the lowest concentration of 5 mM. Melatonin reduced LPO induced by KIO3 (10, 7.5, and 5 mM) in all tissues, and in the thyroid it was also protective against as high a concentration of KIO3 as 15 mM; the LPO level resulting from KIO3 + melatonin treatment was lower in the thyroid than in other tissues. In conclusion, the thyroid is less sensitive tothe pro-oxidative effects of KIO3 compared to other tissues. The strongest protective effect of melatonin was observed in the thyroid, but beneficial effects were significant also in other tissues. Melatonin should be considered to avoid the potential damaging effects of iodine compounds applied in iodine prophylaxis.

The aim of this study was designed to examine the efficiency of various iodine compounds in pigs' diets. The impact of inorganic and organic iodine compounds -- potassium iodate and iodated milk protein, which is a part of the "ProstTM" feed additive ("Innbiotech", Russia) -- on the growth, meat productivity and lean meat yield of fattening pigs was studied. The physico-chemical composition and biological value of the meat were studied. The accumulation of iodine in animal muscle tissue was assessed. It was found that iodized milk protein contributed to more intensive growth than the inorganic iodine source. Specifically, animals fed the organic form of iodine were superior in terms of carcass weight and yield value of muscle and fat tissue. Compared to the control group, the experimental groups of pigs demonstrated a muscle tissue yield of 0.45%. Organic sources of iodine were also found to have a positive impact on the chemical composition of meat; animals fed the organic form of iodine surpassed those receiving inorganic iodine in terms of their meat's dry substance, protein content and fat content. The level of iodine in the muscle tissue of pigs receiving organic iodine was considerably higher, and these pigs surpassed those receiving the inorganic iodine source in terms of the presence of essential amino acids in their muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine deficiency is the main environmental factor leading to thyroid cancer. At the same time iodine excess may also contribute to thyroid cancer. Potassium iodate (KIO3), which is broadly used in salt iodization program, may increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) under experimental conditions, with the strongest damaging effect at KIO3 concentration of ~10 mM (corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid). Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are effective antioxidative indoles, each of which protects against KIO3-induced LPO in the thyroid. The study aims to check if melatonin used together with IPA (in their highest achievable in vitro concentrations) reveals stronger protective effects against KIO3-induced LPO in porcine thyroid homogenates than each of these antioxidants used separately. Homogenates were incubated in the presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 0.0 mM) without/with melatonin (5 mM) or without/with IPA (10 mM) or without/with melatonin + IPA, and then, to further clarify the narrow range of KIO3 concentrations, against which melatonin + IPA reveal cumulative protective effects, the following KIO3 concentrations were used: 20; 18.75; 17.5; 16.25; 15; 13.75; 12.5; 11.25; 10; 8.75; 7.5; 0.0 mM. Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. Protective effects of melatonin + IPA were stronger than those revealed by each antioxidant used separately, but only when LPO was induced by KIO3 in concentrations from 18.75 mM to 8.75 mM, corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid. In conclusion, melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid exert cumulative protective effects against oxidative damage caused by KIO3, when this prooxidant is used in concentrations close to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Therefore, the simultaneous administration of these two indoles should be considered to prevent more effectively oxidative damage (and thereby thyroid cancer formation) caused by iodine compounds applied in iodine prophylaxis.

Abstract Background Following WHO recommendations, Morocco adopted in 1995 the universal salt iodization (USI) as a strategy to prevent and control iodine deficiency disorders. In 2009, the standard salt iodine concentration was adjusted to 15–40 mg/kg. The success of USI for the control of iodine deficiency disorders requires an evaluation of iodine concentration in salt prior to assessing the iodine nutritional status of a population. Methods In our study we refer to the anterior studies that were made in Morocco in 1993 and 1998. 178 salt samples from households were tested for iodine using spot-testing kits. The iodometric titration method was used to analyze accurately the concentration of iodine in the 178 household salt samples. An empiric polling method was adopted, using a non-probability sampling method; across the different twelve regions in the country. Results The median and interquartile range iodine concentration in salt was 2.9 mg/kg (IQR: 2.4-3.7). The results show that only 25 % of households use iodized salt. The recommended iodine concentration in salt of 15–40 mg/kg was met only in 4.5 % of salt samples. The bulk salt is used by 8 % of households. All samples of this bulk salt were found in rural areas. According to nonparametric appropriate tests used, there is no significant difference in iodine concentrations between regions, between urban and rural areas and between packaged and bulk salt. Conclusions Two decades since introducing legislation on Universal Salt Iodization, our survey shows that generalization of iodized salt is far from being reached. In 2015, only a quarter of Moroccan households use the iodized salt and only 4.5 % of salt is in conformity with regulations. The use of bulk salt by households in rural areas constitutes a major obstacle to the success of USI. The National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program can only be achieved if an internal follow-up and a control of external quality of program is put in place.

O sal para consumo humano é utilizado como veículo para aumentar a ingestão de iodo pela população e evitar os Distúrbios por Deficiência de Iodo (DDIs). Esta prática é adotada mundialmente sob recomendação da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e monitorada por meio de programas governamentais. A determinação de iodo no sal, adicionado na forma de iodato, é um método clássico, utilizado no monitoramento nacional,e apesar de ser tradicionalmente a metodologia mais utilizada para quantificação de iodo, não possui critérios de desempenho oficialmente documentados que possam contribuir e subsidiar ações em Vigilância Sanitária. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho da determinação de iodo no sal, adicionado na forma de iodato, por titulação iodométrica e calcular sua incerteza de medição, visando comprovar a confiabilidade dos resultados. Os resultados obtidos precisam ser exatos e precisos para que possam dar subsídio aos programas de monitoramento. O estudo foi realizado em oito níveis de concentração de 2 a 100 mg/kg de forma a contemplar os diferentes níveis de iodo já estabelecidos nas legislações. O método apresentou-se robusto; com seletividade sem interferências de matriz; linearidade para a faixa de trabalho com r2 = 0,99998; limite de detecção adotado por avaliação visual em 1 mg/kg; limite de quantificação de 2 mg/kg; recuperação de 98 a 101%; desvio-padrão relativo ≤ 7,15%; limite de repetibilidade de 0,55 mg/kg e precisão intermediária, onde p = 0,41, demonstrando não haver diferença entre analistas. A incerteza de medição foi estabelecida em 0,93 mg/kg com nível de confiança de 95,45%. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Salt for human consumption is used to increase iodine intake and prevent Iodine Deficiency Disorders. This worldwide practice is recommended by the World Health Organization and monitored by government programs. The determination of iodine content in salt, added as potassium iodate, is a classic method used in national monitoring. Despite being the most common iodine-quantification method, it is not documented in publications to support Sanitary Surveillance initiatives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of iodine determination in salt, added as potassium iodate, by iodometric titration and calculate its measurement uncertainty to investigate the reliability of the results. The results need to be accurate and precise to standardize monitoring programs. The study was conducted in eight concentrations, from 2 to 100 mg/kg. The method is robust. It features selectivity without matrix interference, linearity (r2 = 0.99998) through the range of values studied, detection limit set by visual evaluation at 1 mg/kg, quantitation limit of 2 mg/kg, 98–101% recovery, relative standard deviation ≤ 7.15%, inter-operator reproducibility as shown by a repeatability limit of 0.55 mg/kg, and intermediate precision (p = 0.41). The measurement uncertainty was set at 0.93 mg/kg with a 95.45% confidence level.

Epidemiological studies indicated that chronic exposure to high water iodine is associated with primary hypothyroidism (PH) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). However, the mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we explored whether chronic exposure to high water iodine from potassium iodate (KIO 3 ) can induce hypothyroidism in addition to determining if nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the pathogenesis. 96 female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control, I 1000μg/L , I 3000μg/L , I 6000μg/L , N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) and L-NAME+I 6000μg/L . After 3 months, urine iodine concentration, thyroid hormone, NO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) serum levels were determined. Additionally, thyroid expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also investigated. Thyroid morphology was observed under light microscopy and transmission electron microscope. SCH as indicated by elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) was induced among rats exposed to 3000 μg/L I - , while rats treated with 6000 μg/L I - presented PH characterized by elevated TSH and lowered total thyroxine in serum. Moreover, serum NO, NOS and iNOS expression in the thyroid were significantly increased in I 3000μg/L and I 6000μg/L groups. Changes in thyroid function and morphology in the L-NAME+I 6000μg/L group were extenuated compared to I 6000μg/L group. These findings suggested that chronic exposure to high water iodine from KIO 3 likely induces hypothyroidism with significant morphology changes in female Wistar rats and NO appears to be involved in the pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine-rich herbs such as seaweed, kelp, and sea tangle were widely used to treat various types of goiter with good effect and without any adverse side effects in China. When compared with potassium iodate (PI), iodine-rich herbs had a positive effect on the recovery of goiter resulting from iodine deficiency without any obvious harmful effects. In NOD.H-2h4 mice, an autoimmune thyroiditis-prone model, iodine excess can increase infiltration of lymphocytes and structural damage of the thyroid follicles, hence resulting in thyroiditis. Until now, there has been little research on the comparative effects of PI and iodine-rich herbs on thyroid in an autoimmune thyroiditis-prone model. This study was designed to compare the different effects of iodine-rich herbs and PI on the thyroid gland in iodine-deficient NOD.H-2h4 mice. Excessive intake of PI cause oxidative injury in the thyroid gland and increase the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis, while iodine-rich herbs cause less oxidative injury, significantly enhancing antioxidant capacity, and inhibit the high differentiation of Th17 cells in the thyroid glands of NOD.H-2h4 mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the genetic potential of animals, an important role should be taken to prevent the presence of mineral substances in the rations. Because of their lack of revenue in the body of animals the productivity is decreased, the reproductive function is disturbed, there is a disease. there are diseases. Material for the scientific and economic experiment on the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt on the milk productivity of high-yielding cows and the exchange of Mangan in their body were Holstein animals, Ukrainian Black- Spotted dairy and Ukrainian Red - Spotted dairy breeds. The trace elements were introduced into feed concentrates, and they into the fodder mix by the method of weight dosing and multi-stage mixing. Balancing of rations of highly productive cows of the 1st control group to norm only Selenium, Kuprum and Iodine, led to a concentration in 1 kg DM (dry matter) of feed mix, mg: Zinc – 32.4; Manganese – 27.8; Cobalt – 0.27; Selenium – 0.3; Copper – 12 and Iodine – 1.1 and the lowest concentration of Mangan in milk and in the body. The cows of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were fed with all the trace elements to the norm (for the 2nd experimental group at the expense of zinc sulfates, manganese, cobalt, copper, selenium, Suplex of Selenium and potassium iodide, for the 3rd instead of zinc sulfates, manganese and mixed cobalt compounds were introduced into their ligand complexes). The concentration of trace elements in these groups in 1 kg of DM was, mg: Zinc – 76; Manganese – 76; Cobalt – 0,97; Copper – 12; Selenium – 0.3 and Iodine – 1.1. The concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in 1 kg of DM of fodder was reduced by 20% for cows of the 4th experimental group and by 30% for the 5th experimental group. The results of the conducted searches indicate that the use in feeding of high-yielding cows of various doses of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese, and Cobalt on the use of Suplex of Selenium and sulfate copper and potassium iodide in the first 100- days lactation positively affect the growth of their milk production. Animals of experimental groups dominated cows of analogues of the control group, rations of which were scarce on Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, by average daily yield of natural milk, respectively, by 4.5; 5.8 and 4.0 kg, or 11.63: 14.99 and 10.34%, and these differences were reliable. While the average daily milk yield of cows of the 2nd experimental group exceeded the average daily yield of the 1st control group by 3.8 kg or by 9.82%. In milk of experimental cows, a single increase in the fat content of 0.01–0.09% was also noted. Carrying out balance research confirmed the data of milk productivity. Thus, in the body of cows of the 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups, more Manganese were deposited, respectively by: 540.7; 531.5, and 394.5 mg compared to control and by 367.1, 357.9, and 220.9 mg – in comparison with the 2nd experimental group; in experimental cows of groups 4 and 5, the manganese was deposited less by 9.2 and 146.2 mg in comparison with the 3rd experimental group. With milk in cows of the 1st control group during the day was allocated 20.8 mg of Manganese, and in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups it was allocated more, respectively by 6.7, 9.8, 15.4, and 10.6 mg. Manganese fecal excretion was less in comparison with the 2nd experimental group, in the cows of the 3rd experimental group it was less by 365.9 mg, in the 4th group – by 623.3 mg, and in the 5th group – by 691.4 mg. The use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt enhances the milk productivity of high-yielding cows, reduces their need for these elements, improves their digestion and reduces their excretion with feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, sensitive and inexpensive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of trace amount of hydrazine at microgram level. Hydrazine has been determined by its oxidation to nitrogen by using known excess of potassium iodate. In acidic medium potassium iodate bleaches the methyl red dye. A known excess of potassium iodate was reduced when treated with hydrazine and the unreacted potassium iodate is determined by using methyl red. The method was based on inhibitory effect of hydrazine on the reaction of methyl red dye and potassium iodate in presence of acidic medium. The absorbance of the methyl red after the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 520 run. The molar absorptivity is calculated to be 3.238x105 L mol-1cm-1. Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration range of 1-10 µg of hydrazine in an overall aqueous volume of 25 ml with a correlation coefficient of - 0.999. SandelFs sensitivity was found to be 0.0004µg cm-2. The optimum reaction conditions like time, temperature, pH, reagent concentration, effect of foreign species etc. have been evaluated for the complete reaction. The developed method can be successfully applied for the determination of trace amount of hydrazine in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To described two new spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ethionamide (ETM) in pure and tablet forms. Methods: The developed first method is based on the oxidation of ETM by KIO3 in H2SO4 medium, and the in situ generated iodine is extracted into chloroform and measured at 520 nm, While in the second method, the same iodine is complexed with starch and the intense blue colored complex is measured at 580 nm. Different variables affecting the reactions were carefully studied and optimized. Results: Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges of 20-400 and 5-125 μg/mL with Methods A and B, respectively, with the respective molar absorptivity (ε) values of 4.04 × 102 and 1.39 × 103 L/mol/cm. The Sandell sensitivity values were calculated to be 0.4113 and 0.1193 μg/mL. The limits detection and quantification were calculated to be 0.85 and 2.56 μg/mL for Method A and 0.27 and 0.81 μg/mL for Method B. The intraday and interday precisions expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD) were found to be in the range 1.46-2.32%. The accuracy expressed as relative error (%RE) was better than 2.35%. The methods were also found to be robust and rugged as found from low values of RSD. Conclusion: The two developed methods were applied to the determination of ETM in tablets and no interference was observed from common tablet excipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of iodine intake may promote a spectrum of disorders termed iodine deficiency disorders. Universal salt iodization laws were adopted in Tunisia to overcome this problem. This study examines the adequacy of iodized salt in the distribution chain two decades after its last assessment. A cross-sectional design was carried out in 2012 using the multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Salt samples from 24 governorates were collected at wholesaler level (n = 635), retailer level (n = 1440) and household level (n = 1560), and analyzed using a validated iodometric titration method. Iodine concentration at each level of distribution chain was within the recommended range of 15–27 mg/kg. Iodine content in household salt was significantly different according to the salt manufacturer and also between geographical regions (p < 0.0001). Moreover, an insufficient coverage of adequately iodized salt consumption (less than 90%) was found with reference to international standards (≥15 mg/kg). About 85.6% (95%CI: 78.3–90.8) of analyzed samples were adequately iodized at the intermediate levels of supply-chain (wholesalers and retailers). Our study demonstrates a decrease in the availability of iodized salt in households. It can thus be concluded that universal salt iodization legislation has not been sufficient to ensure an adequate supply of iodine in the population, and an evaluation system needs to be reactivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of Rh(III)-catalysed oxidation of D(+)ribose by potassium iodate in alkaline medium has been studied at 40°C. The reaction exhibits first-order kinetics with respect to [Rh(III)] and [D(+)ribose]. The order of reaction was found to be unity at low concentrations of potassium iodate and OH- which tends to zero-order at their higher concentrations. It was found that dielectric constant of the medium and ionic strength had no effects on the rate of reaction. There is nil effect of [Cl-] on the rate of oxidation. The reaction has been studied at four different temperatures and observed rate constant values were utilised to calculate activation energy and other activation parameters.The species, [RhCl3(H2 O)2 OH]- and IO3 - are postulated as the main reactive species of Rh(III) chloride and potassium iodate, respectively in alkaline medium. Sodium salts of erythronic acid and formic acid were identified as the main oxidation products of the reaction. On the basis of kinetic results, spectroscopic information and activation parameters, a suitable mechanism for the oxidation of D(+)ribose has been proposed and rate law has been derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Iodine (I) deficiency is distinct from other micronutrient deficiencies in human populations in having a high endemic prevalence both in well-developed and in developing countries. The very low concentration of iodine in agricultural soils and cereal-based foods is widely believed to be the main reason of iodine deficiency in humans, especially in developing countries. In the present study, the possibility of using iodine containing fertilizers for agronomic biofortification of cereal grains with iodine was studied. The aim was to establish the best application method (to the soil or as foliar spray), the best form of iodine (potassium iodate or potassium iodide) and the optimal dose of iodine. Additionally, experiments were conducted to study transport of iodine in plants and localization of iodine within the grains. Materials and methods: Experiments were conducted both under greenhouse conditions and in the field on wheat ( Triticum aestivum) grown in Turkey and Pakistan, on rice ( Oryza sativa) grown in Brazil, Thailand and Turkey and on maize ( Zea mays) grown in Turkey. The iodine concentration in the grain, localization of iodine in different grain fractions of wheat (i.e., endosperm, bran and embryo) and iodine concentration of both brown rice and polished rice was analyzed. In short-term experiments, the translocation of iodine from older into younger leaves was also studied. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for analysis of iodine in plant and soil samples. Results: In greenhouse experiments on wheat, soil-applied potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO) at increasing rates (i.e., 0, 0.1, 0.25, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg I kg soil) both iodine forms substantially increased iodine concentration in the shoot, with the highest shoot iodine resulting from the KI treatments. However, these soil treatments did not affect iodine concentrations in the wheat grain, with the exception of the highest iodine rates (i. e., 10 and 20 mg I kg soil) which also depressed the grain yield. In contrast to the soil applications, foliar spray of KI and KIO at increasing rates during heading and early milk stages did enhance grain iodine concentrations up to 5- to 10-fold without affecting grain yield. Including KNO or a surfactant to the iodine containing foliar spray further increased the grain iodine concentration. In a short-term experiment using young wheat plants, it was found that iodine is translocated from older into younger leaves after immersion of the older leaves in solutions containing KI or KIO. Adding KNO or a surfactant in the immersion solution also promoted leaf absorption and translocation of iodine into younger leaves. Field experiments conducted in different countries confirmed that foliar application with increasing rates of iodine significantly increased grain iodine concentrations in wheat, brown rice and maize. This increase was also found in the iodine concentration of the endosperm part of wheat grains and in polished rice. Conclusions: The results of the present study clearly show that foliar application of iodine containing fertilizers is highly effective in increasing grain iodine concentrations in wheat, rice and maize. Presented results suggest that iodine is translocated from shoot to grain by transport in the phloem. Spraying KIO up to the rate of 0.05% w/ v is suggested as the optimal form and rate to be used in agronomic biofortification with iodine. The substantial increase in grain iodine concentrations could contribute to the prevention of iodine deficiency in human populations with low dietary iodine intake. The reasons behind the higher effectiveness of foliar-applications compared to the soil applications of iodine fertilizers in improving grain iodine concentration are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two fairly sensitive, simple and accurate methods have been developed and validated for the assay of omeprazole and lansoprazole in pure and dosage forms. The proposed spectrophotometric method was based on the oxidation of the title drugs with acidic potassium iodate solution resulted in liberation of iodine, which was then extracted and measured at ? 520 nm under the optimized experimental conditions. The method was proved to be accurate and precise and the linearity was found to be in the concentration range of 5-200 and 15-200 µg/ml, for omeprazole and lansoprazole, respectively, with apparent molar absorptivities of 2.42×10-4 and 2.01×10-4 lmol-1cm-1, and with the corresponding Sandell sensitivity value of 0.0281 and 0.0473 mgcm-2 for the afore mentioned drugs, respectively. Moreover, the kinetics of these reactions was investigated. On the other hand, the potentiometric method was based on the direct titration of the drugs with acidic N-bromosuccinimide solution with determination of the end point potentiometrically using a platinum indicator electrode under the optimum conditions. The concentration ranges were found to be 25-100 and 15-100 µg/ml with standard deviation of 0.007-0.042 and 0.005-0.034, and with relative standard deviation of 0.79-2.4 and 1.4-2.9 for omeprazole and lansoprazole, respectively. Additionally, the proposed methods could successfully be applied for the determination of the cited drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The relative standard deviations for the results did not exceed 1%, confirming the high precision of the method and reproducibility of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different doses of potassium iodate (KIO3) on the malignancy of thyroid cancer were investigated. Results showed that the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SW579 thyroid cancer cells were improved by 10−6M KIO3, which was associated with microRNA(miR)-146a deficit; 10−2M KIO3significantly enhanced miR-146a level and suppressed SW579 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The diverse effects of KIO3on SW579 cells were associated with the expression changes in miR-146a targets, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3. Our study concludes that different doses of KIO3have counteracting effects on the malignancy of thyroid cancer through modulating miR-146a level. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study focuses on the effect of adsorption and chemical treatment for the treatment of fluoride containing wastewater. Soil was collected from bed sediments of river Churni, West Bengal and was used as an adsorbent. Potassium iodate (KIO 3 ) was used as an chemical agent to treat the fluoride containing solution. Optimization of the process parameter using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was carried out in both cases to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the removal of fluoride. The two level three factor (2 3 ) central composite design (CCD) was also applied to optimize the process parameters. Both the process showed de-fluoridation efficiency such as 91.42% for KIO 3 and 86.71% for soil. To evaluate the combined effect of adsorption and chemical treatment, both the adsorbent and KIO 3 were mixed and used. It was observed that the fluoride removal using both adsorbent and chemical treatment was 96.46%. Thus, it could be concluded that this integral approach for treatment of fluoride containing solution has potential for the treatment of fluoride containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]