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The February 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye caused widespread devastation and fatalities, highlighting the critical contrast in the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with moment-resistant frames and those with structural walls. This study employs analyses of nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems using selected accelerograms from the earthquakes to evaluate the behavior of these structural systems. Three SDOF systems representing flexible and stiffer frame buildings, alongside RC wall buildings, were examined. The results highlighted the susceptibility of frame buildings to severe damage and collapse compared with the excellent performance of RC wall buildings. Moreover, the study emphasizes a shift of design focus from life safety to functional recovery. It also identifies potential scenarios regarding consecutive earthquake effects. Overall, the findings advocate adequately designed RC wall buildings for enhanced seismic performance and immediate occupation following major earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-disaster recovery modelling of engineering systems has become an important facet of catastrophe risk modelling and management for natural hazards. The post-disaster recovery trajectory of a civil infrastructure system can be quantified using (a) the initial post-disaster functionality level, Qo; (b) rapidity, h (i.e., the rate of functionality restoration); and (c) recovery time, Rt. This study uses a Bayesian estimation approach to derive a set of probabilistic models to estimate Qo, Rt, and h of electric power networks (EPNs) using post-earthquake recovery data from 16 large earthquakes in Japan between 2003 and 2022. The considered predictor (explanatory) variables include earthquake magnitude, year of occurrence, seismic intensity, and exposed population (PEX). Apart from being a simple and efficient stand-alone tool, the proposed data-driven models can be a useful benchmarking tool for simulation-based approaches for EPN recovery modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canterbury Earthquake Sequence of 2010–2012 was devastating for Christchurch, New Zealand, a city built on a floodplain. The sequence resulted in widespread damage across the central business district (CBD) and residential areas. Alongside, and in contrast to, orthodox planning responses by the New Zealand Government, playful, creative, and temporary projects emerged in vacant spaces. These were designed to bring back life and energy to the city centre, and such types of activity are referred to by scholars as do‐it‐yourself (DIY) urbanism. A primary critique of DIY urbanism in the literature relates to how it has the potential to contribute to gentrification, despite its amateurish appearance and mildly subversive politics. In Christchurch, a venue built from pallets—known as the Pallet Pavilion—was constructed by an organisation known as "Gap Filler" with the help of volunteers. Gap Filler emerged after the first earthquake, inserting creative projects to bring back life and energy to the damaged CBD. By examining the Pallet Pavilion, we show that, despite its potentially gentrifying effects, DIY urbanism interventions may open up a more inclusive politics of the city. Also, and paradoxically, in the case of the Pallet Pavilion, the exercise of privilege made this inclusive politics possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Identifying healthcare services and also strengthening the healthcare systems to effectively deliver them in the aftermath of large-scale disasters like the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes, especially for vulnerable groups cannot be emphasized enough. This study aimed at identifying the interventions undertaken or proposed for addressing the health needs or challenges of vulnerable groups immediately after the occurrence of the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes, as well as for prioritizing their healthcare service delivery in the post-Turkey-Syria earthquake. Methods In this scoping review compiled with the five steps of the Arksey and O’Malley framework, five databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, OVID, and Google Scholar, were searched for studies published between March and April 2023 in line with the eligibility criteria. Interventions for enhancing post-earthquake healthcare services (PEHS) were grouped into seven (7) categories, adopted from previous guidelines and studies. Each one was assigned a default score of a value equal to one (1), which, in the end, was summed up. Results Of the 115 total records initially screened, 29 articles were eligible for review. Different interventions they reported either undertaken or proposed to address the healthcare needs and challenges, especially faced by the most vulnerable groups in the aftermath of the Turkey-Syria earthquakes, were categorized into 7 PEHS. They were ranked with their scores as follows: humanitarian health relief (25); medical care (17); mental health and psychosocial support (10); health promotion, education, and awareness (9); disease surveillance and prevention (7); disability rehabilitation (7); and sexual and reproductive health (5). Conclusion Since there are no proper guidelines or recommendations about the specific or most significant PEHS to prioritize for vulnerable groups after the occurrence of large-scale earthquakes, this scoping review provides some insights that can help inform healthcare service delivery and prioritization for vulnerable groups in the post-2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes and other similar disasters.

Background: Identifying healthcare services and also strengthening the healthcare systems to effectively deliver them in the aftermath of large-scale disasters like the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes, especially for vulnerable groups cannot be emphasized enough. This study aimed at identifying the interventions undertaken or proposed for addressing the health needs or challenges of vulnerable groups immediately after the occurrence of the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes, as well as for prioritizing their healthcare service delivery in the post-Turkey-Syria earthquake. Methods: In this scoping review compiled with the five steps of the Arksey and O'Malley framework, five databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, OVID, and Google Scholar, were searched for studies published between March and April 2023 in line with the eligibility criteria. Interventions for enhancing post-earthquake healthcare services (PEHS) were grouped into seven (7) categories, adopted from previous guidelines and studies. Each one was assigned a default score of a value equal to one (1), which, in the end, was summed up. Results: Of the 115 total records initially screened, 29 articles were eligible for review. Different interventions they reported either undertaken or proposed to address the healthcare needs and challenges, especially faced by the most vulnerable groups in the aftermath of the Turkey-Syria earthquakes, were categorized into 7 PEHS. They were ranked with their scores as follows: humanitarian health relief (25); medical care (17); mental health and psychosocial support (10); health promotion, education, and awareness (9); disease surveillance and prevention (7); disability rehabilitation (7); and sexual and reproductive health (5). Conclusion: Since there are no proper guidelines or recommendations about the specific or most significant PEHS to prioritize for vulnerable groups after the occurrence of large-scale earthquakes, this scoping review provides some insights that can help inform healthcare service delivery and prioritization for vulnerable groups in the post-2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes and other similar disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic damage to components and structures may cause extensive degradation of the seismic capacities of the damaged buildings. The analysis of the residual hysteretic behavior of post-earthquake damaged components and structures is a critical step in the assessment of their residual seismic capacities. Whereas, the difficulty in quantifying the damage distribution of materials in post-earthquake damaged components leads to the challenge of quantitative analysis of their residual behavior (i.e. residual stiffness, strength, energy dissipation). In this study, a visual data-informed fiber beam-column model was developed to analyze the residual hysteretic behavior of post-earthquake damaged RC columns under cyclic loads. To begin with, the method for quantifying the damage strain fields of the columns according to their inspected visual data was proposed. Then, the stress-strain relations of the materials considering the effect of damage strain fields were constructed, and the visual data-informed fiber beam-column model was proposed for the analysis of the residual hysteretic behavior of post-earthquake damaged RC columns subjected to cyclic lateral loads. At last, the proposed model was validated by comparing model results with existing test data. The comparison shows that the proposed visual data-informed fiber beam-column model can accurately analyze the concrete crushing surfaces, the residual load-displacement responses, and the energy dissipation capacities of post-earthquake damaged RC columns, facilitating the evaluation of the residual seismic capacities of post-earthquake damaged RC columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experts conduct damage assessments throughout the city in earthquake-prone areas to evaluate the destruction caused by the earthquake. Based on the ATC-20 Building Safety Values, the buildings impacted by the earthquake are categorized as “Inspected, Restricted Use, Unsafe”. Visual imagery captured both inside and outside the buildings is utilized to document the expedited identification of structural deficiencies and their underlying causes. Nevertheless, architects and engineers find the documentation, reporting, and decision-making process to be a time-consuming task. In the past ten years, extensive research has been carried out to reduce the duration of these procedures, specifically in the fields of construction and machine learning. This study investigates the application of machine learning in decision support systems, drawing on research on post-earthquake damage assessment. Post-earthquake damage assessment reports utilized CNN damage assessment algorithms to classify exterior images of buildings exhibiting “Inspected, Restricted Use, Unsafe” damage. The accuracy and loss values of various algorithms, including different AlexNet algorithms, the VGG19 algorithm, and the Resnet50 algorithm, were compared.

Progressive collapse resistance of 2D and 3D structures has separately enjoyed attention from different perspectives; the differences between 2D and 3D analyses have not yet been highlighted in detail. Here, a series of pre- and post-earthquake progressive collapse analyses are performed on 10-story 2D and 3D steel moment-resisting frames designed based on different behavior factors and seismic hazard levels. For the pre-earthquake analysis, the structures are examined under different column removal scenarios across the stories but under only gravity loads. For the post-earthquake analysis, the structures are first subjected to different accelerations with different specifications followed immediately by the same column removal scenarios as considered for the pre-earthquake analysis. It is shown that no failure occurs under all of the column removal scenarios when the 3D frames are investigated; there are, however, some failures for the same scenarios in the 2D frames. In addition, results show that removing corner columns is more critical for both the 2D and 3D frames than removing the middle columns; this is particularly the case in upper stories. The results indicate that the structural model (i.e., 2D or 3D) has less effect on seismic ductility demands and ductility demands in the plastic regions after column removals, as the changes are within around 10%. However, the maximum column DCR values and maximum vertical displacements of the joints at the removal location are highly sensitive toward structural modeling as the differences are even above 30%. In addition, the differences in predictions from the 2D and 3D analyses are higher when the corner columns are removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-earthquake assessment procedures require component deformation limits to identify locations for visual inspection and locations needing structural repair. This study proposes a framework for defining component deformation limits for detailed visual inspection and repair for earthquake-damaged concrete buildings. First, observations from cyclic tests of ductile concrete components (beams, columns, and walls) suggested that the residual capacity (in terms of strength and deformation capacity) of such components is likely uncompromised if the deformation at the initiation of lateral strength loss (LSL) is not exceeded in prior loading histories. The results also revealed that the deformation at the initiation of LSL typically corresponds to the onset of longitudinal bar buckling in ductile components. Furthermore, using experimental data, multipliers are developed as fractions of ASCE/SEI 41 modeling parameters at lateral failure (i.e. a or d) to predict deformation at initiation of LSL. Subsequently, a probabilistic approach is proposed for defining the component deformation limits, considering uncertainty in both capacity and demand. Component deformation limits for detailed visual inspection are defined such that there is a low probability (adopted as <10%) of exceeding the deformation at the initiation of LSL. The component deformation limit for repair is defined as the median deformation at the initiation of LSL (i.e. 50% probability of exceedance). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In post-earthquake surveys, it is difficult (and often infeasible) to observe and quantify displacements beyond line-of-sight (LOS), given seismic force-resisting and gravity systems exist completely or partially within a building's enclosure. To overcome this limitation, we develop a novel framework that generalizes graph-based state estimation towards structural joint localization via engineered landmarks. These landmarks provide an indirect means to estimate residual displacements where direct LOS is unavailable. Within our framework, engineered landmarks define topologies of uniquely identifiable landmarks that are either visible or non-visible to a robot performing simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Within the SLAM approach, factors encoding robot odometry and robot-to-visible landmark measurements are formulated for the cases of wireless sensing and fiducial object detection and tracking. Visible landmarks are rigidly attached to non-visible landmark subsets for each engineered landmark, where the complete set of non-visible landmarks form globally rigid and localizable connectivity graphs via range-based factors. Complimentary subsets of non-visible landmarks are embedded within the base structure and uniquely define joint pose via geometric factors. All factors are unified within a common graph to solve for the maximum a posteriori estimate of robot, landmark, and joint states via nonlinear least squares optimization. To demonstrate the applicability of our approach, we apply the Monte Carlo method over a parameterization of system noise to calculate residual joint pose error distributions, maximum average inter-story drift ratios, and related summary statistics for a 19-story nonlinear structural model. By performing nonlinear time history analyses over sets of service-level and maximum considered earthquakes, our parametric study gives insight into our method's application towards post-earthquake building evaluation in non-LOS conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of the residual seismic capacity (RSC) of post-earthquake damaged buildings is instrumental to the formation of reasonable recovery strategies. At present, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) that considers the mainshock and aftershock is the method most frequently used to evaluate the RSC of damaged structures. However, the mainshock-induced structural damage determined using the IDA method may be inconsistent with the damage observed in actual engineering. This inconsistency could potentially lead to an unreasonable evaluation result. To overcome this drawback, it is necessary to evaluate the RSC of damaged structures according to their observed damage instead of that obtained by the IDA. In this paper, a method of evaluating the RSC of damaged reinforced concrete (RC) columns is proposed. First, the damage degree and distribution of the damaged columns were evaluated via visual inspection after mainshocks. Then, a numerical model was developed to predict the residual behavior of damaged columns subjected to aftershocks. After that, the RSC of damaged columns was estimated based on fragility analysis. The degradation of the collapse capacity of damaged columns was quantified by the collapse fragility index (CFI), and a parameter analysis was conducted to study the effect of structural parameters on the CFI of damaged columns. Lastly, an empirical model for predicting the CFI was proposed, facilitating the application of this study in actual post-earthquake assessments. The parameter analysis indicates that the axial load ratio of the columns and the degree of damage degree accumulated during mainshocks have a significant effect on the CFI. Additionally, the proposed empirical model can effectively predict the degradation of the collapse capacity of RC columns in existing test data, with an accuracy of 0.82. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 7th, 2020, a magnitude Mw = 5.0 earthquake shook 5 km north of Mila city center, northeast of Algeria, causing substantial damage directly to structures, and indirectly from induced impacts of landslides and rock falls, ultimately disrupt to everyday civilian life. Given the recent significant seismic occurrences in the region, a detailed and comprehensive examination and assessment of post-earthquake damage is critical to Algeria. This is primarily because masonry, concrete, and colonial-era structures are sensitive to horizontal motions caused by seismic waves, and because masonry and concrete structures constitute a substantial portion of today's Algeria's build environment. We present a post-earthquake investigation of the Mila earthquake, starting from the earthquake source, and a catalogue of buildings type, damage categorization, and failure patterns of residential structures in Mila's historic old town, where colonial-era brick buildings prevail. We find that structures that represent notable architectural achievements were severely damaged as a result of the earthquake. Data acquired during the immediate post-earthquake analysis was also evaluated and discussed. The graphical representations of the damages are detailed and complemented by photos. This seismic event has shown the fragility of Algeria's building stock, which must be addressed properly in future years. This study reports on an overall estimate of residential buildings in Mila's lower city, as well as an evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of three neighborhood towns (El-Kherba, Grareme-Gouga, and Azzeba). A generic database for graphical surveys and geometric research was developed and implemented making it possible to evaluate the shear strength on-site. The broad observations, collated data, and consequences were then loaded into the 3Muri structural verification program. Nonlinear static analysis was conducted to analyze probable failure paths and compare the real damage to the software results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railway transportation is an important channel for emergency rescue and disaster relief. Traditionally, the method of evaluating the damage degree of bridges under different seismic intensities from the perspective of structural damage cannot be directly used to judge the traffic capacity of trains on bridges after earthquakes. It is impossible to guarantee the running safety and affect the transportation of materials after the earthquake. Because the damage state of track structure directly affects the running safety of trains, this study combines the relationship between the damage of track structure and the deformation of bridge structure after earthquake, and puts forward the transverse relative displacement of girder end (TRDGE) as the damage index of train running function of railway bridge after earthquake. Then, the OpenSees-TRBF (Train-Railway-Bridge-Foundation Coupled System Dynamic Analysis Platform) co-simulation method is used to carry out the train-track-bridge coupling dynamic calculation under different seismic damage states, and the running safety analysis database under different TRDGEs is established. Then, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to classify the bridge damage index of traffic capacity through different target safety speeds. Based on the probabilistic seismic demand model, the exceedance probability curve of traffic capacity damage under different seismic intensities is established. Finally, based on the curve, the running safety risk domain of trains on the bridge under different seismic intensities is obtained with a confidence level of 95 %. This study proposes a post-earthquake damage assessment method for railway bridges based on the assurance of running safety probabilities, evaluating the damage degree of the bridge with the residual traffic capacity of the bridge after the earthquake. This study can be applied to assess earthquake damage on existing railway bridges and provide references for the safe speed of trains on the bridge after an earthquake. • A seismic damage assessment method for bridge based on running safety is proposed. • The seismic damage probability curve of bridge based on running safety is established. • The post-earthquake vehicle speed threshold is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a type of urban life project in China, bridges need a certain capacity of trains running safely after an earthquake to ensure and guarantee transportation on railway lines, post-disaster reconstruction and relief work. Since aftershocks may occur after the main shock, the earthquake-induced irregularity and aftershock intensity are fully considered, based on the running safety index in the seismic design of bridges. However, there is a lack of research on the running safety of trains after an earthquake; it is mainly judged on experience, and lacks theoretical basis. In this paper, the established finite element model of a train bridge interaction system with symmetry was considered. The point estimation method (PEM) combined with moment expansion approximation (MEA) is used for random calculation of the Housner Intensity (HI). Furthermore, running safety indexes were analyzed and the running safety performance of a simply supported bridge with symmetry was assessed under a post-earthquake condition. Then the limit value, to ensure the traffic safety performance after an earthquake, is calculated based on stochastic analysis. The HI can be calculated with full consideration of the randomness of aftershock intensity and structural parameters. On this basis, a calculation method of the HI that considers the randomness of aftershock intensity is proposed. This study can be helpful for the performance-based design of symmetric railway structures under post-earthquake conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-earthquake road traversability is a critical factor that affects traffic conditions. Therefore, a post-earthquake traffic simulation method considering road traversability was proposed in this study. First, the impact ranges of the earthquake-induced building collapse and the post-earthquake fire spread of buildings were analyzed, and road traversability was determined accordingly. Subsequently, the post-earthquake traffic flow was predicted based on building characteristics, and micro-level vehicle behaviors were simulated considering post-earthquake road traversability to determine the traffic conditions. In addition, the simulation model was validated using actual data. Finally, a segment of the Tongzhou road network in Beijing was selected as a case study to analyze post-earthquake road traversability and simulate traffic conditions on critical road sections. The proposed method can provide post-earthquake traffic conditions, which benefits the decision-making of post-earthquake evacuation and rescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Emergency communication network (ECN) is the important infrastructure to acquire the real-time information after disaster, which is essential for rescue task. However, the existed routing protocols seldom consider the uneven distribution of rescue area so that cannot satisfy the ECN’s requirement and the quality of rescue needs improvement. In this paper, we avoided the traditional linear propulsion from rim to core and proposed a novel four-quadrant mobility model (FQMM), which makes rescuers arrive the most intensity core area first, which can improve the rescue quality. Then, a FQMM-based protocol (FQMMBP) for ECN is designed, which aims to improve the performance of ECN in terms of package delivery rate (PDR) and end-to-end delay. Finally, we set up a virtual earthquake scenario to simulate our proposed protocol in NS2. Results show that the proposed protocol outperforms to the three compared routing protocols, i.e., AODV, DSDV and DSR. The average FDR is improved by 16.31%, and the average reduction of delay is 64.45%, which shows our proposed scheme’s advantages in quality of rescue.

Regarding the polycrisis of the inner and marginal landscapes of Italy and in the broader context of an increasingly complex housing emergency, the paradigm of temporality in the post-emergency context is investigated here. With an interdisciplinary and transcalar approach, the contribution proposes a time-based design for the project of emergency housing in response to the post-earthquake “reconstruction risk”. In this respect, going beyond the concept of temporality, the prototype resulting from the research is intended as an “on-site store”. In order to interpret the emergency as an opportunity for renewal and the temporary heritage as permanent capital, the proposed design, process and product innovations exploit the potential of information modelling and cold-formed steel components.

Brittle punching failures can occur in slab–column connections due to earthquake-induced unbalanced moments. The performance of undamaged specimens and various repair/strengthening techniques have been studied in the past. This paper investigates a less studied scenario, in which a flat slab–column connection severely damaged by an earthquake is subjected to another earthquake without undergoing repair. The performance under this special loading protocol is analysed. It is shown that the drift capacity was not significantly impaired, but both the lateral and bending stiffness were reduced. Other relevant observations regarding the post-earthquake life of slab–column connections are brought to attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the polycrisis of the inner and marginal landscapes of Italy and in the broader context of an increasingly complex housing emergency, the paradigm of temporality in the post-emergency context is investigated here. With an interdisciplinary and transcalar approach, the contribution proposes a time-based design for the project of emergency housing in response to the post-earthquake “reconstruction risk”. In this respect, going beyond the concept of temporality, the prototype resulting from the research is intended as an “on-site store”. In order to interpret the emergency as an opportunity for renewal and the temporary heritage as permanent capital, the proposed design, process and product innovations exploit the potential of information modelling and cold-formed steel components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a post-earthquake damage assessment of the 6.5 Mw earthquake in Pidie Jaya, Indonesia which occurred on December, 7th 2016. The earthquake killed 112 people and caused the collapse of about 3000 buildings. The assessment started on the day after the earthquake. The survey covered nine sub-districts of Pidie Jaya regency in the Province of Aceh, northern Sumatra. The post-event damage assessment was conducted by a team of researchers from Syiah Kuala University and local authorities. The damage survey assessed the damage levels of residential houses, school buildings and markets. The most common construction damages reported in this article are failures of reinforced concrete, confined masonry and timber structures. The ground motion field was modeled using Openquake application and the site response employed Vs30 values inferred from topography. This calculated ground motion was compared to data from post-earthquake field assessment reports. The highest percentage of heavy damage was recorded in the area of the fault rupture and along the shorelines area. The types of failure observed are summarized in the context of Indonesian construction practice, with particular reference to the seismic resilience of the Rumoh Aceh traditional wood construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to explain the factors related to mental-emotional disorder among post-earthquake responders in Ambon, Maluku. Methods: The design was observational analytics with a cross-sectional approach. Respondents were 174 people living near the epicenter and taken by simple random sampling. The independent variables were age, sex and work status, damage to the residence, the family members dying from earthquakes, and assistance from the government. The dependent variable was mental-emotional disorders. Data of mental-emotional disorder were collected using the SRQ 20 (Self-Reported Questionnaire) and analyzed using logistic regression (α

SOCIAL MEDIA LITERACY FOR MILLENNIALS IN PROMOTING TOURISM IN POST-EARTHQUAKE LOMBOK IN AUGUST 2018. After the earthquake in Lombok in August 2018 there was a significant decline in the number of tourists. The decline in the number of visits has an impact on the potential of NTB Province's original income as well as the growth of the economic sector which is supported by tourism activities. This is caused by the amount of hoax information that appears in various media, especially social media. Various information on this hoax makes tourists fail to come to Lombok because they feel worried, anxious and afraid if aftershocks occur. The fact is that there was a small earthquake several times after August but it was not significant and did not cause damage like last August 2018. Lombok is currently declared safe, but various news related to Lombok are not completely clear of the theme of disaster. The behavior of netizens, especially millennials, is not yet fully conditioned and supports the promotion of Lombok tourism, especially in the promotion of post-earthquake events. Many do things they shouldn't do and lead to negative content. For this reason, social media literacy is needed, especially for millennials in promoting Lombok tourism after the 2018 earthquake in August, considering millennials are the most active and responsive in social media.

The earthquake that occurred in Lombok cause a post-earthquake depression that affects mental and psychological changes. Motivational interviewing is a non-pharmacological action with counseling therapy to increase the motivation and change ambivalence to avoid or reduce depression of post-earthquake sufferers. This research aims to find out the effectiveness of motivational interviewing on the reduction of depression in post-earthquake in the North Lombok Regency. This research using a quasi-experimental methodology with pre-post test design, where research is carried out in North Lombok using a purposive sampling technique. The study shows the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing on the reduction of depression in victims of the post-earthquake intervention group. Natural disasters that occur such as earthquakes with the resulting impact can cause vulnerability to victims that influence physically and psychologically. Non-pharmacological interventions Motivational Interviewing (MI) in respondents with moderate and severe depression can reduce the level of depression in post-earthquake victims.

Evaluation of the residual seismic capacity (RSC) of post-earthquake damaged buildings is instrumental to the formation of reasonable recovery strategies. At present, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) that considers the mainshock and aftershock is the method most frequently used to evaluate the RSC of damaged structures. However, the mainshock-induced structural damage determined using the IDA method may be inconsistent with the damage observed in actual engineering. This inconsistency could potentially lead to an unreasonable evaluation result. To overcome this drawback, it is necessary to evaluate the RSC of damaged structures according to their observed damage instead of that obtained by the IDA. In this paper, a method of evaluating the RSC of damaged reinforced concrete (RC) columns is proposed. First, the damage degree and distribution of the damaged columns were evaluated via visual inspection after mainshocks. Then, a numerical model was developed to predict the residual behavior of damaged columns subjected to aftershocks. After that, the RSC of damaged columns was estimated based on fragility analysis. The degradation of the collapse capacity of damaged columns was quantified by the collapse fragility index (CFI), and a parameter analysis was conducted to study the effect of structural parameters on the CFI of damaged columns. Lastly, an empirical model for predicting the CFI was proposed, facilitating the application of this study in actual post-earthquake assessments. The parameter analysis indicates that the axial load ratio of the columns and the degree of damage degree accumulated during mainshocks have a significant effect on the CFI. Additionally, the proposed empirical model can effectively predict the degradation of the collapse capacity of RC columns in existing test data, with an accuracy of 0.82.

Post‐earthquake fire is one of the most prone and dangerous disasters after earthquake. This study investigates the post‐earthquake fire performance of concrete‐filled steel tube (CFST) columns experimentally. An experimental program containing two parts has been carried out ‐ quasi‐static tests and fire tests. During the quasi‐static tests, four square CFST columns were loaded under constant compressive force and cyclic horizontal force, until reaching different degrees of seismic damage. Afterwards, the pre‐damaged columns were loaded under a constant axial compression ratio (i.e. ratio of the applied compressive load to its bearing capacity) of 0.3 at elevated temperatures. The fire resistance time and failure modes of these pre‐damaged CFST columns are reported herein. Local buckling occurred at the bottom of the specimens during the cyclic loading tests, while the mid‐height of the steel tube was found to be softened and buckled seriously during the high temperature tests. When columns reached the limit of fire resistance, their axial deformation increased rapidly. Results showed that pre‐seismic damage significantly affected the fire resistance of specimens – more serious pre‐damage resulted in lower fire resistance. The experimental results will be used to conduct parametric study and propose design rules for the fire performance of CFST columns with different degrees of seismic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a type of urban life project in China, bridges need a certain capacity of trains running safely after an earthquake to ensure and guarantee transportation on railway lines, post-disaster reconstruction and relief work. Since aftershocks may occur after the main shock, the earthquake-induced irregularity and aftershock intensity are fully considered, based on the running safety index in the seismic design of bridges. However, there is a lack of research on the running safety of trains after an earthquake; it is mainly judged on experience, and lacks theoretical basis. In this paper, the established finite element model of a train bridge interaction system with symmetry was considered. The point estimation method (PEM) combined with moment expansion approximation (MEA) is used for random calculation of the Housner Intensity (HI). Furthermore, running safety indexes were analyzed and the running safety performance of a simply supported bridge with symmetry was assessed under a post-earthquake condition. Then the limit value, to ensure the traffic safety performance after an earthquake, is calculated based on stochastic analysis. The HI can be calculated with full consideration of the randomness of aftershock intensity and structural parameters. On this basis, a calculation method of the HI that considers the randomness of aftershock intensity is proposed. This study can be helpful for the performance-based design of symmetric railway structures under post-earthquake conditions.

Emergency communication network (ECN) is the important infrastructure to acquire the real-time information after disaster, which is essential for rescue task. However, the existed routing protocols seldom consider the uneven distribution of rescue area so that cannot satisfy the ECN's requirement and the quality of rescue needs improvement. In this paper, we avoided the traditional linear propulsion from rim to core and proposed a novel four-quadrant mobility model (FQMM), which makes rescuers arrive the most intensity core area first, which can improve the rescue quality. Then, a FQMM-based protocol (FQMMBP) for ECN is designed, which aims to improve the performance of ECN in terms of package delivery rate (PDR) and end-to-end delay. Finally, we set up a virtual earthquake scenario to simulate our proposed protocol in NS2. Results show that the proposed protocol outperforms to the three compared routing protocols, i.e., AODV, DSDV and DSR. The average FDR is improved by 16.31%, and the average reduction of delay is 64.45%, which shows our proposed scheme's advantages in quality of rescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely acquisition of disaster information and damage assessment are crucial for mitigating earthquake impact. However, obtaining post-earthquake information promptly is challenging due to the disruptions caused by earthquakes to human activities and the environment. Remote methods have been widely used for rapidly assessing post-earthquake damage owing to their convenience and high precision. Among these methods, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is renowned for its large area coverage capabilities. However, InSAR may not be suitable for monitoring horizontal deformation of buildings. This study introduces a rapid loss assessment method for post-earthquake building portfolios based on InSAR. Specifically, we obtained the deformation in the horizontal direction of building portfolios in Adıyaman and Nurdağı during the 2023 Turkey earthquake based on InSAR and evaluate the proposed method's effectiveness by comparing it with optical remote sensing imagery. The results demonstrate that this method is efficient and cost-effective in evaluating post-earthquake damage of building portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid assessment of earthquake-stricken regions immediately after a seismic event is crucial for earthquake relief operations. Since unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can quickly reach the affected areas and obtain images, they are widely used in the post-earthquake rapid assessment. However, sensor noise and other unavoidable errors can affect the quality of images acquired by sensors attached to the UAVs, which can, in turn, reduce the quality of the assessment. We defined a new problem in the application of multiple UAVs in the rapid assessment of earthquake-stricken regions. The rapid-assessment task-assignment problem (RATAP) was used to construct the assignment plan for multiple UAVs in a rapid-assessment task while considering the weights of potential targets, the endurance of the UAVs, and the sensor errors. The RATAP was formulated as a variant of the team orienteering problem (TOP) called the revisit-allowed TOP with reward probability (RTOP-RP). We then developed an efficient hybrid particle swarm optimization with simulated annealing (HPSO-SA) algorithm, which produced a high-quality solution for the RATAP, and confirmed the effectiveness and rapidity of our algorithm through numerical experiments. Finally, we conducted a case study based on real-world data from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China to demonstrate our approach.

After a catastrophic ground motion, the strength of a damaged steel bridge to resist both its self-weight and traffic loads usually needs to be re-evaluated. This aspect is especially true for bridges located in highway network intersections. However, in the current evaluation process, the strength of the deteriorated material is often underestimated, which may lead to the adoption of an inappropriate decision for the treatment of a damaged bridge. In this work, an accurate hysteretic model incorporating the strength degradation for structural steel is proposed based on experimental results. Furthermore, a case study on the post-earthquake strength of a deck-through type steel arch bridge was performed. The relationship between the prior seismic damage level and the remaining strength was investigated. The results indicate that the decreases in the material strength predicted by the hysteretic model are in good agreement with the experimental results. The stiffness of the bridge is unaffected by the seismic damage. The structure retains more than 90% of its original strength in most cases after the ground motions. However, the ductility of the structure decreases dramatically due to the prior seismic damage. Moreover, the remaining ductility of the damaged bridge decreases linearly with the preceding seismic intensities (PGA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of chronic disease management Program (Prolanis) encourages patient with chronic illness to achieve optimal quality of life and 75% of patient have the "good" results on the specific examination of the disease DM type II and hypertension so as to prevent the onset of disease complications. The purpose of this research is to know the factors related to the utilization of post-earthquake service Prolanis. This type of research is analytic survey research using cross sectional approach design. The population in this study is all prolanis patient who utilize the service in the Public Health center after the earthquake as many as 69 patient. The sampling techniques in this study were the total sampling so that the number of samples in this study of 69 respondents showed that there was no age-old relationship with the utilization of Prolanis services in post-earthquake community health centres (P = 0,271) However, there was a gender relationship (0.000), education (P = 002), and marital status (P = 0,006). Therefore, the Lateri Public Health Center can play an active role and reach out to prolanis patient who utilize the post-earthquake service so that they can maintain and increase the degree of health especially in people with chronic diseases such as hypotensions and diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake-damaged buildings recognition of the highresolution remote sensing images has been an indispensable technical means in the post-earthquake emergency response. In view of the difficulties and constraints caused by the lack of pre-earthquake information, this article proposed a novel damaged buildings recognition of high-resolution remote sensing images based on feature space and decision tree optimization. By only using post-earthquake information, the potential building object set is extracted by combining WJSEG segmentation and a group of non-building screening rules. On this basis, an adaptive decision tree number extraction strategy based on the discrimination of classification accuracy by the curve fluctuation is applied. In addition, the spectrum, texture and geometric morphology features are selected according to the feature importance index to form symbolized sets of damaged buildings. Finally, based on the optimized random forest (RF) model, buildings are separated into three categories as undamaged building, partly damaged building and ruin. Experiments on four different datasets show that the overall accuracy all exceed 85% with the proposed method, which is significantly better than the other compared methods in both visual inspection and quantitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of post-disaster exclusive breastfeeding is caused by the lack of knowledge, the level of education, the family support, the support of health workers, the health facilities, and the distribution of the assistance for the breastfeeding substitutes and the commercial porridge which is very accessible, can change the behaviour of the exclusive breastfeeding in the disaster-affected areas. This research aims to analyse the determinant of the success of the post-disaster exclusive breastfeeding. The research method was quantitative with the cross-sectional approach. The population was 52 mothers at three evacuation sites who had 6 to 8-month babies; taken by the Total Sampling. The data were analysed using the univariate analysis and the bivariate analysis. The results of the research were the characteristics of the respondents, namely: those who were 26 to 35 years old, were 63.5%;those who were in low education, were 86.5%, and those who were in higher education, were 13.5%;the pre-disaster breastfeeding practice was 73.1%; those who had less knowledge about breastfeeding were 80.8%;those who had received the assistance of PASI (breastfeeding companion) and commercial porridge were 76.9%; the unavailability of the health facilities was 65.4%;the lack of support from the health workers was 65.4%; and the less support from the families was 71.2%. The bivariate analysis showed that the variables of: education, knowledge, the status of receiving the assistance of PASI & commercial porridge, the availability of the health facilities, the support from the health workers, and the support from the families; all of these variables had a significant relationship to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding at the evacuation site, with a p value < 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban gas pipelines network as one of the most vital lifelines plays an important role in the level of vulnerability and earthquake damage. Iran is located on the Alpide earthquake belt, which is one of the highly earthquake-prone zones of the world. The first earthquake effect, which can damage pipelines, is the transient ground deformation caused by wave propagation. The second one is the permanent ground deformation, which refers to liquefaction, landslide, and ground failure. With the failure of the gas pipelines, a fire may also occur, and consequently, the indirect damage caused by the earthquake may even further increase. This paper investigates the seismic risk of the Asaluyeh city urban gas distribution network by regarding the all geo-seismic hazard using HAZUS methodology. The post-earthquake ignition is evaluated using fault tree method, and the consequences of the design earthquake are assessed using PHAST package. Finally, the network physical damage risk, human risk, and direct economic risk are all evaluated. The results show that three possible failures may happen in the Asaluyeh gas distribution network. While the probability of an ignition occurrence is 35% for leakage and 32% for breaking, the post-earthquake ignition can affect around 30 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the influence of natural disasters and other factors on the psychological anxiety state of teenagers in the area, and to identify the factors that contribute to the mental health of adolescents in the region and better support local youth services. Methods The psychological health condition was analyzed by means of anxiety self-assessment and regression analysis. Results There were 30 factors in the single factor analysis of events and disasters with rank sum test, P value was less than 0.05; 8 factors with rank logistic regression analysis were statistically significant，P value was less than 0.05. Conclusion It is suggested that psychological assistance group should focus on the psychological reconstruction of adolescent anxiety, and more on the negative life events such as the breakdown of adolescent family relations and the deterioration of family relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a major seismic event, structural safety inspections by qualified experts are required prior to reoccupying a building and resuming operation. Such manual inspections are generally performed by teams of two or more experts and are time consuming, labor intensive, subjective in nature, and potentially put the lives of the inspectors in danger. The authors reported previously on the system for a rapid post-earthquake safety assessment of buildings using sparse acceleration data. The proposed framework was demonstrated using simulation of a five-story steel building modeled with three-dimensional nonlinear analysis subjected to historical earthquakes. The results confirmed the potential of the proposed approach for rapid safety evaluation of buildings after seismic events. However, experimental validation on large-scale structures is required prior to field implementation. Moreover, an extension to the assessment of high-rise buildings, such as those commonly used for residences and offices in modern cities, is needed. To this end, a 1/3-scale 18-story experimental steel building tested on the shaking table at E-Defense in Japan is considered. The importance of online model updating of the linear building model used to calculate the Damage Sensitive Features (DSFs) during the operation is also discussed. Experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed approach for rapid post-earthquake safety evaluation for high-rise buildings. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis with respect to the number of sensors used is presented.

In a post-earthquake scenario, the semantic enrichment of 3D building models with seismic damage is crucial from the perspective of disaster management. This paper aims to present the methodology and the results for the Level of Detail 3 (LOD3) building modelling (after an earthquake) with the enrichment of the semantics of the seismic damage based on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). The study area is the Vrisa traditional settlement on the island of Lesvos, Greece, which was affected by a devastating earthquake of Mw = 6.3 on 12 June 2017. The applied methodology consists of the following steps: (a) unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) nadir and oblique images are acquired and photogrammetrically processed for 3D point cloud generation, (b) 3D building models are created based on 3D point clouds and (c) 3D building models are transformed into a LOD3 City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) standard with enriched semantics of the related seismic damage of every part of the building (walls, roof, etc.). The results show that in following this methodology, CityGML LOD3 models can be generated and enriched with buildings’ seismic damage. These models can assist in the decision-making process during the recovery phase of a settlement as well as be the basis for its monitoring over time. Finally, these models can contribute to the estimation of the reconstruction cost of the buildings.

The present study utilized satellite imagery and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to investigate the post-earthquake spatio-temporal changes of landslide for Huisun Experimental Forest Station (HEFS). Total 26 SPOT satellite images taken between January 1999 (before the Chi-Chi earthquake) and July 2016 shows that the total landslide area was fluctuated after the earthquake and then became stable after 2008. Overall, the long-term landslide trends of HEFS is approaching a stable stage in terms of the slightly increasing mean NDVI value with decreasing NDVI variance from 1999 to 2016 based on the linear regression and Mean-Variance analyses. Two large landslide areas in Xinsheng Village and along Meitangan River were identified as statistically significant hot spots. More than 50% of landslides in HEFS were observed in areas with S-facing and SE-facing slopes with the majority of landslides occurred at 500 - 1500 m elevation. The slope characteristic of landslides changed to a concentration in 30 - 40 degree after the Chi-Chi earthquake and changed again to a concentration in 20 - 30 degree after 2008. Based on the results of the frequency of landslide occurrence, the total landslide area was the largest in the 0 - 9 times category. In the 10 - 16 and 17 - 26 times categories, high percentages of landslides were found in SE-facing and S-facing slopes. An inverse relationship was found between the landslide areas and the distance to river channel in the 0 - 9 and 10 - 16 times categories. The results of spatio-temporal landslide analysis can be references for management and conservation strategies in HEFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FEMA P-58 provides engineers with second-generation tools for performance-based seismic assessment of buildings. Central to the loss calculations enabled by FEMA P-58 are fragility functions, which plot the probability of exceeding a user-specified damage state (linked to a repair measure) as a function of a demand parameter. Gulec and Whittaker developed the fragility functions for shear-critical reinforced concrete walls that are part of the FEMA P-58 documentation. In past experimental programs, damage was often reported at displacements greater than that of peak shear strength and damage data at zero lateral loading, mimicking the post-earthquake condition, was not provided. This paper updates the fragility functions developed by Gulec and Whittaker using damage documented at zero lateral loading, which is the starting point for repair. The fragility functions use peak transient displacement as the demand parameter because it is output from seismic analysis of a numerical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid assessment for numerous post-earthquake damaged reinforced concrete (RC) structures is critical for making informed post-earthquake decisions. However, this often requires significant resources in terms of manpower and calculation costs. This study proposes a machine learning (ML)-based method for predicting the collapse state of post-earthquake damaged RC columns under subsequent earthquakes, which are a critical earthquake-resistant component in RC structures. First, the damage strain field theory is introduced to establish the numerical analysis models for 10000 post-earthquake damaged RC columns. A dataset is constructed using time history analysis results obtained from these numerical analysis models under the action of 1000 ground motion records. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm is then utilized to train an ML model that can predict the collapse state of post-earthquake damaged RC columns under subsequent earthquakes. To evaluate the accuracy of the ML prediction model, a testing dataset consisting of 47 full-size RC columns from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) database is constructed. Results demonstrate that the prediction model has good accuracy, with an Area Under Curve (AUC) value and an F1 measure of 0.87 and 0.76, respectively. The SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) algorithm is then utilized to interpret the ML prediction model, and the influences of design parameters, ground motion intensity parameters, and damage index on the prediction results are discussed. Finally, an interactive and user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) tool is developed to provide a rapid collapse prediction of post-earthquake damaged RC columns. This study represents a pioneering step towards the application of ML in post-earthquake assessment for damaged RC columns. • A machine learning-based method for evaluating the collapse safety of post-earthquake damaged RC columns under subsequent earthquakes was developed. • The damage strain field theory is introduced to establish the numerical model of post-earthquake damaged RC column. And the hysteretic behavior of post-earthquake damaged RC column is simulated quantitatively. • A machine learning dataset is constructed using time history analysis results obtained from 10000 post-earthquake damaged RC column numerical models under the action of 1000 ground motion records. • The SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) algorithm is utilized to interpret the machine learning prediction model, and the influences of design parameters, ground motion intensity parameters, and damage index on the prediction results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In this study, exposure refers to survivors who suffered from life-changing situations, such as personal injuries, the deaths or injury of family members, relatives or friends or the loss of or damage to personal or family property, as a result of the earthquake. The mediating effect of risk perception on the exposure and psychological health in survivors from the Longmen Shan Fault area and the moderating effect of social support on the relationship between risk perception and psychological health were both examined. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a local Longmen Shan Fault area near the epicenter of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the standard Chinese 12-item Short Form (SF-12v2), and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to interview 2,080 earthquake survivors in the period one-year after the earthquake. Based on the environment and the characteristics of the Longmen Shan Fault area, a risk perception questionnaire was developed to evaluate survivor risk perception. Factor and regression analyses were conducted to determine the hypothetical relations. Results The analyses provided effective support for the hypothesized model. Survivor risk perception was classified into direct risk perception and indirect risk perception. Survivor direct risk perception was found to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between exposure and the two domains (Physical component summary (PCS) and the Mental component summary (MCS)) of psychological health. Survivor indirect risk perception was found to have a only partial mediating effect on the association between exposure and MCS. Social support was found to moderate the influence of risk perception on psychological health. Conclusion Risk communication should be considered in future post-earthquake psychological assistance programs and social support strategies could also be useful in improving psychological health.

A serious earthquake could trigger thousands of landslides and produce some slopes more sensitive to slide in future. Landslides could threaten human’s lives and properties, and thus mapping the post-earthquake landslide susceptibility is very valuable for a rapid response to landslide disasters in terms of relief resource allocation and posterior earthquake reconstruction. Previous researchers have proposed many methods to map landslide susceptibility but seldom considered the spatial structure information of the factors that influence a slide. In this study, we first developed a U-net like model suitable for mapping post-earthquake landslide susceptibility. The post-earthquake high spatial airborne images were used for producing a landslide inventory. Pre-earthquake Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) images and the influencing factors such as digital elevation model (DEM), slope, aspect, multi-scale topographic position index (mTPI), lithology, fault, road network, streams network, and macroseismic intensity (MI) were prepared as the input layers of the model. Application of the model to the heavy-hit area of the destructive 2008 Wenchuan earthquake resulted in a high validation accuracy (precision 0.77, recall 0.90, F1 score 0.83, and AUC 0.90). The performance of this U-net like model was also compared with those of traditional logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM) models on both the model area and independent testing area with the former being stronger than the two traditional models. The U-net like model introduced in this paper provides us the inspiration that balancing the environmental influence of a pixel itself and its surrounding pixels to perform a better landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) task is useful and feasible when using remote sensing and GIS technology.

Computer vision-based approaches are very useful for dynamic displacement measurement, damage detection, and structural health monitoring. However, for the application using a large number of existing cameras in buildings, the computational cost of videos from dozens of cameras using a centralized computer becomes a huge burden. Moreover, when a manual process is required for processing the videos, prompt safety assessment of tens of thousands of buildings after a catastrophic earthquake striking a megacity becomes very challenging. Therefore, a decentralized and fully automatic computer vision-based approach for prompt building safety assessment and decision-making is desired for practical applications. In this study, a prototype of a novel stand-alone smart camera system for measuring interstory drifts was developed. The proposed system is composed of a single camera, a single-board computer, and two accelerometers with a microcontroller unit. The system is capable of compensating for rotational effects of the camera during earthquake excitations. Furthermore, by fusing the camera-based interstory drifts with the accelerometer-based ones, the interstory drifts can be measured accurately even when residual interstory drifts exist. Algorithms used to compensate for the camera’s rotational effects, algorithms used to track the movement of three targets within three regions of interest, artificial neural networks used to convert the interstory drifts to engineering units, and some necessary signal processing algorithms, including interpolation, cross-correlation, and filtering algorithms, were embedded in the smart camera system. As a result, online processing of the video data and acceleration data using decentralized computational resources is achieved in each individual smart camera system to obtain interstory drifts. Using the maximum interstory drifts measured during an earthquake, the safety of a building can be assessed right after the earthquake excitation. We validated the feasibility of the prototype of the proposed smart camera system through the use of large-scale shaking table tests of a steel building. The results show that the proposed smart camera system had very promising results in terms of assessing the safety of steel building specimens after earthquake excitations.