631 results on '"Post injection"'
Search Results
2. Combination of high cetane diesel fuel and post injection mode in a diesel engine: A path towards lower exhaust emissions
- Author
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Hiren Dave, Kamal Sharma, and Sonawane Chandrakant
- Subjects
Diesel engine combustion ,Post injection ,Cetane number enhancer ,DTBP ,Emission characteristics ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
The major objective of the presented work is to explore the effect of post injection (PI) strategy using neat diesel fuel (D100) blended with cetane number enhancer (CNE). The motive behind adding CNE in diesel fuel was to lower its self-ignition temperature and hence delay period subsequently. This can lead to more efficient combustion of post injected fuel which leads to lower incomplete combustion losses. The CNE used was Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide (DTBP) which was blended with D100 in proportion of 1 % by volume. Initially experiments were conducted with D100 under various PI modes where variation of post injection timing (PIT) as well as post quantity (PQ) was considered. The experimental results showed that implementing PI resulted in lower smoke, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to single injection while affecting fuel consumption negatively. Then after similar experiments under various PI modes were repeated using blends of D100 and DTBP (D/DTBP) and results were compared with D100 case. It was found that addition of CNE in D100 resulted in more complete combustion of post fuel which further reduced CO and UHC emissions. The shorter delay period in case of D/DTBP blend compared to D100 case led to lower NOx emissions as well as higher smoke emissions. The obtained results revealed that PI mode with 3 mg PQ and 20° after top dead center (ATDC) PIT with D/DTBP blend offered 41.18 %, 17.55 %, 64 % and 62.5 % reduction in smoke, NOx, UHC and CO emissions respectively compared to single injection mode using D100 fuel.
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
3. Numerical study of effect of post injection coupled with EGR on combustion and emission performances of CRDI engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol blends
- Author
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Limin Geng, Hongliang Xiao, Yuxuan Cui, Nan Gao, Qi Li, Hao Chen, and Yuantao Xie
- Subjects
Post injection ,Exhaust gas recirculation ,Combustion characteristics ,Exhaust emissions ,Biodiesel-ethanol blends ,Transportation engineering ,TA1001-1280 - Abstract
Energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming more serious, biodiesel is regarded as the most promising alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its environmentally friendly and renewable characteristics. In this study, the biodiesel-ethanol blends were used in a diesel engine, and the purpose of the study was to simultaneously control the NOx and soot emissions of the diesel engine by adjusting the injection strategy and EGR rate. A turbocharged, six-cylinder, common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine model was established using GT-Power. The effects of the main-post injection strategy and post injection coupled with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emission characteristics were investigated at a maximum torque speed and a medium load. The results show that when the main-post injection strategy is employed, the combustion duration of the main injection is shortened with an increase in the main-post injection interval (MPI). When the MPI increased to more than 18 °CA, the heat release of post injection could be observed clearly from the curve of the heat release rate, NOx emissions decreased by 5.70% and 7.12%, respectively, and soot emissions decreased by 25.56% and 30.20%, respectively. Moreover, with the increasing post injection quantity, the combustion duration of the main injection shortened, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the post injection increased. When the fuel quantity for the post injection increased from 2 to 6 mg, NOx emissions decreased from 2.33% to 9.80%, and soot emissions decreased from 16.10% to 34.97%. The effect of post injection quantity on emissions was more significant than that of the MPI. In addition, with increasing EGR rate, the ignition delay is prolonged, the peak cylinder pressure, PHRR, peak combustion temperature and NOx emissions decrease, whereas soot emissions increase gradually. Main-post injection can improve the NOx-soot trade-off, the optimal EGR rate is 22.86% under a post injection quantity of 4 mg and a MPI of 22 °CA.
- Published
- 2023
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4. Numerical analysis of diesel injection strategies on emissions and performance in CH4/diesel powered RCCI diesel engine with high ratio EGR
- Author
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Hüseyin Gürbüz and Tarkan Sandalcı
- Subjects
RCCI ,Methane ,Dual fuel ,Combustion modeling ,Post injection ,EGR ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
In this study, the effects of intake port injection of methane and direct of injection diesel on emissions and the combustion of a light-duty RCCI engine were numerically researched. In this way, AVL Boost software was used for 1-dimensional simulation of the combustion process and emission estimation. Higher octane number methane gas was mixed with air from the intake port, while lower octane number diesel fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. Methane gas was injected at a rate of 65% and diesel fuel at a rate of 35%. The diesel injected directly into the combustion chamber was sprayed at a rate of 5% between 0 and 35 °CA with 8 different injection timings after the main injection. In the model engine, 50% high EGR rate was applied in all combustion modes. The results showed that these parameters have significant effects on performance and emissions. The results in summary; NOx emission reduced at all engine speeds with delayed diesel post-injection timing. The maximum drop of NOx emission was 57.34% with Post15. Although the addition of methane slightly increased the soot emission, it was significantly reduced by the simultaneous addition of methane and application of post-injection strategies of diesel fuel. The soot emission was reduced by 58.85% with the Post35 injection strategy.
- Published
- 2023
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5. Impact characteristics of post injection on exhaust temperature and hydrocarbon emissions of a diesel engine
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Zhengjiang Wang, Lizhong Shen, Jilin Lei, Guozhong Yao, and Guiyong Wang
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Diesel engine ,Common rail ,Multiple injection ,Post injection ,Calibration ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Increasing exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and providing hydrocarbon (HC) reactants by in-cylinder post injection are effective measures to assist diesel engine exhaust aftertreatment operation for efficient pollution control. The aim of this study is to explore calibration guidance of post injection for base engine performance and aftertreatment requirements. Therefore, the effect of start of post injection (SOPI) timing on engine performance and emissions, especially the relationship between the variations of the EGT and HC emissions caused by different post injection timings were experimentally studied with a 2.0 L high-pressure common-rail diesel engine at different loads. The results showed that the maximum torque contribution was produced by post injection at the earliest SOPI timing at all load levels. When the post injection timing was retarded, the engine brake torque decreased gradually, and more energy of the post injected fuel raised the EGT. The EGT decreased and the HC emissions increased significantly as the SOPI timing was further retarded. At the 20%, 50%, and 80% loads, the maximum EGTs were 357.7, 465.4, and 615.8 °C, increased by 11.6%, 8.6%, and 7%, respectively. The maximum HC emissions were 4932, 3929, and 2746 ppm, increased by 12.44, 1.8, and 5.18 times, respectively. Moreover, a tradeoff relationship between the EGT and the HC emissions was observed at different SOPI timings by a normalized analysis. However, no clear tradeoff relationship between the soot and the NOxemissions was found in the SOPI timing sweep. Consequently, the appropriate SOPI timing range should be determined based on the needs of the aftertreatment system, and multiple post injections may be required to simultaneously increase the EGT and provide the HC reactants for aftertreatment. The optimal SOPI timing also needs to be selected based on impacts on soot and NOxat different loads.
- Published
- 2022
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6. ディーゼル機関におけるポスト噴射燃料の部分酸化現象の要因解析.
- Author
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軽米健成, 坂井鈴音, 柴田元, and 小川英之
- Abstract
The partial oxidation phenomena of po就 injected fuels in diesel engines are the topics in this paper. In engine experiments, a dual fuel engine was operated by HCCI operation with n-hexane port injection, and the inhomogeneities of temperature and equivalence ratio in cylinder were changed by the after-diesel-fuel DI operation. The heat release and CO and HC emissions were measured and the progress in partial oxidation of post injected fuel was evaluated. Further, a CFD simulation was introduced, and the ignition mechanism of post injected fuel was analyzed. The results suggest that the inhomogeneity of incylinder temperature is an important factor that determines the progress in partial oxidation of post injected fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
7. Numerical analysis of diesel injection strategies on emissions and performance in CH4/diesel powered RCCI diesel engine with high ratio EGR.
- Author
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Gürbüz, Hüseyin and Sandalcı, Tarkan
- Subjects
DIESEL motors ,NUMERICAL analysis ,ANTIKNOCK gasoline ,COMBUSTION chambers ,DIESEL motor exhaust gas ,DIESEL fuels - Abstract
In this study, the effects of intake port injection of methane and direct of injection diesel on emissions and the combustion of a light-duty RCCI engine were numerically researched. In this way, AVL Boost software was used for 1-dimensional simulation of the combustion process and emission estimation. Higher octane number methane gas was mixed with air from the intake port, while lower octane number diesel fuel was injected directly into the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. Methane gas was injected at a rate of 65% and diesel fuel at a rate of 35%. The diesel injected directly into the combustion chamber was sprayed at a rate of 5% between 0 and 35 °CA with 8 different injection timings after the main injection. In the model engine, 50% high EGR rate was applied in all combustion modes. The results showed that these parameters have significant effects on performance and emissions. The results in summary; NOx emission reduced at all engine speeds with delayed diesel post-injection timing. The maximum drop of NOx emission was 57.34% with Post15. Although the addition of methane slightly increased the soot emission, it was significantly reduced by the simultaneous addition of methane and application of post-injection strategies of diesel fuel. The soot emission was reduced by 58.85% with the Post35 injection strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Effect of Multiple Injection Strategy on Combustion of Cotton Seed Oil Biodiesel in CRDI Diesel Engine
- Author
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Nallamothu, Ramesh Babu, Anantha Kamal, Nallamothu, Seshu Kishan, Nallamothu, Niranjan Kumar, Injeti Nanaji, Appa Rao, Basava Venkata, Narasimham, G. S. V. L., editor, Babu, A. Veeresh, editor, Reddy, S. Sreenatha, editor, and Dhanasekaran, Rajagopal, editor
- Published
- 2020
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9. ディーゼル機関における噴霧液滴の潤滑油膜衝突挙動に対する 無次元数による分類
- Author
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前田寛成, 木村一平, 井上昌樹, and 松村 恵理子
- Abstract
The purpose is to construct a model to predict the impingement behavior of diesel spray on lubricating oil film in postinjection. In this report, the impingement behavior of different liquids simulating spray droplets and lubricating oil is measured, and the critical K-factor is calculated to classify the droplet splashing and deposition behavior considering the difference of dynamic viscosity coefficient and the impingement angle of droplets. The critical K-factor was calculated from the experimental results as follows. Kcr=(Wed ・ しa护.(23/n)'* 1 2 (05) cr=2100+ 62703non144 .が", Wed is Weber number, Lad is Laplace number, 〇 is impingement angle, k is dynamic viscosity ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
10. ディーゼル機関における噴霧液滴の潤滑油膜衝突時に生じる 潤滑油飛散量の定量化 一衝突後の二次液滴に含まれる潤滑油の質量分率の計測一
- Author
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木村 一平, 前田 寛成, and 松村 恵理子
- Abstract
The purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of splashing lubricating oil by secondary droplets from a single oil crown. Therefore, the secondary droplet diameter and the number of secondary droplets were estimated from the model formulation. Moreover, the mass fraction of lubricating oil contained in the secondary droplets was measured by the laser-induced fluorescence method. As a result, it was found that the amount of splashing lubricating oil increased with the increase of K-factor, which is a non-dimensional number using Weber and Laplace numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
11. MODELLING OF POST-INJECTION STRATEGIES OF ETHANOL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF ETHANOL IN THE FORM OF DUAL FUEL AND EMULSION IN DIESEL ENGINE.
- Author
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GURBUZ, Huseyin and SANDALCI, Tarkan
- Subjects
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DIESEL fuels , *DIESEL motors , *ETHANOL , *EXHAUST gas recirculation , *SIMULATION software - Abstract
In this research, as the first stage, the effects of the ethanol on engine performance and emissions under the fumigation and emulsion method were experimentally investigated under part load and various engine speed conditions. Diesel-ethanol blend containing 5% ethanol by volume was used as the mixture fuel. In the fumigation method, ethanol was used at the same rate and 99.9% purity as the emulsion method. As the second stage, the effects of ethanol post injection on engine performance and pollutant emissions were investigated in the experimental engine modeled in AVL Boost simulation program and compared with the experimental results. Simulation post injection tests were performed separately after the main injection at 3° CA (P1) and 7° CA (P2). In the experimental studies, NOx emission decreased with the emulsion method (E5) at low and high engine speeds. In post injection strategies, NOx emission in general increased due to improved combustion and increased in-cylinder temperature with P1 (first post injection) and P2 (second post injection) strategies. Soot emission decreased significantly with E5. This improvement in soot emissions was approximately 87% in post injection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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12. Variable valve actuation-based combustion control strategies for efficiency improvement and emissions control in a heavy-duty diesel engine.
- Author
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Wei Guan, Pedrozo, Vinícius B., Hua Zhao, Zhibo Ban, and Tiejian Lin
- Abstract
High nitrogen oxide levels of the conventional diesel engine combustion often requires the introduction of exhaust gas recirculation at high engine loads. This can adversely affect the smoke emissions and fuel conversion efficiency associated with a reduction of the in-cylinder air-fuel ratio (lambda). In addition, low exhaust gas temperatures at low engine loads reduce the effectiveness of aftertreatment systems necessary to meet stringent emissions regulations. These are some of the main issues encountered by current heady-duty diesel engines. In this work, variable valve actuation-based advanced combustion control strategies have been researched as means of improving upon the engine exhaust temperature, emissions, and efficiency. Experimental analysis was carried out on a single-cylinder heady-duty diesel engine equipped with a high-pressure common-rail fuel injection system, a high-pressure loop cooled exhaust gas recirculation, and a variable valve actuation system. The variable valve actuation system enables a late intake valve closing and a second intake valve opening during the exhaust stroke. The results showed that Miller cycle was an effective technology for exhaust temperature management of low engine load operations, increasing the exhaust gas temperature by 40°C and 75°C when running engine at 2.2 and 6 bar net indicated mean effective pressure, respectively. However, Miller cycle adversely effected carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions at a light load of 2.2 bar indicated mean effective pressure. This could be overcome when combining Miller cycle with a second intake valve opening strategy due to the formation of a relatively hotter in-cylinder charge induced by the presence of internal exhaust gas recirculation. This strategy also led to a significant reduction in soot emissions by 82% when compared with the baseline engine operation. Alternatively, the use of external exhaust gas recirculation and post injection on a Miller cycle operation decreased high nitrogen oxide emissions by 67% at a part load of 6 bar indicated mean effective pressure. This contributed to a reduction of 2.2% in the total fluid consumption, which takes into account the urea consumption in aftertreatment system. At a high engine load of 17 bar indicated mean effective pressure, a highly boosted Miller cycle strategy with exhaust gas recirculation increased the fuel conversion efficiency by 1.5% while reducing the total fluid consumption by 5.4%. The overall results demonstrated that advanced variable valve actuation-based combustion control strategies can control the exhaust gas temperature and engine-out emissions at low engine loads as well as improve upon the fuel conversion efficiency and total fluid consumption at high engine loads, potentially reducing the engine operational costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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13. Impact of post-injection strategy on the physicochemical properties and reactivity of diesel in-cylinder soot.
- Author
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Fan, Chenyang, Song, Chonglin, Lv, Gang, Wei, Jiangjun, Zhang, Xuyang, Qiao, Yuehan, and Liu, Ye
- Abstract
Abstract Post injection has significant benefit in the reduction of diesel soot emissions. Therefore, there is a need to understand the effect of post-injection strategy on soot physicochemical properties and reactivity because they play an important role in soot oxidation process that governs the final soot emissions. This work focuses on the impact of post injection on the physicochemical properties and reactivity of diesel in-cylinder soot using a main plus post injection (M*P) and a single injection (M) strategy. The soot was sampled by a developed total cylinder sampling system, and the dividing points of soot formation-dominant and oxidation-dominant phases were used for studying the impacts of post injection on the characteristics of in-cylinder soot. The physicochemical properties of the soot samples, including primary particle size, nanostructure, carbon chemical state and surface functional groups, were characterized. The soot reactivity was evaluated in terms of peak temperature, burnout temperature and apparent activation energy. In the oxidation-dominant phase, the M*P soot initially possesses smaller primary particle size, shorter fringe length, larger tortuosity, lower sp
2 /sp3 hybridization ratio of carbon atoms and higher content of aliphatic C H groups than the M soot. The beneficial influence of physicochemical properties on soot reactivity when using post injection is validated by the thermogravimetric data, which shows that the M*P soot is more reactive than the M soot at the onset of the oxidation-dominant phase. In the M*P case, the soot generated from the main-injection combustion has lower reactivity than the soot from the post-injection combustion after they experience the soot formation-dominant phase. The results indicate that the use of post injection leads to in-cylinder soot with physicochemical properties that favor reactivity. The enhancement of reactivity means that the soot will be more readily oxidized in the subsequent combustion process, and consequently contributes to a reduction in final soot emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Nanostructure and reactivity of soot produced from a turbodiesel engine using post injection.
- Author
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Sun, Chenxi, Martin, Jonathan, and Boehman, André L.
- Abstract
Abstract Post injection is commonly used for triggering regeneration of exhaust aftertreatment devices such as diesel particulate filters and NO x adsorber catalysts. Post injection is also a method to reduce engine-out particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining efficiency, to reduce or potentially eliminate exhaust aftertreatment. This study explores post injection in a light duty multi-cylinder turbodiesel engine to reduce PM. The impact of post injection dwell and duration on soot reduction and reactivity are investigated in this study. Soot samples were collected from the engine exhaust and subjected to analyses of oxidative reactivity and nanostructure of the primary soot particles. Close-coupled post injections conditions reduce soot emissions by 11–21%, while long-dwell post injection conditions reduce soot emissions by 28–33%. The reaction rate constants of soot collected from close-coupled post injection conditions decrease by 10–13% compared to baseline condition, while the reaction rate constants of soot collected from long dwell post injection conditions increase by 37–39% compared to the baseline condition. The difference in soot reactivity indicates fuel from the post injection interacts with the main injection flame. Moreover, with the increase of injection dwell and post injection size, soot surface oxygen content and amorphous carbon content increase. This explains the change in reactivity of soot from different injection dwells. Primary soot particle and particle aggregate sizes do not vary much with post injection. Soot from post injection conditions show shrinking-core-type oxidation without graphene layer rearrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The pathophysiology of Wilson’s disease visualized: A human 64Cu PET study
- Author
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Ditte Emilie Munk, Lars C. Gormsen, Susanne Keiding, Ole Lajord Munk, Karina H. Vase, Hendrik Vilstrup, Thomas Damgaard Sandahl, Kim Frisch, Peter Ott, Dirk Bender, Mikkel H. Vendelbo, and Kristoffer Kjærgaard
- Subjects
Heterozygote ,LIVER ,Future studies ,COPPER-METABOLISM ,Hepatolenticular Degeneration/diagnostic imaging ,Post injection ,DIAGNOSIS ,Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ,Humans ,Medicine ,In patient ,(CUCL2)-CU-64 PET/CT ,Hepatology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Heterozygote advantage ,MOUSE MODEL ,Pet imaging ,RADIOCOPPER ,Control subjects ,Pathophysiology ,Positron emission tomography ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,EXPERIENCE ,business ,Nuclear medicine - Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Wilson disease (WD) is a genetic disease with systemic accumulation of copper that leads to symptoms from the liver and brain. However, the underlying defects in copper transport kinetics are only partly understood. We sought to quantify hepatic copper turnover in patients with WD compared with heterozygote and control subjects using positron emission tomography (PET) with copper-64 (64 Cu) as tracer. Furthermore, we assessed the diagnostic potential of the method.METHODS: Nine patients with WD, five healthy heterozygote subjects, and eight healthy controls were injected with an intravenous bolus of 64 Cu followed by a 90-min dynamic PET scan of the liver and static whole-body PET/CT scans after 1.5, 6, and 20 hours. Blood 64 Cu concentrations were measured in parallel. The hepatic copper retention and redistribution were evaluated by standardized uptake values (SUV).RESULTS: At 90 min, the hepatic SUVs were similar in the three groups. In contrast, at 20 hours post injection, the SUV in WD patient (Mean±SEM 31±4) was higher than in heterozygotes (24±3) or controls (21±4), (p < 0.001). An SUV-ratio of the hepatic 64 Cu concentration at 20 and 1.5 hours completely discriminated between the WD patients and control groups (p < 0.0001; ANOVA). By Patlak-analysis of the initial 90 min of the PET scan, the steady-state hepatic clearance of 64 Cu was estimated to be slightly lower in the patients with WD than in controls, (p = 0.04).CONCLUSIONS: 64 Cu PET imaging enables visualisation and quantification of the hepatic copper retention characteristic for WD patients. This method represents a valuable tool for future studies of WD pathophysiology, which may assist the development of novel therapies, and accurate diagnosis.
- Published
- 2022
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16. Research of Post Injection Strategy of an EGR Diesel Engine to Improve Combustion and Particulate Emissions Performance: Application on the Transient Operation
- Author
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Shuang Feng, Wei Hong, Yongming Yao, and Tian You
- Subjects
diesel engine ,transient operation ,post injection ,combustion ,particulate emissions ,particle size distribution ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Abstract
Mobile source emissions have already accounted for a large proportion of environmental pollution, which seriously affect the symmetric characteristics of atmosphere, and automobile emissions have extremely serious deterioration of emissions under transient operation, especially particulate emissions. These factors exacerbate the asymmetry of the environment. So, the paper reports an experiment about the improvement of post injection strategy on combustion, regulated emissions (HC, CO, and NOx), and particle number emissions especially the emissions of different size particles in the transient process of an EGR diesel engine, meanwhile, the effects of post injection on the combustion of mixture are further analyzed by numerical simulation method. The test speed was 1600 r/min, and the torque increased from 5% of the maximum torque to 100%. The results indicated that the shorter the instantaneous loading time, the more severe the deterioration of particulate emissions, HC and CO emissions, but loading time has little effect on NOx emissions. The particles with the size range of 50–100 nm, 23–50 nm, and >100 nm are greatly affected by the loading process and post injection. In comparison, it has little effect on ultrafine particles with particle size of 15–23 nm and 100 nm particles, the peak number concentration can be reduced by 25% and 50%, respectively. Due to the turbo charging lag, the peak of NOx emissions during the unloading process were slightly larger than the loading process.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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17. Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of 99mTc Nitrido-Levetiracetam as a Brain Imaging Agent
- Author
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M. H. Sanad, Sudip Kumar Mandal, F. A. Marzook, Hanan M. Eyssa, Sabry A. Bassem, Ayman B. Farag, Syed Rizvi, Soumya Stuti Patnaik, A. S. M. Fouzy, and Francis Verpoort
- Subjects
Reaction conditions ,Biodistribution ,Chemistry ,Reducing agent ,Radiochemistry ,Radiosynthesis ,medicine ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Levetiracetam ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Post injection ,medicine.drug ,Biological evaluation - Abstract
99mTc nitrido-Levetiracetam was prepared using the 99mTc nitrido core for labeling. The reaction conditions were optimized to get the highest radiochemical purity (98%): substrate amount 2 mg, Sn(II) (reducing agent) amount 50 µg, pH 7, 30 min, ambient temperature. The biodistribution studies revealed high brain uptake of 99mTc nitride-Levetiracetam, reaching a maximum of 9% ID/g at 30 min post injection (p.i.). The complex deserves further analysis as a candidate brain imaging agent.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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18. Prepackaged Injectable Soft-Tissue Rejuvenation of the Hand and Other Nonfacial Areas
- Author
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Werschler, William Philip, Busso, Mariano, Alam, Murad, editor, and Pongprutthipan, Marisa, editor
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Soot emission prediction in pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine based on n-heptane/toluene/methane/PAH mechanism.
- Author
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Li, Menghan, Zhang, Qiang, Liu, Xiaori, Ma, Yuxian, and Zheng, Qingping
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL gas , *SOOT analysis , *EXHAUST gas recirculation , *POLYCYCLIC aromatic hydrocarbons , *NITROGEN oxides emission control - Abstract
Abstract A dual fuel mechanism for pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine was developed. Fuel blend of n-heptane and toluene was selected as the surrogate fuel for diesel, methane was selected as the surrogate fuel for natural gas. A reduced mechanism was adopted for methane oxidation while three skeletal mechanisms were used for n-heptane oxidation, toluene oxidation as well as PAH formation and growth respectively. The sub-mechanisms were then integrated into a complete mechanism with 84 species and 336 steps. Based on the mechanism, a 3D simulation model was built for pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine and was then used to evaluate the effects of different natural gas post injection strategies and EGR addition. The simulation results indicated that CO and soot emissions can be effectively reduced with the adoption of natural gas post injection strategy, however, sacrifices in NOx emissions will be accompanied. With the addition of EGR, the higher NOx emissions resulted from the adoption of the post injection strategies could be avoided. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined use of the natural gas post injection strategy and EGR addition is an effective way for the achievement of the engine optimized performance. Highlights • Develop an n-heptane/toluene/methane/PAH mechanism for 3D simulation of dual fuel engines. • Investigate post injection strategies in pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engines. • Optimized emission characteristics can be achieved by the combined use of post injection strategies and EGR addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The role of natural fractures of finite double-porosity aquifers on diffusive leakage of brine during geological storage of CO2.
- Author
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Dejam, Morteza and Hassanzadeh, Hassan
- Subjects
GEOLOGICAL carbon sequestration ,GEOTHERMAL brines ,HYDROGEOLOGICAL modeling ,AQUIFERS ,SALT - Abstract
Graphical abstract Highlights • Diffusive leakage rate (DLR) of brine and average pressures are studied for various double-porosity parameters. • Leakage rate of brine is scaled with t
1/2 at early times during CO 2 injection. • Leakage rate of brine reaches to a fixed value at late times during CO 2 injection. • Average pressure in a fractured aquifer is scaled with t at early and late times. • Average caprock pressure is scaled with t3/2 and t at early and late times, respectively. Abstract The diffusive leakage rate (DLR) of brine from a finite fractured aquifer into intact overlying and underlying layers during geosequestration of carbon dioxide is modeled using a two-dimensional radial domain. To handle the interaction between aquifer and caprock or overlying layer (underlying layer), continuities of pressures and fluid fluxes are taken into account at the aquifer-caprock interface. In order to solve this problem, Laplace transform and finite Hankel transform are adopted. The early-time and late-time solutions for DLR of brine from a double-porosity aquifer are also examined using the developed general solution. The solutions are used to analyze DLR from the fractured aquifer into overlying formation and the average pressures in the fractured aquifer and the caprock during injection and post injection periods. Variations of DLR and the average pressures in the fractured aquifer and the caprock with the double-porosity parameters are characterized. It is shown that DLR of brine and the average pressures in the aquifer and the caprock are sensitive to double-porosity parameters during CO 2 injection when ratio of the horizontal fracture to the caprock permeabilities (k fh 1 D) is small. However, they remain practically insensitive to double-porosity parameters for a large k fh 1 D. The results also confirm that DLR of brine reaches to a fixed pseudo-steady state value at late times during CO 2 injection. In addition, the post injection DLR for low to moderate values of k fh 1 D is found to be negligible while for high value of k fh 1 D DLR is more evident. These results find applications in geological storage of CO 2 in fractured saline aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Investigation of real gas effects on combustion and emissions in internal combustion engines and implications for development of chemical kinetics mechanisms.
- Author
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Zongyu Yue, Hessel, Randy, and Reitz, Rolf D.
- Abstract
Real gas effects on combustion and emissions in internal combustion engines are investigated using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. The Peng-Robinson equation of state is implemented to describe pressure-volume-temperature relationships and to calculate thermodynamic properties and relevant partial derivatives. Four facilities are modeled, including non-reacting compression in a motoring engine, combustion in a conventional diesel combustion engine and in a reactivity controlled compression ignition engine, as well as for a non-reacting reflected wave in a shock tube. It is found that the real gas effects of gas mixtures in practical internal combustion engine operation are sensitive to the operating load and the amount of premixed fuel. Excellent agreement against experiments was found for engine simulations with the Peng-Robinson equation of state in terms of cylinder pressure and apparent heat release rate. However, discrepancies with predictions from the ideal gas law grow with increased load and larger amounts of premixed fuel. In particular, the predicted emissions of soot, NOx, CO and unburnt hydrocarbons show increasing sensitivity to real gas effects as a result of changes in combustion phasing. Fuel condensation is also modeled using a vapor- liquid phase equilibrium solver and significant dependency on the equation of state used is found. Therefore, it is recommended to include real gas effects in internal combustion engine modeling to capture combustion and emissions characteristics accurately. Additionally, the results emphasize the role of real gas effects on reaction rates. Shock tube simulations are used to demonstrate the importance of using the real gas equation of state in the interpretation of chemical kinetic measurements. Significantly different compressed gas temperatures behind the reflected shock are predicted when real gas effects are considered. This needs to be realized when developing chemical kinetic models and rate constants for engine applications from shock tube data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Diffusive leakage of brine from aquifers during CO2 geological storage.
- Author
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Dejam, Morteza and Hassanzadeh, Hassan
- Subjects
- *
SALT , *DIFFUSION , *LEAKAGE , *AQUIFERS , *GEOLOGICAL carbon sequestration - Abstract
The area of investigation in this study is designed around an improved understanding of fundamentals of the diffusive leakage of brine from a storage aquifer into overlying and underlying low permeability layers during geosequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) through development of a theoretical model. Here, we consider a two-dimensional domain in cylindrical coordinates, comprised of an aquifer and an overburden, where the interaction between the two media is handled by imposing the continuities of pressures and fluid fluxes at the aquifer-overburden interface. This coupled problem is solved by successive implementation of the Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The developed solutions can be used to analyze diffusive leakage of brine from the aquifer into overburden and generate type curves for average pressures in the aquifer and overburden during injection and post injection periods. The results show that the leakage rate at early times is scaled with t 1/2 while it remains constant at late times. It is also shown that the average pressure in the aquifer is scaled with t for short and long times. Moreover, the average pressure in the overburden is scaled with t at late times while it is scaled with t 3/2 at early times. In addition, the results reveal that factors affecting diffusive leakage rate through intact overburden during CO 2 storage are, in decreasing order of significance, thickness of overburden, thickness of aquifer, aquifer to overburden permeability ratio, and aquifer to overburden porosity ratio. However, thickness of aquifer has minimal effect on diffusive leakage of brine within post injection period. To evaluate the theoretical model, case studies for two potential sites in United Kingdom, one in Lincolnshire and the other one in the Firth of Forth, are conducted. The field studies show that the diffusive leakage from the aquifer into the overburden diminishes ∼40 years after the injection has ceased for Lincolnshire while it stops after ∼12 years for Firth of Forth. The average amount of the brine leaked from the aquifers per standard cubic meter (Sm 3 ) of the injected CO 2 through diffusive leakage was found to be 6.28 × 10 −4 m 3 of brine (or 0.330 kg of brine/kg of CO 2 ) over ∼70 years for Lincolnshire and 4.59 × 10 −4 m 3 of brine (or 0.242 kg of brine/kg of CO 2 ) over ∼42 years for Firth of Forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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23. Effects of Post-Injection Characteristics on the Combustion, Emission, and Performance in a Diesel-Syngas Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine
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M. Seddiq and Mohammad Javad Noroozi
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Ignition system ,Diesel fuel ,Materials science ,law ,Mechanical Engineering ,Automotive Engineering ,Reactivity (chemistry) ,Post injection ,Composite material ,Combustion ,Compression (physics) ,law.invention ,Syngas - Abstract
This paper presents a numerical investigation of the separate effects of post-injection characteristics in a heavy-duty turbocharged direct injection diesel engine under pure diesel combustion (PDC) and diesel-syngas combustion (DSC) operating conditions. Converge CFD code was used coupled with a detailed n-heptane/toluene/PAH chemical kinetic mechanism (consists of 71 species and 360 reactions) for diesel-syngas dual-fuel combustion simulation. A total of 36 strategies based on the post-injection characteristics (post-injection timing, fuel quantity, spraying pressure, and main-post dwell time) on the combustion characteristics, exhaust gas emissions, and engine performance under PDC and DSC conditions were investigated. Numerical achievements revealed that 40% substitution of diesel fuel with syngas significantly decreased particulate matter emission and enhanced the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), compared to the baseline PDC case. However, carbon monoxide noticeably increased. In addition, retarding the post-injection timing prolonged the combustion duration and also reduced the nitrogen oxides emissions and ITE. By increasing the post-injection quantity up to 15%, the combustion process deteriorated, and carbon-based emissions such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and unburnt hydro-carbon in the exhaust gases increased under PDC and DSC conditions. Furthermore, increasing post-injection pressure (PIP) from 1000 to 1450 bar under both PDC and DSC conditions led to higher flame temperature, and as a result, the heat release rate peak point and temperature peak point for the second combustion event increased. However, at a PIP of 1600 bar, the ITE deteriorated under PDC and DSC operating cases.
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- 2021
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24. Fibroblast activation protein targeted therapy using [177Lu]FAPI-46 compared with [225Ac]FAPI-46 in a pancreatic cancer model
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Atsushi Shinohara, Uwe Haberkorn, Clemens Kratochwil, Sadahiro Naka, Frederik L. Giesel, Kojiro Nagata, Yuwei Liu, Yoshifumi Shirakami, Kazuhiro Ooe, Atsushi Toyoshima, Jun Hatazawa, Kazuko Kaneda-Nakashima, and Tadashi Watabe
- Subjects
Actinium ,Biodistribution ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Lutetium ,Post injection ,Body weight ,FAPI ,Targeted therapy ,Mice ,Fibroblast activation protein, alpha ,Pancreatic cancer ,Radioligand ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Tissue Distribution ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Fibroblast activation protein ,business.industry ,Therapeutic effect ,General Medicine ,Fibroblasts ,medicine.disease ,Pancreatic Neoplasms ,Quinolines ,Cancer research ,Original Article ,Radiopharmaceuticals ,business - Abstract
Purpose Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), which has high expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts of epithelial cancers, can be used as a theranostic target. Our previous study used 64Cu and 225Ac-labelled FAP inhibitors (FAPI-04) for a FAP-expressing pancreatic cancer xenograft imaging and therapy. However, the optimal therapeutic radionuclide for FAPI needs to be investigated further. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of beta-emitter (177Lu)-labelled FAPI-46 and alpha-emitter (225Ac)-labelled FAPI-46 in pancreatic cancer models. Methods PET scans (1 h post injection) were acquired in PANC-1 xenograft mice (n = 9) after the administration of [18F]FAPI-74 (12.4 ± 1.7 MBq) for the companion imaging. The biodistribution of [177Lu]FAPI-46 and [225Ac]FAPI-46 were evaluated in the xenograft model (total n = 12). For the determination of treatment effects, [177Lu]FAPI-46 and [225Ac]FAPI-46 were injected into PANC-1 xenograft mice at different doses: 3 MBq (n = 6), 10 MBq (n = 6), 30 MBq (n = 6), control (n = 4) for [177Lu]FAPI-46, and 3 kBq (n = 3), 10 kBq (n = 2), 30 kBq (n = 6), control (n = 7) for [225Ac]FAPI-46. Tumour sizes and body weights were followed. Results [18F]FAPI-74 showed rapid clearance by the kidneys and high accumulation in the tumour and intestine 1 h after administration. [177Lu]FAPI-46 and [225Ac]FAPI-46 also showed rapid clearance by the kidneys and relatively high accumulation in the tumour at 3 h. Both [177Lu]FAPI-46 and [225Ac]FAPI-46 showed tumour-suppressive effects, with a mild decrease in body weight. The treatment effects of [177Lu]FAPI-46 were relatively slow but lasted longer than those of [225Ac]FAPI-46. Conclusion This study suggested the possible application of FAPI radioligand therapy in FAP-expressing pancreatic cancer. Further evaluation is necessary to find the best radionuclide with shorter half-life, as well as the combination with therapies targeting tumour cells directly.
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- 2021
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25. Post‐injection syringe bacterial contamination of hyaluronic acid fillers
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Alaa Aref, Hind Abdulmajed, Noof Helmi, Sami Sawan, Eman Aldigs, and Motaz Dairi
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Adult ,Culture plates ,Adolescent ,Sterilization procedure ,Dentistry ,Cosmetic Techniques ,Dermatology ,Post injection ,Young Adult ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dermal Fillers ,Injection site ,Hyaluronic acid ,Humans ,Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Hyaluronic Acid ,Syringe ,business.industry ,Syringes ,Middle Aged ,Contamination ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,chemistry ,Filling materials ,Female ,business - Abstract
Aims Hyaluronic acid (HA) gel fillers are the most commonly used filler materials for dermal purposes to augment soft tissue due to their superior properties and advantages over other alternative filling materials. One of the key drawbacks associated with the use of fillers is contamination and possible subsequent infection. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study conducted in Renew Cosmetic Clinics and King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, female section from November 2019 to March 2020. Results A total of 50 samples with different concentrations (from five different brands) of hyaluronic acid gel fillers were collected. Samples were taken at four different time points: before injection, immediately after injection, one month after injection and three months after injection. The 50 samples were injected into nine different sites and collected from 27 females, aged between 18-55 years. No bacteria were detected in the culture media from any samples from the aerobic and anaerobic culture plates. Conclusion Our study did not find any evidence of contamination associated with the reuse of HA gel fillers regardless of the concentration and the injection site. Applying appropriate sterilization procedure for HA gel fillers extends its usability. There was no correlation between the length of storage time and the risk of contamination.
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- 2021
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26. Significance of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and Corticosteroid injection in management of Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder
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Mahendra Prakash Jain, Dheeraj Yadav, and Deepak Agrawal
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Side effect ,medicine.drug_class ,business.industry ,Frozen shoulder ,Post injection ,medicine.disease ,Capsulitis ,Methylprednisolone ,Anesthesia ,Platelet-rich plasma ,medicine ,Corticosteroid ,business ,medicine.drug ,Sudden onset - Abstract
Background: The frozen shoulder is very common problem in India and usually could occur as idiopathic or trivial injury. Management modality is usually conservative and physiotherapy because of self-limiting nature of disease. Role of corticosteroid injection are usually effective for short period time but newer Orthobiologic agent like PRP injection are equally effective and minimal and no side effect. Material and method: In our study, total 50 patients were taken of adhesive capsulitis in period October 2018 to February 2020 and divided into groups randomly and PRP injection and corticosteroid injection was given and clinical outcome was recorded. Result: In our study, female are more affected then male, usually occur in age 40 to 60-year age group. The final outcome at 3 month post injection 20% patients with excellent, 48% with good and 32% with poor outcome with PRP injection group and for CS injection group this was found as 16% excellent, 36% good and 48% poor outcome. Conclusion: We concluded PRP and MPS showed efficacy and strong evidence in support significant effect of PRP, where steroid contraindicated or refused by patient in the treatment of frozen shoulder. However, inj. Methylprednisolone has sudden onset of action because of anti-inflammatory action with respect to inj. PRP, so has better result at 1 week follow up post injection but in long term (at 3 months follow up) inj. PRP has better effect in compared to injection MPS.
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- 2021
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27. Investigation Concerning the Effect of Post Fuel Injection on The Performance and Pollutants of Heavy Duty Diesel Engines Using a Multi-Zone Combustion Model
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Hountalas, D. T., Kouremenos, D. A., Pariotis, E. G., Schwarz, V., Binder, K. B., Whitelaw, J. H., editor, Payri, F., editor, Arcoumanis, C., editor, and Desantes, J. M., editor
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- 2004
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28. Assessment of rAAV-Mediated Gene Therapy in the Rpe65-/- Mouse
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Rakoczy, P. Elizabeth, Lai, Chooi-May, Yu, Meaghan J. T., Daniels, Dru M., Brankov, Meliha, Rae, Ben C., Stoddart, Chris W., Barnett, Nigel L., Martin-Iverson, Matthew T., Redmond, T. Michael, Narfstrom, Kristina, Zhou, Xiaohuai, Constable, Ian J., LaVail, Matthew M., editor, Hollyfield, Joe G., editor, and Anderson, Robert E., editor
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- 2003
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29. The Use of Radiolabelled Antibiotics to Localise Inflammation and Infection
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Benítez, A., Gomes, V., Roca, M, Martin-Comin, J., Cox, Peter H., editor, and Braga, Francisco José Hossri Nogueira
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- 2002
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30. Topical sensor metrics for 18F-FDG positron emission tomography dose extravasation
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Geoffrey M. Currie and Stephanie Sanchez
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18f fdg positron emission tomography ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Image quality ,Standardized uptake value ,Post injection ,Extravasation ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Dose Extravasation ,Benchmarking ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ,Positron emission tomography ,Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,medicine ,Humans ,Reference sensor ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Introduction Extravasation or partial extravasation of the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer negatively effects image quality in PET and the accuracy of the standard uptake value (SUV). A commercially available topical sensor has been validated using a number of metrics to characterise injection quality. This evaluation explores contributing factors for extravasation and refines metrics to predict extravasation based on the time-activity-curves (TAC) of the topical sensor device. Methods A multi-site, multi-national pooling of 18F FDG PET/CT data was undertaken with 863 patients from 6 sites in the USA and 2 sites in Australia. A number of dose migration metrics determined with topical application of Lara sensors were retrospectively analysed using conventional statistical analysis. Deeper insights into the complex relationship between variables was further explored using an artificial neural network. Results Extravasation was independently predicted by the time taken for the injection sensor counts to reach double the counts of the reference sensor (tc50), the normalised difference between injection and reference sensors counts at 4 min post injection (ndAvgN), or the ratio of injection sensor counts to reference sensor counts at the end of data collection (CEnd ratio). The algorithm developed using the artificial neural network produced 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity against grounded truth for detecting extravasation by weighting and scaling these 3 key metrics; CEnd ratio, ndAvgN and tc50. Conclusion Partial extravasation of a PET dose is readily detected and differentiated using TAC metrics and these metrics could provide deeper insight into the impact of partial extravasation on image quality or quantitation. Further validation of key metrics developed in this study are recommended in a larger and more diverse cohort. Implications for practice Partial extravasation undermines image quality and accuracy of quantitation, impacting efficacy of outcomes for patients. Characterisation of extravasation informs decision making to optimise protocol and procedure, enhancing patient outcomes. Awareness provides the opportunity for education and training to minimise impact. The information can be used to drive policy and regulations to support improved techniques in practice.
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- 2021
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31. Assessment of the radiation exposure of relatives and caregivers of patients treated with Ra-223 – Results of a German multicenter study
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Bastian Szermerski, Lilli Geworski, Joerg Pinkert, and Carsten Wanke
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Saliva ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,business.industry ,Biophysics ,External irradiation ,Radiation Exposure ,Castration resistant ,Post injection ,Gastroenterology ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Radiation exposure ,SWEAT ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Caregivers ,Multicenter study ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Family ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Decision threshold ,business ,Radium - Abstract
A multicenter study was conducted to assess the radiation exposure of relatives and caregivers of patients suffering from castration resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases and treated with Ra-223 dichloride in an outpatient setting. As Ra-223 and most of its progeny emit alpha particles, especially the internal exposure of persons in the patient's vicinity had to be evaluated. METHODS The external radiation was measured in distances of 1 m and 2 m. Wipe-tests were taken in the patients' homes to identify significant contaminations and evaluated by liquid scintillation counting. Samples of saliva and sweat were taken and measured using gamma spectrometry. RESULTS The external exposure from the patients measured 10-20min post injection (p. i.) was
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- 2021
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32. Evaluation of Optimal Post-Injection Timing of Hypoxic Imaging with 18F-Fluoromisonidazole-PET/CT
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Masahiro Hiraoka, Kohei Sano, Yoichi Shimizu, Michio Yoshimura, Yuji Nakamoto, Mitsue Kawamura, Takayoshi Ishimori, and Takashi Mizowaki
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Cancer Research ,PET-CT ,18F-Fluoromisonidazole ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Post injection ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Oncology ,Region of interest ,Positron emission tomography ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,In patient ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,FMISO ,Rank correlation - Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) using 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) has been used as an imaging tool for tumour hypoxia. However, it remains unclear whether they are useful when scanning is performed earlier, e.g. at 2-h post-injection with a high sensitivity PET scanner. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between quantitative values in 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO)-PET obtained at 2- and 4-h post-injection in patients with head and neck cancer. We enrolled 20 patients with untreated locally advanced head and neck cancer who underwent 18F-FMISO-PET/CT scan between August 2015 and March 2018 at our institute. Image acquisition was performed 2 h and 4 h after 18F-FMISO administration using a combined PET/CT scanner. The SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, tumour-to-blood ratio (TBR), tumour-to-muscle ratio (TMR), metabolic tumour volume (MTV), and total lesion hypoxia (TLH) were measured in the region of interest of the primary tumour. We evaluated the between-image Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and percentage differences in the quantitative values. The locations of the maximum uptake pixel were identified in both scans, and the distance between them was measured. The mean (SD) SUVmax at 2 h and 4 h was 2.2(0.7) and 2.4(0.8), respectively. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (ρ) and mean (SD) of the percentage differences of the measures were as follows: SUVmax (0.97; 7.0 [5.1]%), SUVmean (0.97; 5.2 [5.8]%), SUVpeak (0.94; 5.3 [4.7]%), TBR (0.96; 14.2 [9.8]%), TMR (0.96; 14.7 [8.4]%), MTV (0.98; 39.9 [41.3]%), and TLH (0.98; 40.1 [43.4]%). There were significant between-scan correlations in all quantitative values. The mean (SD) distance between the two maximum uptake pixels was 7.3 (5.3) mm. We observed a high correlation between the quantitative values at 2 h and 4 h. When using a combined high-quality PET/CT, the total examination time for FMISO-PET can be shortened by skipping the 4-h scan.
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- 2021
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33. Oestrus synchronisation with progestagen injectables in West African Dwarf does
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S. I. Ola and Gabriel N. Egbunike
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Estrous cycle ,West african ,Animal science ,Ethinyl oestradiol ,Oxytocin ,business.industry ,medicine ,Oestrus synchronisation ,Medroxyprogesterone acetate ,Post injection ,Intramuscular injection ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The efficacy of progestagen injection for synchronising oestrus in West African Dwarf (WAD) does was evaluated. The progestagen injections used were 50mg Progesterone; 100mg Progesterone; 25mg Medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA, 50mg MPA; 25mg Progesterone plus 0.04mg Ethinyl oestradiol combination and 50mg progesterone plus 10i.u oxytocin. The highest oestrous response of 84.6% was obtained with 100mg of Progesterone injection while the MPA groups did not show: oestrus for upward of 50days post injection. A degree of synchrony >50% was obtained only in those treatments containing above 50mg progesterone. Conception rate (Fertility) at first oestrus was above 75% in'all the responding groups except the 50mg progesterone where only 20% of the 71.4% does in oestrus and mated conceived. A single intramuscular injection of 100mg progesterone to postpartum does between 21 and 28days post-kidding led to significant (p
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- 2021
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34. Effectiveness of immediate vitrectomy and intravitreal antibiotics for post-injection endophthalmitis
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Kai Januschowski, Lukas Bisorca-Gassendorf, Peter Szurman, Rudolf Siegel, Annekatrin Rickmann, Núria Pérez Guerra, Karl Thomas Boden, Sören L. Becker, and Peter Stalmans
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Pars plana ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual acuity ,genetic structures ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Enucleation ,Intravitreal antibiotics ,Vitrectomy ,Post injection ,Eye Infections, Bacterial ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endophthalmitis ,Post-injection endophthalmitis ,Ophthalmology ,medicine ,Humans ,Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,eye diseases ,Sensory Systems ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Intravitreal Injections ,Intraocular Infection ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,sense organs ,medicine.symptom ,Vitrectomy for endophthalmitis ,business ,Postoperative endophthalmitis ,Endophthalmitis treatment ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
To show that an immediate vitrectomy with an intravitreal injection of antibiotics can be an effective approach for the treatment of acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections. We reviewed all cases of clinical endophthalmitis caused by an intravitreal injection that were treated in our department between March 2012 and November 2019. Only patients that underwent a vitrectomy within 6 h after presentation to the clinic and with a documented visual acuity shortly before the causative event were included. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before the causative event was compared to BCVA measured within a follow-up period of 8 months (up to 14 months). In total, 30 eyes of 30 patients were included. The BCVA before the intraocular infection was a mean value of 0.55 logMAR, and the BCVA on the day of the endophthalmitis decreased significantly to 1.66 logMAR. Within 2 months following the pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), the mean BCVA improved to 0.83 logMAR. Eight months following PPV (mean value, 8.20 months; SD, 3.59 months), the mean BCVA was 0.63 logMAR. In the last follow-up interval most of the eyes recovered, and the BCVA did not differ significantly from baseline. Two eyes underwent further pars plana surgery during the follow-up period. No enucleation was required. In this study, we have shown that an immediate vitrectomy with subsequent intravitreal injection of antibiotics is an effective option for treating post-injection endophthalmitis and frequently results in recovery of vision; thus, it should be performed as early as possible, where available.
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- 2022
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35. Disturbance rejection in DOC-out temperature control for DPF regeneration.
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Ning, Jinbiao and Yan, Fengjun
- Abstract
Control of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) outlet temperature is critical for downstream diesel particulate filter regeneration, but is challenging to control due to the non-minimum phase behavior and varying time delay. To effectively address this issue, a novel and time-efficient composite controller based on modified active disturbance rejection control (mADRC) is proposed for DOC-out temperature control in this paper. The proposed mADRC-based composite controller is a new combination of a model-based feedforward controller and a mADRC with time delay compensation through the mass flow rate of exhaust gas. The model-based feedforward controller is designed to partially compensate the variations of DOC inlet temperature and mass flow rate, while the mADRC is proposed to address the remain disturbances and model uncertainties including time delay uncertainties. Simulation and test results through a high-fidelity Gamma Technologies-Power model demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed composite controller in the DOC-out temperature control under steady state and a highly transient new European dynamic cycle (NEDC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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36. Impacts of low temperature combustion and diesel post injection on the in-cylinder production of hydrogen in a lean-burn compression ignition engine.
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Jeftić, Marko, Reader, Graham T., and Zheng, Ming
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- *
HYDROGEN production , *COMBUSTION , *CHEMICAL yield , *LOW temperatures , *WASTE gases - Abstract
Strategies were investigated for increased in-cylinder formation of hydrogen. The use of low intake oxygen with a post injection was proposed. An intake oxygen sweep was conducted on a lean-burn compression ignition engine by adjusting of the exhaust gas recirculation rate. The results revealed that the yield of hydrogen increased exponentially when the intake oxygen was reduced to achieve low temperature combustion. Further tests showed that low temperature combustion operation consistently produced more hydrogen than high temperature combustion for similar air-to-fuel ratios. To increase the hydrogen yield further, a post injection timing sweep was carried out with low temperature combustion operation. Increased yields of hydrogen were obtained, up to 0.76% by volume, when then the post injection timing was advanced from 70 to 20° crank angle after top dead centre. At the same time, the indicated NO X emissions reduced to 0.013 g/kW·hr and the smoke emissions were 0.14 FSN. Thus, the tests established that the combination of low temperature combustion, low intake oxygen, and an early post injection produced a high yield of hydrogen with simultaneously ultra-low NO X and smoke emissions. The main drawback of this strategy was the increased formation of methane, up to 3015 ppm by volume. However, further analysis showed that the hydrogen to methane ratio actually increased under low temperature combustion operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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37. Numerical research of the in-cylinder natural gas stratification in a natural gas-diesel dual-fuel marine engine.
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Lu, Zhen, Ma, Menghao, Wang, Tianyou, Lu, Tianlong, Wang, Huaiyin, Feng, Yizhuo, and Shi, Lei
- Subjects
- *
DUAL-fuel engines , *MARINE engines , *NATURAL gas , *LEAN combustion , *MARINE engine emissions , *NITROGEN oxides emission control - Abstract
• The Low Pressure Post Injection (LPPI) strategy was proposed to improve combustion stability under lean burn condition. • In-cylinder swirl intensity was enhanced with the LPPI strategy and the natural gas leakage can be avoid. • The radial-wall distribution of NG can be obtined in LPPI strategy. • The lean burn limit of the dual-fuel marine engine can be expanded to 0.30 under LPPI strategy. The urgent need for decarbonization and emission reduction for marine engines is driving the development of alternative low-carbon fuels. One of the best alternative fuels for engines is natural gas, a clean energy source with vast reserves and a low price. However, low-pressure injection dual-fuel engines exhibit poor combustion characteristics at low engine loads, and extinction is likely to occur in the fuel mixture's dilution region. Thus, the Low Pressure Post Injection (LPPI) strategy was proposed in this paper. The major objective of the LPPI mode is to increase monocirculation combustion stability under low to moderate engine loads by achieving a reasonable distribution of NG in the combustion chamber. LPPI was compared with the Low Pressure Injection (LPI) strategy. Results indicate that the LPPI mode could successfully raise the swirl ratio in the cylinder up to 60.7 percent while perfectly avoiding the NG leakage phenomena. Additionally, with the aid of radial-wall distribution of NG and an improved swirl ratio in LPPI mode, the combustion duration is reduced by 33.6 percent, and the lean burn limit of the dual-fuel marine engine can be expanded to 0.30. Although local higher combustion temperature caused an large increase in NOx emission which is more than three times than LPI NOx emission, LPPI mode still meets Tier III NOx emission requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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38. Development Of Rat Models For Choroidal Neovascularisation (CNV) : A Comparison between Laser and Recombinant Adenovirus Induced CNV
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Rakoczy, P. E., Shen, W. Y., Spilsbury, K., Yu, M., Lai, M., Barry, C. J., Constable, I. J., Hollyfield, Joe G., editor, Anderson, Robert E., editor, and LaVail, Matthew M., editor
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- 1999
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39. Effect of post-injection strategies on regulated and unregulated harmful emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine
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Lei Lili, Wang Pan, Wu Yan, Yi Jing, and Sheikh Muhammad Farhan
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020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Aerospace Engineering ,Ocean Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Post injection ,Heavy duty diesel ,medicine.disease_cause ,Diesel engine ,Automotive engineering ,Soot ,law.invention ,Ignition system ,Diesel fuel ,020401 chemical engineering ,law ,Automotive Engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Environmental science ,0204 chemical engineering - Abstract
An experimental study was carried out to analyze the influence of different post-injection strategies on the regulated and unregulated emissions from a heavy-duty compression ignition (CI) diesel engine. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) was used to measure and analyze the exhaust emissions which include regulated such as NOx, soot, and unregulated emissions including acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, and ethyne. Experimental results manifested that the post-injection technique can notably minimize the regulated and unregulated emissions as compared to a single main injection. Under different post-injection conditions, a trade-off relation was also found between soot and NOx emissions. In soot mitigation, the start of injection (SOI) at 40° crank angle (CA) incorporate with 5–15 mg post-injection fuel mass was proved very effective and about 26% lower soot emissions were recorded than single main injection. At SOI 20°CA, with 15 mg post-injection fuel mass, a reduction in the NOx emissions was observed up to 20% and in THC up to 60%. Unregulated emissions (other than formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were found lower with 5, 10, and 15 mg post-injection fuel mass at 20, 40, 100, and 120°CA but increased at SOI of 60°CA than single main injection. In addition, light HCs, and THC emissions at SOI 60°CA were found to increase which could be beneficial for after-treatment devices.
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- 2020
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40. Development of a 68Ga‐labelled PET tracer for carbonic anhydrase IX‐overexpressed tumors using the artificial sweetener saccharin
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Un chul Shin, Dong Gil Kim, Suhng Wook Kim, Dal Woong Choi, Hyung Soo Kim, Yeon Jae Beak, Jeong Su Choi, and Min Woo Lee
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Carbonic anhydrase IX ,Post injection ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,Analytical Chemistry ,Flow cytometry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Saccharin ,Antigens, Neoplasm ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Distribution (pharmacology) ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Viability assay ,Pet tracer ,Spectroscopy ,Research Articles ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,010405 organic chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Radiochemistry ,PET tracer ,Carbonic Anhydrase IX ,Artificial Sweetener ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC ,U87MG ,Research Article - Abstract
In this study, we developed a saccharin (SAC)‐based radiopharmaceutical (68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC) and evaluated the possibility of its application as a PET tracer in the diagnosis of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)‐overexpressed tumors. We did a water‐soluble tetrazolium assay and flow cytometry analysis to identify the cell viability decrease by SAC. The radiochemical purity and stability of 68Ga‐ NOTA‐SAC in human and mouse serum was greater than 98%. The small animal PET image‐based radioactivity distribution of all organs decreased over time.68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC presented the highest tumor‐to‐muscle ratio at 90 min post injection (p.i). The growth rates of tumor‐to‐muscle ratios of 68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC were 88% at 60 min and 220% at 90 min, compared to 30 min p.i. The potential of 68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC as a PET tracer is expected to contribute to the diagnostic research on CA IX‐overexpressed tumors with the advantages of a relatively simple synthesis method., We developed a new 68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC as a saccharin‐based PET tracer for diagnosis of CA IX‐overexpressed tumors and quantitatively assessed the targeting ability of 68Ga‐NOTA‐SAC using micro‐PET imaging with in vitro experiments. These 68Ga‐NOTA‐SACs demonstrated a high uptake ratio of the tumor region as well as rapid excretion, allowing a high‐contrast PET image of the targeted tumor region.
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- 2020
41. Molecular docking and preliminary bioevaluation of 99mTc-Thiadiazuron as a novel potential agent for cervical cancer imaging
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Hesham A. Shamsel-Din, Gamal Abdelaziz, and Mohamed A. Gizawy
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Cervical cancer ,Biodistribution ,Chemistry ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Post injection ,010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry ,Technetium ,medicine.disease ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Cell culture ,medicine ,Cancer research ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Molecular imaging ,Cervix ,Spectroscopy ,Conjugate - Abstract
Thidiazuron (TDZ) was reported to possess anti-cancer activity against Human cervical carcinoma cell line, so that this study has been conducted for the radiolabeling of TDZ with Technetium-99m. The conditions of the radiolabeling process were optimized and a high radiochemical yield of 93.1 ± 0.35% has been obtained. Molecular docking study illustrated that [99mTc]technetium bisthiadiazuron (99mTc-TDZ) complex has the ability to bind with Caspase-3 protein that over expressed in cancers. Its in-vivo biodistribution on solid tumor bearing mice showed comparatively high T/NT ratio of 6.87 ± 0.14 at 60 min post injection. These promising characteristics make our new designed labeled conjugate a very suitable candidate for molecular imaging of solid tumors, particularly in the cervix.
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- 2020
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42. The Efficacy of Autologous Nanofat Injection in the Treatment of Infraorbital Dark Colouration
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Hassan M Khlosy, Ehab Zzam, and Mohamed H. Abouarab
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Periorbital hyperpigmentation ,Eyelid Skin ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Orbicularis oculi muscle ,business.industry ,Ecchymosis ,Post injection ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Edema ,medicine ,Skin laxity ,sense organs ,Tear trough ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Background: Periorbital hyperpigmentation is a commonworldwide problem, which makes a person appear tired, sad,and aged. A number of factors can cause dark circles aroundthe eyes including excessive pigmentation, thin and translucentlower eyelid skin overlying the orbicularis oculi muscle, andshadowing due to skin laxity and tear trough. Although anumber of treatment options are available, autologous fattransplantation is an effective method for the treatment oflower lid dark circles, but irregularities caused by leavingvisible lumps of the fat can occur. Mechanical emulsificationof harvested fat achieves much more finer fat particles thanmicro-fat called nano-fat which acts primarily by the plentythe active transplanted stem cells the purpose of this study isto evaluate the effectiveness of the nanofat grafting techniquein correcting infraorbital dark circles.Pateints and Methods: Nanofat grafting was performedin 10 female patients for dark lower eyelids. The grafts wereinjected into intra-dermal and sub-dermal layers using sharp27G needle and were harvested from different sites accordingto the ease of accessibility and to improve the patient's bodycontours. The mean follow-up period was 4.6 months, rangingfrom 2 to 8 months. All patients were clinically evaluatedusing standardized serial digital photographs by two plasticsurgeons, who were blinded to the type of procedure performedat each of the follow-up visits.Results: In this study, there was significant improvementof the peri-ocular dark halos in 5 cases (50%), moderateimprovement was encountered in 2 cases (20%), 2 cases (20%)showed mild improvement and no improvement in one case(10%). As regards patient satisfaction, 8 cases (80%) weresatisfied with the final result, while 2 patients (20%) werenot satisfied. Post-operative edema and ecchymosis wereminimal in 5 cases (50%) and mild in 5 cases (50%). No caseswere presented with either post injection infection or lumpsand contour irregularities during the follow-up period.Conclusion: In conclusion, nano fat injections for thetreatment of infra orbital dark circles is a simple, cost effectiveprocedure. In addition, nanofat grafting technique provideda significant improvement in skin quality. Our results suggestthat the stem cell activity of the nanofat grafting techniquehas great potential as a treatment modality for dark circles aswell as for skin rejuvenation in general.
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- 2020
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43. Post-injection endophthalmitis rates with reduced povidone-iodine prophylaxis in patients with self-reported iodine sensitivity
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Sarah Schimansky, Emily Fletcher, Liam Tomás Mulcahy, and Quresh Mohamed
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chemistry.chemical_element ,Angiogenesis Inhibitors ,Antiseptic solutions ,Post injection ,Iodine ,Eye Infections, Bacterial ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endophthalmitis ,Humans ,Medicine ,In patient ,Povidone-Iodine ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Retrospective cohort study ,medicine.disease ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Ophthalmology ,Increased risk ,chemistry ,Anesthesia ,Intravitreal Injections ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Self Report ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Our objectives were (1) to report the post-injection endophthalmitis rate over 18 months, and (2) to determine any difference in the incidence of endophthalmitis in patients treated with reduced or no 5% povidone-iodine (PI) due to self-reported PI sensitivity. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients who received intravitreal injections (IVIs) from January 1st, 2018 to June 26th, 2019. Information on patients’ age, gender visual acuities, the number of injections, drug administered, self-reported iodine sensitivity and injection protocols were obtained from electronic and paper records. For endophthalmitis cases, vitreous culture results and treatment were also noted. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on the injection protocol used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: During the study period 22,046 IVIs were administered to 3332 eyes of 2709 patients. Intolerance to PI was reported by 2.4% of patients. The incidence of endophthalmitis was 0.02% (4/21,185) with the standard 5% PI protocol, 0.78% (6/769) with a reduced PI protocol involving fewer drops of 5% PI and chlorohexidine 0.05% for periorbital skin cleansing, and 1.09% (1/92) without any PI use. Receiving the standard PI protocol was associated with significantly lower rates of endophthalmitis compared to both the reduced PI and no PI protocols (p
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- 2020
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44. The use of Botulinum Toxin A in the surgical treatment of secondary cleft lip (secondary cheiloplasty): An objective and subjective evaluation of esthetic outcomes
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Shreyas Orvakonde and Bidyalaxmi Mutum
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business.industry ,Dentistry ,Scars ,Post injection ,Surgical correction ,Botulinum toxin ,Botulinum toxin a ,stomatognathic diseases ,Medicine ,Cheiloplasty ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Surgical treatment ,Oral medicine ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The surgical correction of the cleft lip is a challenging one and obtaining consistently good esthetic outcomes sometimes can be elusive. Primary correction of cleft lip often results in secondary deformities requiring re intervention. Chemoimmobilsation with Botulinum Toxin A post-secondary cheiloplasty can help obtain favourable esthetic results. Aims: To evaluate the esthetic value of Botulinum Toxin A injection in secondary cleft lip surgeries and to assess the role of Botulinum toxin A in secondary cleft lip scars. Materials and Methods: 30 systemically healthy unilateral cleft lip patients reporting for secondary cheiloplasty procedure were taken up for the study. 10-12 units of Botulinum Toxin A was injected along pre-determined points on the lip. Objective (Photographic evaluation) and subjective (Patient questionnaire method) evaluation was carried out after one year post injection of Botulinum Toxin A. Results: Photographic evaluation revealed that the outcomes were mostly excellent or good. Subjective evaluation conducted showed that majority of patients were either happy or very happy with the esthetic results. Keywords: Botulinum Toxin A, cheiloplasty scars, esthetic evaluation, secondary cheiloplasty, secondary cleft lip, subjective evaluation, unilateral cleft lip.
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- 2020
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45. Evaluating cis-atracurium: Comparing different doses for tracheal intubation
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Shanti Kumari, Shashi Kant, KH Raghwendra, Gunjan Kumar, and Waquas Ahmad
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business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Initial dose ,Tracheal intubation ,Hemodynamics ,Post injection ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Anesthesia ,medicine ,Intubation ,General anaesthesia ,business ,Histamine ,Abdominal surgery - Abstract
Objective: This study was designed to compare different doses of cis-atracurium (2×ED95, 4×ED95, 6×ED95) in regarding onset time, condition of intubation , duration of action, hemodynamic effects, and signs of histamine release. Methods: Sixty ASA I and II adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were included in this prospective, randomised, double blind study. Patients were allocated to one of three groups: Group 1:Patients in this group received with initial dose of 0.1 mg/kg (2×ED95) of cis- atracurium. Group 2:Received initial dose of 0.2 mg/kg (4×ED95). Group 3:Received initial dose of 0.3 mg/kg (6×ED95). Result: All the demographic parameters were comparable.There was a statistically significant increase in HR, MABP post intubation when compared to baseline and post injection of 2× ED95 dose of cis-atracurium in group 1. Higher doses of cisatracurium (4×ED95 and 6×ED95) showed onset time that was significantly lower than cisatracurium (2×ED95). Regarding the duration of action, higher doses of cisatracurium (4×ED95 and 6×ED95) showed statistically significant longer duration of action than lower doses of cisatracurium.4×ED95 and 6×ED95 doses of cisatracurium were significantly better than 2×ED95 dose of cisatracurium. Only 6×ED95 dose of cisatracurium was statistically significant with higher percentages of patients with excellent condition of intubation. Conclusion: We can conclude that the higher doses of cisatracurium provide more effective, more rapid neuromuscular blocking with longer duration of action, stable hemodynamic status, and no associated signs of histamine release clinically.
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- 2020
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46. Efficacy and safety of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide in cases of resistant diabetic Macular Edema
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Haroon Tayyab, Chaudhry Nasir Ahmed, and Muhammad Ali Ayaz Sadiq
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Best corrected visual acuity ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Triamcinolone acetonide ,genetic structures ,Suprachoroidal ,business.industry ,Diabetic macular edema ,General Medicine ,Creative commons ,Post injection ,Triamcinolone ,eye diseases ,Ophthalmology ,medicine ,In patient ,Original Article ,business ,Intravitreal ,Treatment resistant ,Pre and post ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide (SCTA) injection in patients with treatment resistant Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). Methods: This was a prospective non randomized interventional study conducted in the vitreoretinal department of Al Ehsan Welfare Eye Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from March 2018 to September 2018. A total of 24 eyes of 24 patients were included. Baseline Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) and Central Subfield Thickness (CST) was recorded. After SCTA, patient was followed up at one and three months and same clinical parameters were recorded again and results analyzed. Results: Out of 24 patients, 11(45.83%) were males and 13(54.16%) were females. Mean pre injection CST was 636.5 ± 200.11 um. Mean pre injection BCVA was 0.8 ± 0.24 on ETDRS chart. Mean post injection CST at one and three months was 304.54 ± 67.43 and 302.66 ± 66.93 um. Mean post injection BCVA at one and three months was 0.47 ± 0.3 and 0.45 ± 0.27 on ETDRS chart. The results were statistically significant for pre and post injection CST at both one and three months (p-value < 0.00001). Pre and post injection BCVA was also statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Preliminary evidence suggests that SCTA is well tolerated and may help in improving functional and structural outcomes of treatment resistant DME. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.1.1194 How to cite this:Tayyab H, Ahmed CN, Sadiq MAA. Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide in cases of resistant diabetic macular edema. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.1.1194 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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- 2020
47. Influence of Diesel Engine Intake Throttle and Late Post Injection Process on the Rise of Temperature in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
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Da Li, Ke Sun, Shuzhan Bai, and Hao Liu
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Diesel particulate filter ,Materials science ,Scientific method ,General Materials Science ,Post injection ,Diesel engine ,Throttle ,Automotive engineering - Published
- 2020
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48. Fate of systemically and locally administered adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells and their effect on wound healing
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Mathurin Baquié, Karlien Kallmeyer, Dominik Andre-Levigne, Karl-Heinz Krause, Brigitte Pittet-Cuénod, Ali Modarressi, and Michael S. Pepper
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Firefly luciferase ,0301 basic medicine ,green fluorescent protein ,Pathology ,Adipose tissue ,wound healing ,ddc:616.07 ,Post injection ,Green fluorescent protein ,0302 clinical medicine ,wound repair ,Tissue‐specific Progenitor and Stem Cells ,Injection site ,Medicine ,ddc:576.5 ,lcsh:R5-920 ,ddc:617 ,integumentary system ,lcsh:Cytology ,Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells ,Tail vein ,hemic and immune systems ,General Medicine ,bioluminescence imaging ,3. Good health ,Adipose Tissue ,In vivo imaging ,in vivo imaging ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Wound repair ,medicine.medical_specialty ,endocrine system ,animal structures ,Wound healing ,adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells ,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bioluminescence imaging ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:QH573-671 ,business.industry ,Mesenchymal stem cell ,Mesenchymal Stem Cells ,Cell Biology ,firefly luciferase ,eye diseases ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) for wound repair. As the fate of administered cells is still poorly defined, we aimed to establish the location, survival, and effect of ASCs when administered either systemically or locally during wound repair under physiological conditions. To determine the behavior of ASCs, a rat model with wounds on the dorsal aspect of the hind paws was used and two treatment modes were assessed: ASCs administered systemically into the tail vein or locally around the wound. ASCs were transduced to express both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and green fluorescent protein to enable tracking by bioluminescence imaging and immunohistological analysis. Systemically administered ASCs were detected in the lungs 3 hours after injection with a decrease in luminescent signal at 48 hours and signal disappearance from 72 hours. No ASCs were detected in the wound. Locally administered ASCs remained strongly detectable for 7 days at the injection site and became distributed within the wound bed as early as 24 hours post injection with a significant increase observed at 72 hours. Systemically administered ASCs were filtered out in the lungs, whereas ASCs administered locally remained and survived not only at the injection site but were also detected within the wound bed. Both treatments led to enhanced wound closure. It appears that systemically administered ASCs have the potential to enhance wound repair distally from their site of entrapment in the lungs whereas locally administered ASCs enhanced wound repair as they became redistributed within the wound bed., Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells were administered either systemically or locally in a rat model of wound repair under physiological conditions. It appears that systemically administered adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells have the potential to enhance wound repair distally from their site of entrapment in the lungs whereas locally administered adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells enhanced wound repair as they became redistributed within the wound bed.
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- 2020
49. Does Immobilization Post Injection Reduce Contrast Extravasation in MR Arthrography of the Shoulder?
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Nico Buls, Michel De Maeseneer, Caroline Muylaert, F. Machiels, Nicole Pouliart, Cedric Boulet, Scott D. Wuertzer, Medicine and Pharmacy academic/administration, Radiology, Medical Imaging, Supporting clinical sciences, Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences, Orthopaedics - Traumatology, and Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,shoulder ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Contrast Media ,Post injection ,Injections, Intra-Articular ,Immobilization ,Young Adult ,Mr arthrography ,Contrast extravasation ,Medicine ,Contrast (vision) ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,media_common ,Aged ,musculoskeletal imaging ,Musculoskeletal imaging ,contrast extravasation ,business.industry ,Shoulder Joint ,ARTHROGRAPHY ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Image Enhancement ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Female ,Nuclear medicine ,business ,magnetic resonance (MR) ,Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials - Abstract
Background: Contrast leakage after arthrography is common. We sought to investigate if immobilization could prevent it. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on contrast extravasation and image quality produced by strict immobilization of the shoulder between arthrography puncture and subsequent MR imaging. Material and methods: Fifty patients underwent shoulder MR arthrography using a standard shoulder puncture in the anteroinferior quadrant. Ten milliliters of contrast mixture of saline, iodinated contrast, and gadolinium contrast was injected by a senior musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologist using a 21G needle. Half of the patients were immediately immobilized using a shoulder sling, and the other half were allowed to move their shoulder and arm freely during the time before MR imaging. MR arthrography was performed with a 3 T system using standard T1 and PD weighted sequences. The MR images were reviewed independently by 2 MSK radiologists and graded for extravasation using a five-point scale (1: none, 2: less than 2 cm, 3: 2-5 cm, 4: 5-10 cm, 5: more than 10 cm) and for image quality using a 5 point scale (1: poor, 5: good). The Pearson correlation was calculated to assess the correlation between leakage and image quality. Results: There was no significant difference in amount of leakage between both groups, and global image quality was found equal in both groups. A negative correlation was found between leakage and quality assessment. Conclusion: This study shows that it cannot be avoided by strict shoulder immobilization and that it negatively affects image quality and interpretation.
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- 2022
50. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targeting of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Using Sterically Stabilized Liposomes
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Storm, G., Bakker-Woudenberg, I. A. J. M., Schiffelers, R. M., Oyen, W. J. G., Crommelin, D. J. A., Corstens, F. H. M., Boerman, O. C., Gregoriadis, Gregory, editor, and McCormack, Brenda, editor
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- 1998
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