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This study presents an ex post evaluation of the accuracy of long-term macroeconomic forecasts presented by economics researchers. The economic growth and inflation forecasts for the next ten years are biased upward. Economic growth forecasts by academic researchers are less upwardly biased than those by professional forecasters in private institutes and that by the government. However, the upward bias of academic researchers specializing in macroeconomics and economic growth is larger than those in the other research fields. These results indicate that long-term economic forecasting involves significant uncertainty, even for economists.

Este trabajo se va a centrar en como a través del mindfulness, el alumnado con TDAH del tercer ciclo de la etapa de Primaria, puede adquirir numerosos beneficios para la mejora de sus funciones ejecutivas, emociones y relaciones sociales. Para ello, se va a establecer una conexión teórica y práctica de cómo esta terapia, es idónea para el trastorno mencionado. Se va a adaptar y contextualizar el Programa de Mindfulness “Aulas Felices” ya que está dirigido a reducir los síntomas como la hiperactividad/impulsividad, inatención y canalización de las emociones a través de una metodología expositiva y observacional. Por último, se va adjuntar una rúbrica de evaluación pre/post y un registro observacional para su posible puesta en práctica., This work will be focused on how high school-stage ADHD students could gain the benefits of mindfulness, such as improving their executive functions, emotions, and social relationships. In order to do that, it has been established a theoretical and practical connection to show how this therapy is suitable for the aforementioned disorder. The Mindfulness’ Program "Happy Classrooms" will be adapted and contextualized, and its main aim is reducing symptoms such as hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and channeling of emotions through an expositional and observational methodology. Finally, a pre/post evaluation heading and an observational record will be attached for possible implementation.

Using original survey data linked with the financial statements of Japanese listed firms, this study presents an ex post evaluation of firms’ ex ante subjective uncertainty. Ex ante forecast uncert...

Objective: To assess the effect of a designed nutrition education program (NEP) on maternal attitudes. Methods: A control two groups quasi-experimental pre- and post-experimental were adopted. Data were collected through personal interviews of two groups using a validated questionnaire. The nutrition education program was conducted in three phases. Phase one was the pre-evaluation, phase two was the program’s implementation, and phase three entailed post evaluation of the program. Results: The results supported the efficient role of the NEP intervention in raising mothers’ attitudes towards nutritional care of under two years in Sennar Locality, Sudan. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the controlled variables; mother age, mother education, mother occupation, husband occupation, number of children less than 5 years, family size, and child’s age, which indicates that the two groups were homogenous, i.e., no significant difference between mothers’ attitude of the two groups before applying the NEP. The results showed the effectiveness of the NEP in developing experimental group mother’s attitudes, comparing post-test with pre-test in favor of post-test to be statistically significant. NEP has a huge impact in developing the mother’s awareness post-test, measuring and developing the mother’s attitudes compared to post-test with pre-test. Conclusions and Implications: The nutrition education intervention demonstrated its effectiveness in maternal attitude. The study provided valuable baseline information to develop appropriate training courses and nutrition education programs to raise maternal awareness and attitudes towards infants and young children’s nutrition.

La presente investigación tiene por objetivo: Elaborar una metodología para el análisis económico-financiero para proyectos asociativos con un enfoque de cadena de valor basado en el caso de estudio. La metodología aborda el paradigma tradicional cuantitativo, descriptivo y propositivo, y con un diseño no experimental. Haciendo uso de la guía de observación, así mismo se utilizó el instrumento de la entrevista a expertos que permitieron contribuir a la elaboración del modelo a partir de caso de estudio de la Cooperativa de Servicios Múltiples de Productores de Cuyes de los Centros Poblados del Distrito de Mórrope. La propuesta metodológica planteada para la evaluación económica-financiera de proyectos asociativos se estructura en nueve fases: Antecedentes, Análisis Interno de la Organización, Problemática, Análisis del Entorno, Planeamiento Estratégico, Propuesta de Adopción de Tecnología, Planificación de Producción y Presupuesto y su Estructura Económica y Financiera sometido a riesgos y escenarios, ejecución y evaluación ex post.

There is abundant literature about the impact of residential insulation on energy consumption using different methods. However, ex-post evaluation methods have not been used yet, which are helpful when the participants in a program are not chosen randomly. Therefore, this study performs the first ex-post evaluation of a residential insulation program using the “matching with differences-in-differences” method. This non-experimental method allows obtaining the causal impact of the program since it controls for observable factors and non-observable factors that are invariable over time. The data comes from a unique survey that includes energy consumption for heating and control variables for households benefited and not benefited by the program, both in the year before and after the retrofit. The results show that the residential insulation program does not significantly reduce energy consumption or external PM2.5 emissions in the treated dwellings. Still, there is a significant increase in the perception of thermal comfort associated with the rebound effect. Thus, it is concluded that the program has not been an effective tool to reduce air pollution, but it improves the quality of life through an increase in thermal comfort.

Despite 20 years of increasing acceptance, implementing complexity-appropriate methods for ex-post evaluation remains a challenge: instead of focusing on complex interventions, methods need to help evaluators better explore how policies (no matter how simple) take place in real-world, open, dynamic systems where many intertwined factors about the cases being targeted affect outcomes in numerous ways. To assist in this advance, we developed case-based scenario simulation, a new visually intuitive evaluation tool grounded in a data-driven, case-based, computational modelling approach, which evaluators can use to explore counterfactuals, status-quo trends, and what-if scenarios for some potential set of real or imagined interventions. To demonstrate the value and versatility of case-based scenario simulation we explore four published evaluations that differ in design (cross sectional, longitudinal, and experimental) and purpose (learning or accountability), and present a prospective view of how case-based scenario simulation could support and enhance evaluators’ efforts in these complex contexts.

The Japan International Cooperation Agency implemented a technical cooperation project from 2017 to 2019 in collaboration with Central Environmental Authority (CEA) in Sri Lanka. The project provided technical; and financial assistances in preparing solid waste management plans at selected local authorities, and consequently implemented 3R promotion programs introducing source separation at households and subsequent separate collection by local authorities. Two pilot projects were implemented based on the solid waste management plans which were aimed at reducing the amount of solid waste to be landfilled. This paper described the approaches taken and results obtained through the pilot projects in Ratnapura Municipal Council (RMC) and Kataragama Pradeshiya Sabha Town (KPS) of Sri Lanka. The pilot project in RMC consisted of distribution of household compost bins and the separate collection of five categories of waste: 1) biodegradable waste, 2) plastic and polythene, 3) paper and cardboard, 4) glass, metal and coconut shells, and 5) other residual waste; and provision of advices to households by leaflets, distribution of equipment, and implementation of an awareness program. The pilot project in KPS consisted of procurement of separation bins for biodegradable waste by cost-sharing with dischargers and the separate collection of three categories of waste: 1) biodegradable waste; 2) recyclables including paper, cardboard, plastic, polyethylene, iron and coconut shells, broken glass and glass bottles; and 3) other residual waste. The post evaluation of waste composition and final discharge amounts at disposal sites indicated that pilot projects have contributed to increase 3Rs in both pilot project areas.

The European Parliament has institutionalised its use of ex-post evaluation in the wake of the EU Better Regulation agenda. This article explores the nature, function and impact of the European Par...

This study carries out an ex - post evaluation of the Research and Development (R&D) Tax Incentive Law in Chile.,A subset of data from the 9th Innovation Survey is chosen, specifically those that were available for the years 2013 and 2014. Then, differences in differences (DID) and matching with differences in differences (MDID) techniques are used to identify the impact of this policy.,The results obtained allow us to affirm that the use of the R&D Tax Incentive Law had some positive but very low effects on some components of expenditure for innovation. Also, the positive effect of the tax credits on the total expenditure for innovation identified with MDID disappears when only firms that know the R&D Tax Incentive Law are used as a control group.,This work provides new evidence to evaluate innovation policies in Latin America, focusing on tax credits that have been much less studied than subsidy programs. Specifically, it is concluded that there is still a wide margin to improve and reformulate the R&D Tax Incentive Law in Chile.,Este estudio realiza una evaluacion ex - post de la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (I+D) en Chile.,Se escogio un subconjunto de datos de la 9a Encuesta de Innovacion, especificamente aquellos que estaban disponibles para los anos 2013 y 2014. Luego, se aplicaron las metodologias de diferencias en diferencias (DID) y matching con diferencias en diferencias (MDID) para identificar el impacto de esta politica.,Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que el uso de la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la I+D tuvo algunos efectos positivos, pero bastante bajos en algunos componentes del gasto en innovacion. Ademas, el efecto positivo del incentivo tributario sobre el gasto total en innovacion identificado con MDID desaparece cuando se utiliza como grupo de control solamente a las firmas que conocen la ley.,Este trabajo aporta evidencia nueva para evaluar las politicas de innovacion en Latinoamerica, enfocandose en los creditos tributarios que han sido mucho menos estudiados que los programas de subsidio. Especificamente, se concluye que existe todavia un amplio margen para mejorar y reformular la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la I+D en Chile.

The paper revisits an investigation of delays and punctuality on Norwegian railroads from 2010, re-evaluating its findings and studying the effects of later measures put in place between 2010 and 2014. Norwegian railways saw a steady decline in punctuality from 2005–2010, prompting the establishment of a task force to understand the trends and patterns behind the delays on the network. Data was collected on punctuality and delays, as well as on factors that were likely causes of delays. The original study pointed to three main areas that cause delays during the period 2005–2009: (1) an increased error rate in infrastructure and rolling stock, (2) extensive work close to the tracks due to increased maintenance and renewals and (3) an inability to perform consistently even under normal weather conditions. Measures were put in place to turn around the overall performance. Appending data for 2010–2014, new regression models indicate that although their influence on delays and low punctuality changed as these measures have been put in place, some factors remained influential: low temperature ( 10 cm), reduced train lengths and increased volume of train services (both freight and passenger trains) still contribute to delays and low punctuality. The paper contributes to the literature on empirical analyses of delay causes. However, it can also be read as an illustration of an approach for an ex post evaluation of effects from punctuality improvement initiatives.

This study contributes to the limited literature on environmental impact assessments by undertaking an ex post evaluation of a programme to improve the environment through various community-based initiatives that promote education and citizen participation in Chile. In line with the selection criteria for the projects and the nature of the data available, the instrumental variables method is used to determine this programme’s effect on perceived problems associated with multiple environmental issues. The results reveal that, in the short term, only the perception of odour pollution improves, while, in the long term, the impact on that issue increases twofold and the perception of air pollution and pollution caused by stray dogs both improve by a similar magnitude.

Objective To compare a multidimensional care package for pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia in Central American health facilities, before and after implementation of the Salud Mesoamérica Initiative. Methods An evaluation study was conducted at 67 basic‐ and comprehensive‐level health facilities serving the poorest areas in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Belize. Cases of severe pre‐eclampsia or eclampsia were randomly sampled and relevant quality of care data extracted from medical records at baseline (n=111) from January 1, 2011, to March 31, 2013, and at second‐phase follow‐up (n=249) from June 1, 2015, to September 30, 2017. The primary outcome was evidence of the delivery of multidimensional care for the management of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia. Results The care of 360 women with severe pre‐eclampsia or eclampsia was analyzed. Odds of multidimensional care for pre‐eclampsia management (P=0.271) increased (although not significantly) in the second‐phase follow‐up compared to baseline. Multidimensional care was significantly associated with training (P, Multidimensional care for pre‐eclampsia management increased across all facility types, participating countries, and severity of disease under the Salud Mesoamérica Initiative model in Central America.

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على فاعلية برنامج إثرائي قائم على نظرية تريز (الحل الإبداعي للمشکلات) لدى تلميذات صعوبات التعلم في الرياضيات في المرحلة الابتدائية، وذلک باستخدام التقنيات التالية: إستراتيجية القوة الموازنة، وإستراتيجية التغذية الراجعة، وإستراتيجية القلب/ العکس، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف اتبع الباحثان المنهج التجريبي، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات درجات المجموعة التجريبية ومتوسطات درجات المجموعة الضابطة على مقياس الدراسة التحصيلي لمهارتي الضرب والقسمة، وذلک في القياس البعدي - بعد تطبيق البرنامج الإثرائي القائم على نظرية تريز على المجموعة التجريبية، کما توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات درجات المجموعة التجريبية على مقياس الدراسة التحصيلي لمهارتي الضرب والقسمة، وذلک بين القياسين القبلي والبعدي، وأوصت الدراسة إلى الاهتمام بصقل مهارات معلم غرفة المصادر فيما يتعلق بإستراتيجيات تدريس الرياضيات، وإيجاد بيئة مهيأة ومعززة لدى الطلاب، وإعداد دورات تدريبية لمعلمات غرف المصادر لاستخدام مبادئ نظرية تريز في التدريس. This study aimed at identifying the effectiveness of the enrichment program based on TRIZ theory, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, among female pupils of primary stage with learning disabilities in mathematics upon the following techniques: balanced potential strategy, feedback strategy, and reverse strategy. For achieving this objective, The researcher followed experimental method, as well as The study concluded that there are differences with statistical significance between degrees averages of experimental and control groups in related with achievement scale, in post evaluation, after the enrichment program which is based on TRIZ theory has been applied on the experimental group, as well as, there are differences with statistical significance between degrees averages of experimental group in related with achievement scale, between pre and post evaluation, in addition, the study recommended refining skills of sources room’s teacher in relating with mathematics teaching strategies, as well as creating an equipped and enhanced environment for students and preparing training courses for sources rooms’ female teachers for applying principles of TRIZ theory in education.

We use monthly data on transit supply and ridership to evaluate the impact of BRT type reforms in intermediate cities in Colombia. We find that these reforms are associated with a decrease in aggregate transit ridership. This is particularly troubling since it points to a reduction in the attractiveness of public transport for users and a substitution to other potentially more unsustainable modes, such as private vehicles or informal taxi services. We also show that reform reduced fleet size and commercial kilometers supplied and we conjecture that this, together with additional transfers required in the new systems, raised the generalized cost of transport for transit services. We present circumstantial evidence that this conjecture is correct and argue that this was probably the case in other Latin American experiences, such as Santiago, Lima and Bogota (SITP).

The structural development interventions carried out by the European Union (EU) aim to accelerate the real convergence of 28 Member States, mainly those lagging behind interventions. Most of these contribute to better environmental protection, better life condition for farmers and flood protection. Evaluation of infrastructure projects contributing to spatial growth in ex-ante, ongoing, and ex-post basis is an essential activity to answer several issues raised during the growth mentioned above process. This paper aims to evaluate on ex-post basis integrated developmental interventions-large scale infrastructure projects in rural areas, using a combined method based on Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA), sustainable and rural growth indicators coming from official organizations along with the n-Dimensional (nD) modelling. The studied developmental interventions refer to Vistonida's rural area, an area to which large-scale infrastructure financed and carried out by the Greek state. They contributed to the modernization and adaptation of the agriculture sector, improving its qualitative and quantitative performance. The needed data derived from the Hellenic National Statistical Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Greek Payment Authority of Common Agricultural Policy (C.A.P.) and concern a period of forty years and they are referred to Land redistribution, irrigation land, crops structure. According to this study, the large-scale agriculture infrastructure contributes significantly to the improvement of the growth rates of a rural spatial productive system as a whole. The application of the combined method was simple, easily understood by policymakers, adequately reliable, and precise.

With the growing concerns on the energy crisis and the strong support of policies, the development and construction of the multi-energy infrastructure are booming in the world. The post-evaluation for the multi-energy infrastructure investment projects can discover problems, giving advice for improvement, and guide the future project process management, which plays a significant role in achieving closed-loop and lean management. In this article, a comprehensive overview on the post-evaluation indicators of overall multi-energy infrastructure construction processes is illustrated. Then, the post-evaluation indicators on economic benefits are surveyed from the financial and national economic perspectives. Furthermore, the indicators to evaluate the impact on society and environment induced by the multi-energy infrastructure are thoroughly analyzed and investigated. Also, the post-evaluation indicators on the sustainability of the multi-energy infrastructure investment projects are summarized. Lastly, some challenges with great importance in the future research are presented. This review contributes to finding out the problems existing in the multi-energy infrastructure projects and analyzing the causes of the problems, which helps to guide the enterprise's future investment direction, decision-making, and realize an accurate investment.

The two Nordic countries Norway and Sweden have launched governance regimes for the early phases of transport infrastructure investments after experiencing frequent cost overruns and low cost-benefit ratios. This study seeks to find out if these governance regimes have reduced the escalation of costs from early estimates to finalized projects and influenced the choice of projects away from those with lower benefit to cost ratios. We have compared governance regimes for major transport infrastructure investments in the two countries and examined the development and content of quality assurance activities, the involvement of internal and external parties, their duties and responsibilities, their stage gate models, and how decisions are made. The findings are that both countries have introduced formalizations of their governance regimes that mandate project reviews during the planning process and quality assurance, both of which have increased early cost estimates. One difference was that in Norway, the Ministry of Finance manages the quality assurance scheme and imposes external quality assurance requirements, while Sweden has no corresponding ministerial oversight. Therefore, on the one hand, the process is more strictly formalized in Norway, but on the other hand, cost-benefit ratios appear to have more weight in Sweden. Furthermore, although both countries have done several ex post evaluations, neither country has introduced a formalized ex post evaluation process allowing for systematic examination of the causes of cost overruns and low benefit to cost ratios. Even so, politicians may manoeuvre projects with lower benefit to cost ratios around the governance systems in both countries. Finally, some projects in both countries still have experienced significant cost escalations despite these processes.

As the amount of public money invested in projects of science, technology, and innovation (STI) has been increasing in past years in a number of nations around the world, the debate continues about the best strategies for evaluating the impacts of STI projects. Consequently, it is crucial to ascertain what benefits society gains in return for the invested public resources. To address these challenges, this paper presents a systematic literature review about the ex-post evaluation of STI projects to identify in the literature the relevant methodologies that can be adopted to identify with more accuracy the direct and indirect results and the further deployment of impacts of STI projects given that such impacts are difficult to foresee in the project objectives. Our findings demonstrated that the majority of ex-post methodologies available (e.g., econometric, bibliometric, patent analysis, etc.) are complex to be applied for practitioners and reveal lacks and difficulties regarding implementation strategies in practice. Findings show that those that are meant to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of STI projects are suitable, although only partially, for evaluating single or a few types of impacts, or they are oriented for specific contexts. The insights originating from the research offer a better comprehension of the systemic relationship between the objectives, results and impacts of STI projects. A novel conceptual framework supporting policymakers, scholars, and practitioners to evaluate the relationships between the objectives, results and impacts in STI projects is drawn from the findings. The contributions made are of broad interest to society and policymakers, and particularly to developing economies as BRICS.

A very important breakthrough in saffron cultivation and production was achieved by Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) when the university developed a production system module in saffron which brought substantial increase in productivity of saffron during last two decades. The adoption of the technology was observed to have a very significant impact on the social dynamics of the saffron producing region demanding its ex-ante and ex-post evaluation vis a vis non adopters of the technology. With this in mind consumer surplus model and propensity score matching methods were employed on a sample of 447 respondents of which 286 were adopters and 161 non-adopters (control group) drawn from a population of 753 saffron growers in the saffron belt of Jammu and Kashmir producing 99% of the total saffron production in the country. The results revealed that average productivity of the spice increased from 2.57 kg.ha-1 to 6.05 kg.ha-1, with 1-2 kg.ha-1 in the first year to 10-12 kg.ha-1 in fourth year against control group, however, the investment cost estimates recorded increase of 5.9% under ex-ante and 13.6% under ex-post evaluation while adopting new technology, which however, got compensated through realizing higher productivity and increased employment to the tune of 40.6 and 28.3 per cent man-days/ha respectively under ex-ante and ex-post evaluation. The results further revealed, NPV, BCR, IRR of Rs. 399 crores, 110, 154% against Rs.249 crores, 69, 134% respectively under ex-ante and ex-post evaluation of the technology.

Physical activity (PA) can improve physical, mental, and social health, leading to quality of life (QoL). However, some are unable to participate independently due to age-related impairments or disabilities. This study protocol presents the design, methods, outcomes, strengths and limitations of the study “When Movement Moves” (WMM). WMM investigates whether indirect PA in a social context, where persons are unable to participate independently, can result in outcomes similar to those of independent PA, by evaluating the effects of disabled’s, elderly, volunteers’, relatives’ and nursing staff’s participation in either the running programme (Team Twin) or cycling programme (Cycling Without Age). Both programmes seek to enhance QoL through indirect PA in a social context, making PA possible for elderly and disabled persons through PA conducted by abled-bodied volunteers. WMM is a multi-method 12–16-week pre/post evaluation with quality of life, physical, mental and social health as main outcomes. Pre/post measurements consist of questionnaires, clinical examinations, and physical and cognitive appraisal. Throughout, interviews and participant observations will be conducted. Combined results will provide essential knowledge on the effects and experiences of indirect PA. Explorative data will pave the way for further research. Findings may inform policies, guidelines and health promotion among the elderly and disabled.

The failure of treated slopes around the world, especially in China, is occurring at a noteworthy rate, resulting in an urgent requirement for post evaluation of the treated slopes; however, there is no mature technique established for post evaluation. By using a real loess slope treated by slope cutting in Shaanxi Province as the prototype, indoor geotechnical tests and model tests were performed to reveal the rainwater infiltration characteristics and pressure-varying characteristics inside the slope, the results of which were used to conduct a post evaluation of the slope in situ. The results mainly showed that the effect of rainwater scouring on the slope surface weakened gradually into a steady state at the end of the first year. The rainwater upon the slope surface preferentially infiltrated the platforms with gradually reducing rates; however, the observed wetting front cannot be regarded as the border between the unsaturated and saturated loesses. The soil pressures inside the slope did not increase, but decreased during the early period of rainfall. The displacements of key points mainly occurred during the first two years and then steady periods were entered. The above results were utilized to conduct a post evaluation of the slope prototype, by which a post evaluation framework was constructed.

In order to determine the influence of educational work on hygienic practices and the prevalence of parasitism, an educational intervention on intestinal parasitism was carried out in schoolchildren belonging to six primary schools in the Municipality of Marianao, Havana during the first quarter of 2021.

Background To increase knowledge about options people have concerning end-of-life-care issues, General Practitioners (GPs) can organise meetings to inform their older patients. We evaluated these meetings, using the following research questions: How did the attendees experience the information meeting? Was there a rise in Advance Care Planning (ACP) behaviour after the information meeting? Was there a change in trust people have that physicians will provide good care at the end of life and that they will follow their end-of-life wishes after the information meetings? Methods Four GPs invited all patients of 75 years and older registered in their GP practices to the meeting via a written letter. Four meetings of 2 h took place in 2016. Meetings started with a presentation on end-of-life topics and ACP by the GP followed by time for questions. A pre-post evaluation study was done using written questionnaires distributed and filled in at the start of the meeting (T0) at the end of the meeting (T1) and 6 months after the meeting (T2). Results In total 225 older people attended a meeting of which 154 (68%) filled in the questionnaire at T0 and 145 (64%) filled in the questionnaire at T1. After six months, 90 of the 121 people who approved of being sent another questionnaire at T2, returned it (40%). The average age of the respondents was 80 years (T0). The meetings were evaluated positively by the attendees (T1). ACP issues (appointing a proxy, resuscitation, hospitalisation, euthanasia, treatment preferences under certain circumstances, preferred place of care and nursing home admittance) were discussed with a physician, a relative or both more often in the 6 months after having attended the meeting (T2), compared to before (T0). Compared to before the meeting (T0), trust in the GP providing good end-of-life care and following end-of-life wishes was higher immediately after the meeting (T1), but not after 6 months (T2). Conclusion Information meetings on end-of-life care by GPs have a positive influence on the occurrence of ACP, both with the physician and others. Although, this method especially reaches the older people that are already interested in the subject, this seems a relatively easy way to stimulate ACP.

Tumors, abnormally growing cells when identified in our body it is treated with appropriate medication. Anyway the impact of the medication on tumor cells is constantly disregarded. Ordinary tests however appear to be encouraging, the expense and the hazard included is gigantic. Post assessment along these lines should be exceptionally refined to create results fast and accurate. Fused imaging, a combination of PET scan and CT scan with suitable processing is utilized to gauge the volume of the tumor without influencing the subject under investigation.This strategy gives a promising post assessment results on the tumor cell that was under examination. The status of the tumor is also updated at regular intervals with simply imaging the subject at comfort.

The matching of personnel and management of college administrators is related to the normal operation and development of colleges and universities. In view of the problem that person-post matching is too subjective in decision-making, the weight of each index in the evaluation index system of the manager’s person-post matching is determined by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in this paper. Then, evaluation of person-post matching of managers by BP neural network and a person-post matching evaluation model of university managers based on BP neural network is constructed. The experimental results show that the error of person-post matching model is controlled within 5%, and a good evaluation result is obtained. At the same time, it shows that the model can adapt to the expert’s brain thinking to process the sample data, fully absorb the expert’s judgment experience, can scientifically and effectively evaluate the matching of managers and personnel, and provide a new idea for the objective decision-making of the person-post matching problem.

In 2014, China introduced an ultra-low emissions (ULE) standards policy for renovating coal-fired power-generating units to limit SO2, NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions to 35, 50 and 10 mg m−3, respectively. The ULE standard policy had ambitious levels (surpassing those of all other countries) and implementation timeline. We estimate emission reductions associated with the ULE policy by constructing a nationwide, unit-level, hourly-frequency emissions dataset using data from a continuous emissions monitoring systems network covering 96–98% of Chinese thermal power capacity during 2014–2017. We find that between 2014 and 2017 China’s annual power emissions of SO2, NOx and PM dropped by 65%, 60% and 72%, respectively. Our estimated emissions using actual monitoring data are 18–92% below other recent estimates. We detail the technologies used to meet the ULE standards and the determinants of compliance, underscoring the importance of ex post evaluation and providing insights for other countries wishing to reduce their power emissions. In 2014 China proposed an ultra-low emissions policy for coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions. Using comprehensive nationwide stack emissions monitoring data, Tang et al. show reductions in excess of 60% for SO2, NOx and particulate matter emissions since 2014, even as power generation overall increased.

Industry convergence has been the subject of many prior studies, yet most have focused on certain domains based on ex post evaluation. This study presents a systematic approach to anticipat...