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High Andean forests harbor a remarkably high biodiversity and play a key role in providing vital ecosystem services for neighboring cities and settlements. However, they are among the most fragmented and threatened ecosystems in the neotropics. To preserve their unique biodiversity, a deeper understanding of the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on them is urgently needed. Here, we characterized the plant communities of high Andean forest remnants in the hinterland of Bogotá in 32 0.04 ha plots. We assessed the woody vegetation and sampled the understory and epiphytic cover. We gathered data on compositional and structural parameters and compiled a broad array of variables related to anthropogenic disturbance, ranging from local to landscape‐wide metrics. We also assessed phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity. We employed nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to select meaningful variables in a first step of the analysis. Then, we performed partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) and generalized linear models (GLMs) in order to test how selected environmental and anthropogenic variables are affecting the composition, diversity, and aboveground biomass of these forests. Identified woody vegetation and understory layer communities were characterized by differences in elevation, temperature, and relative humidity, but were also related to different levels of human influence. We found that the increase of human‐related disturbance resulted in less phylogenetic diversity and in the phylogenetic clustering of the woody vegetation and in lower aboveground biomass (AGB) values. As to the understory, disturbance was associated with a higher diversity, jointly with a higher phylogenetic dispersion. The most relevant disturbance predictors identified here were as follows: edge effect, proximity of cattle, minimum fragment age, and median patch size. Interestingly, AGB was efficiently predicted by the proportion of late successional species. We therefore recommend the use of AGB and abundance of late successional species as indicators of human disturbance on high Andean forests., High Andean forests play a key role in providing ecosystem services for neighboring urban settlements. Here, we aimed to identify and understand the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on diversity, composition, and structure of plant communities, as well as aboveground biomass in high Andean forest remnants in the hinterland of Bogotá. We found that the increase of human‐related disturbance resulted in less phylogenetic diversity and in the phylogenetic clustering of the woody vegetation and in lower aboveground biomass (AGB) values. As to the understory, disturbance was associated with a higher diversity, jointly with a higher phylogenetic dispersion. Interestingly, AGB was efficiently predicted by the proportion of late successional species.

Este artículo aborda el timbre como un aspecto importante en de la interpretación de obras para guitarra, y se enfoca particularmente en un repertorio en el cual no son explícitas las indicaciones tímbricas. Para ello, se define inicialmente el papel que ha ocupado el timbre dentro de la comunidad guitarrística a lo largo de la historia; posteriormente, se determina qué aspectos técnicos del instrumento permiten variación tímbrica; y, por último, se clasifican las funciones que ocupa el timbre dentro del discurso musical a partir de ejemplos de diferentes periodos estilísticos. Esto con el fin de presentar una visión interpretativa, por medio de la cual, el intérprete guitarrista pueda incorporar estos matices de una manera clara, consciente, y coherente con el discurso musical., This article approaches timbre as an important aspect in the interpretation of works for guitar and focuses particularly on a repertoire in which timbre indications are not explicit. For that purpose, the role that timbre has occupied within the guitar community throughout history is initially defined; afterwards, it is determined which technical aspects of the instrument allow timbre variation; and, finally, the functions that timbre occupies within musical discourse are classified based on examples from different stylistic periods. The goal is to present an interpretative vision, through which the guitarist interpreter can incorporate these colours in a clear, conscious, and coherent way with the musical discourse.

Quality appraisal of clinical practice guidelines about lower-limb amputees: literature review and appraisal with AGREE II instrument The Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection called on scientific organizations for the creation of a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) in order to provide recommendations for the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative care of people with amputation of a lower limb due to medical or traumatic causes. This paper shows the quality appraisal by means of the AGREE II instrument of GPC published to date about this condition as one of the initial steps in the construction of the needed guide. After a systematic search in different specialized databases and applying criteria of inclusion and exclusion 7 CPG were evaluated. The best-qualified domain was the 1 in which all CPG had a percentage of compliance higher than 60 %, and the worst one was the 5 with only two CPG that exceeded 60 % of compliance. The best qualified CPG was the one created by the Dutch Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. To date, this is the first paper that evaluates the quality of CPGs that deal with people with lower limb amputation. RESUMEN: El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia convocó a diferentes organizaciones científicas del país para la creación de una Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC), para la atención pre-, peri- y postoperatoria de personas con amputación de un miembro inferior por causas médicas o traumáticas. El presente trabajo muestra la evaluación de la calidad, mediante el instrumento AGREE II, de las diferentes GPC publicadas hasta la fecha con un alcance similar a la guía desarrollada. Este fue uno de los pasos iniciales en la construcción de la guía propia. Luego de una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases de datos especializadas y de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se evaluaron 7 GPC. El dominio mejor calificado fue el 1 en todas las GPC con un porcentaje de cumplimiento de los criterios mayor del 60 %, y el peor calificado fue el 5 con solo dos GPC que superaron el 60 % de cumplimiento. La GPC mejor calificada de todas fue la creada por la Sociedad Holandesa de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación. Hasta la fecha, este es el primer trabajo que evalúa la calidad de las GPC que tratan personas amputadas de miembro inferior.

The Ministry of Health and Social Protection in Colombia and the University of Antioquia in partnership with the Javeriana University, the National University of Colombia, the Colombian associations of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and of Physical Therapy, developed The Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative treatment of the amputee, the prosthesis prescription and the comprehensive rehabilitation. In this article the evidence and recommendations found as to the decision to amputate or reconstruct in the patient with severe limb injury are summarized. The results found in 3 systematic reviews and 10 observational studies are contradictory in terms of function, job reinstatement, psychological aspects, additional surgeries, infection, and chronic pain. In the amputee there are fewer complications and less additional surgeries; disability, psychological aspects, infection, chronic pain and functional capacity are similar between reconstructed and amputated patients; however, in order to reduce costs and improve long-term function the developer group suggested carrying out reconstruction of the lower limb instead of amputation in patients over 16 years with severe limb trauma. RESUMEN: El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia y la Universidad de Antioquia en asocio con la Universidad Javeriana, la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, las asociaciones colombianas de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación y de Fisioterapia, desarrollaron la guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento preoperatorio, intraoperatorio y postoperatorio de la persona amputada, la prescripción de la prótesis y la rehabilitación integral. En el presente artículo se resume la evidencia encontrada y la recomendación en cuanto a la decisión de amputar o reconstruir en el paciente con lesión grave de la extremidad. Los resultados encontrados en las 3 revisiones sistemáticas y los 10 estudios observacionales son contradictorios en cuanto a la función, el reintegro laboral, los aspectos psicológicos, las cirugías adicionales, la infección y el dolor crónico. En el paciente amputado hay un menor número de complicaciones y cirugías adicionales; la discapacidad, los aspectos psicológicos, la infección, el dolor crónico y la capacidad funcional son similares entre pacientes reconstruidos y amputados; sin embargo, con el fin de disminuir los costos y mejorar la función a largo plazo el grupo desarrollador sugirió la reconstruir el miembro inferior en lugar de amputar en pacientes mayores de 16 años con trauma grave de la extremidad.

El Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá es una entidad administrativa de derecho público que asocia a 9 de los 10 municipios que conforman el Valle de Aburrá -- La Entidad, entre otras funciones, ejecuta proyectos según las necesidades de cada uno de los municipios dentro de su territorio -- Los sistemas de información son apoyos tecnológicos que ayudan a las organizaciones a centralizar, organizar, e interpretar la información consignada para la toma de decisiones y seguimiento de procesos y proyectos -- Es aquí donde la Entidad tiene la oportunidad de gestionar sus proyectos en sistemas de información que actualmente tiene desarrollados para llevar registro de los mismos -- Se presenta entonces la oportunidad de realizar un diagnóstico y proponer recomendaciones frente al uso actual de los sistemas de información para la gestión de proyectos de la Entidad, donde se analizan factores como lo son los funcionarios del equipo de sistemas de información, funcionarios del equipo de ejecución y evaluación de proyectos, y los roles que juegan los Directivos de la Entidad en el ámbito de dirección estratégica y compromiso con los sistemas de información, con el fin de poder tener un control centralizado de los proyectos que se ejecutan y tomar decisiones en su desarrollo, por medio del análisis de indicadores generados por los sistemas de información actuales de la Entidad

La presente tesis busca informar al lector acerca de las diferentes técnicas de ideación utilizadas para generar ideas de diseño para nuevos productos y/o servicios. En su contenido, se realiza una investigación de diferentes técnicas y se seleccionan algunas para ser experimentadas en condiciones reales de uso. Posteriormente, a partir de los resultados concretos de cada una de ellas, son evaluadas las ventajas, desventajas, sugerencias de uso y condiciones de las ideas resultantes., 78 p., Contenido parcial: Técnicas de ideación -- ¿Qué son y para qué sirven las técnicas de ideación? -- Experimentación de técnicas de ideación -- Comentarios sobre la técnica Brainstorming -- Fichas resumen de la evaluación de cada técnica de ideación

This thesis consists of six chapters: the general introduction (this chapter), four research chapters (chapters 2-5), and a synthesis chapter (chapter 6). I first focused on WSG and wood anatomical traits (chapter 2), then looked at wood chemical traits (chapter 3), and then combined data on wood traits and species demography to assess the links between traits and demographic rates (chapter 4). Finally, I examined the implications of within-stem variations in WSG on biomass estimations at both the species and stand level (chapter 5). It is well established that wood specific gravity (WSG) can vary substantially from pith to bark (Williamson & Wiemann, 2010), which can reflect ontogenetic shifts in hydraulic, mechanical and storage demands during tree development (Hietz et al., 2013). However, the wood anatomical traits underlying these radial variations in WSG are not well understood, particularly for angiosperm tree species from humid tropical forests. In chapter 2, I used a set of wood functional traits, measured along the stem radial profile, to explain the anatomical drivers of radial shifts in WSG. Wood nutrients are expected to play a central role in tree functioning and life-history variations among woody species (Martin et al., 2014; Heinemann et al., 2016). Yet, very few studies have investigated how wood nutrients are related to other wood functional traits, or how they vary radially within stems, or across species and ecological guilds. In chapter 3, I related wood nutrients (i.e., phosphorous, calcium, potassium and magnesium) to WSG and xylem parenchyma fractions ininner and outer wood, and evaluated nutrient resorption rates at the species and ecological guilds level. One central assumption in trait-based ecology is that traits can predict species demography (Shipley et al., 2016). However, the predictive power of most traits on tree demographic rates is in general low. This pattern may be explained by two reasons: the use of “soft traits”, which might not fully capture some plant functions (Yang et al., 2018), and the lack of consideration of size-related changes in both traits and demographic rates (Iida & Swenson, 2019). In chapter 4, I combined demographic rates (i.e., diameter growth and mortality rates) of trees of different sizes and “hard traits” (i.e., chemical and anatomical traits) measured at different radial positions to explain the associations between wood traits and species demography during tree development. Besides its functional significance, wood specific gravity is also an important predictor of above-ground biomass (AGB) and, consequently, of biomass growth rates (BGR) estimations. Although radial shifts in WSG may have considerable effects on AGB and BGR estimations, at both the species and stand level, most regional and local studies do not consider these possible effects. In chapter 5, I quantified species percentage errors in AGB and BGR estimations that resulted from not taking into account radial trends in WSG, and extrapolated these species percentage errors to the stand level. Finally, in the last chapter (chapter 6), I synthesized the results of this thesis, and discussed how they complement existing knowledge on trait-based ecology. Furthermore, I outlined the limitations of this study and proposed future research directions. This thesis consists of six chapters: the general introduction (this chapter), four research chapters (chapters 2-5), and a synthesis chapter (chapter 6). I first focused on WSG and wood anatomical traits (chapter 2), then looked at wood chemical traits (chapter 3), and then combined data on wood traits and species demography to assess the links between traits and demographic rates (chapter 4). Finally, I examined the implications of within-stem variations in WSG on biomass estimations at both the species and stand level (chapter 5). It is well established that wood specific gravity (WSG) can vary substantially from pith to bark (Williamson & Wiemann, 2010), which can reflect ontogenetic shifts in hydraulic, mechanical and storage demands during tree development (Hietz et al., 2013). However, the wood anatomical traits underlying these radial variations in WSG are not well understood, particularly for angiosperm tree species from humid tropical forests. In chapter 2, I used a set of wood functional traits, measured along the stem radial profile, to explain the anatomical drivers of radial shifts in WSG. Wood nutrients are expected to play a central role in tree functioning and life-history variations among woody species (Martin et al., 2014; Heinemann et al., 2016). Yet, very few studies have investigated how wood nutrients are related to other wood functional traits, or how they vary radially within stems, or across species and ecological guilds. In chapter 3, I related wood nutrients (i.e., phosphorous, calcium, potassium and magnesium) to WSG and xylem parenchyma fractions ininner and outer wood, and evaluated nutrient resorption rates at the species and ecological guilds level. One central assumption in trait-based ecology is that traits can predict species demography (Shipley et al., 2016). However, the predictive power of most traits on tree demographic rates is in general low. This pattern may be explained by two reasons: the use of “soft traits”, which might not fully capture some plant functions (Yang et al., 2018), and the lack of consideration of size-related changes in both traits and demographic rates (Iida & Swenson, 2019). In chapter 4, I combined demographic rates (i.e., diameter growth and mortality rates) of trees of different sizes and “hard traits” (i.e., chemical and anatomical traits) measured at different radial positions to explain the associations between wood traits and species demography during tree development. Besides its functional significance, wood specific gravity is also an important predictor of above-ground biomass (AGB) and, consequently, of biomass growth rates (BGR) estimations. Although radial shifts in WSG may have considerable effects on AGB and BGR estimations, at both the species and stand level, most regional and local studies do not consider these possible effects. In chapter 5, I quantified species percentage errors in AGB and BGR estimations that resulted from not taking into account radial trends in WSG, and extrapolated these species percentage errors to the stand level. Finally, in the last chapter (chapter 6), I synthesized the results of this thesis, and discussed how they complement existing knowledge on trait-based ecology. Furthermore, I outlined the limitations of this study and proposed future research directions. Colciencias Instituto Smithsonian Universidad del Rosario