Search

An environmental protection plan that would resemble a true utopia might still be distant however, employing advanced methods and innovation that will get the global community on the road to the best marine and other environmental protections should be every generation’s intent. Ballast water management as related to shipping, trade, and the marine world as a special concern of this paper has been one of the most notable innovation drivers in the maritime space in the last couple of decades in order to close doors to the dangers of introducing new aquatic invasive species in sensitive environments around the world (bio invasions). This paper aims to selectively survey some established ballast water management methods reimagined by the latest innovations reflecting on some latest developments. The world is constantly facing troubling concerns over environmental protection issues particularly related to marine and maritime related endeavors. For example, what it may mean to lose many Russian scientists that are involved in arctic research as a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, especially with ship traffic and ballast water management slated to be more and more of a concern in that area as shipping channels become more open in that region.

Extraordinary levels of unemployment, poverty and inequality perseveres in South Africa, which in itself is a risk for economic development. Initiatives such as Local Economic Development (LED), globally acknowledged, have been adopted to solve the crisis. LED in its simplest practice is about local people uniting to achieve a better quality of life. Nevertheless, effects of LED are still contentious in developing economies and especially South Africa because of the increased level of poverty amongst supposed beneficiaries of LED. This article evaluates the impact of a LED initiative (EPWP) on reducing the triple challenges facing South Africa. A mixed method approach and a paired-sample t-test was performed to determine the effect of LED. Between time 1[M=17.91, SD=2.68] to time 2[M=20.06, SD=3.43, t(44)=5.1429, pKeywords: EPWP, LED, Livelihood, PovertyJEL Classifications: O20, O21, O38DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11589

In 1997 a draft proposal for a Marine Insurance Act was prepared as a new South African statute in response to a call for the development of marine insurance by legal practitioners, academics, various members of the Maritime Law Association and other members of various Marine Underwriting bodies (the draft bill was redrafted in 1997 by its main draftsman Adv Douglas Shaw QC). The draft legislation, tends to adopt the form and structure of the English Marine Insurance Act 1906 (6 Edw 7c 41), with minor differences. For instance, in keeping with the South African law on insurance, the draft Act excludes the English law concept “uberrima fides”, which has been rejected as an alien concept under South African insurance law. It is essential for legislature to review the status of the bill as marine insurance forms the oldest part of our well established maritime economy. Developments in marine insurance laws will enable South Africa to participate more meaningfully from a legislative point of view in the international arena. The draft bill is a useful tool in determining the probable future direction of the developments in South African marine insurance, however, this draft legislation has not been promulgated. It is possible to underestimate the usefulness of such a code since ten years have passed since the bill’s last re-draft. It is proposed in this article that there is a need for codified South African Marine Insurance Law and that perhaps the legislature should reopen the debate on the bill and consider it in order to hasten the process of its promulgation. Further, if such a statute is developed it must be unique to South Africa in that it must reflect a balance between the modern Roman-Dutch law as applied by our courts in marine insurance matters while useful English law concepts are also reflected for the purposes of international uniformity. However, if capturing such a dichotomy in the draft bill proves to be against international marine insurance trends, perhaps the best way forward is to promulgate the existing draft Act as is. What must be achieved in the end is that South African Marine Insurance Law must lose its legal research status of being the “Cinderella” of all insurances and have positive laws that govern it specifically in the form of a South African Marine Insurance Act.

Any researcher of South African diamond laws would find it inevitable that such research discusses the relationship between international diamond transactions and conflict of laws. This is particularly evident in cases where legal disputes have arisen pertaining to such transactions. This article will make reference to the terms “private international law” and “conflict of laws” interchangeably, although “conflict of laws” will be preferred for reasons of taste rather than logic. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the concept of conflict of laws in general and how it significantly impacts the manner in which courts will ultimately decide on the law to be applied in a matter possibly involving inter alia international diamond transactions. This demonstrates the consistent relevance of conflict of laws particularly in light of the global economy. The correct identification and understanding of conflict of laws’ principles can be stretched to accommodate all other areas of international trade. However, for the purposes of understanding how diamond trade is impacted by conflict of laws in South Africa, this paper will be limited to the legal context of diamond-relevant trade and the latest guidelines provided by our courts in relation to the choice of law in matters where conflict of laws has arisen.

Until we find an equally or more efficient way to get 90% of everything we need from markets around the world, the maritime world must make a conscious effort to continue to support excellence in maritime pedagogy. This must be done through understanding the strategies that inform such a specialized area of maritime work. It is a fact that modern maritime pedagogy brings in many new strategies, but these will be more effective if the lens of maritime pedagogical history and challenges are understood. It is the aim of this paper to highlight teaching and learning strategies in international maritime business in light of the latest developments and to highlight areas where the maritime pedagogy can best support human resource training and development in the maritime world. Maritime training must anticipate the needs of the industry in time rather than waiting until there are skills shortages.

With the global economic concerns putting pressure on many national and international trade concerns and entities, especially in the trade of high-value luxury goods, it is important to consider the South African diamond industry in modern times. The mining sector and the diamond industry have traditional relevance to the South African economy. This paper will consider diamond law in light of the licensing processes pertaining to mineral rights and diamond trade in modern South Africa. The purpose of this analysis is to consider whether or not the policy considerations of modern diamond law in South Africa have been supportive of the growth and development of the industry, especially in light of the more humane and inclusive provisions of the Diamonds Act 56 of 1986 and the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, which seek to enhance local mining and beneficiation of diamonds.

The infection of CD4+ cells by HIV leads to the progressive destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes and, after a severe reduction of CD4+ cells, to AIDS. The aim of the study was to investigate whether HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts

House dust mites (HDMs) belong to the most potent indoor allergen sources worldwide and are associated with allergic manifestations in the respiratory tract and the skin. Here we studied the importance of the high-molecular-weight group 11 allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p 11) in HDM allergy. Sequence analysis showed that Der p 11 has high homology to paramyosins from mites, ticks, and other invertebrates. A synthetic gene coding for Der p 11 was expressed in Escherichia coli and rDer p 11 purified to homogeneity as folded, alpha-helical protein as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Using antibodies raised against rDer p 11 and immunogold electron microscopy, the allergen was localized in the muscle beneath the skin of mite bodies but not in feces. IgE reactivity of rDer p 11 was tested with sera from HDM-allergic patients from Europe and Africa in radioallergosorbent test–based dot-blot assays. Interestingly, we found that Der p 11 is a major allergen for patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD), whereas it is only a minor allergen for patients suffering from respiratory forms of HDM allergy. Thus, rDer p 11 might be a useful serological marker allergen for the identification of a subgroup of HDM-allergic patients suffering from HDM-associated AD.