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The objective of the study is to determine the stages of the evaluation of learning in online academic programs as a result of the digital transformation impelled by the Covid-19 pandemic in higher education. It is based on the digital transformation adopted in higher education since the Covid-19 pandemic, which accelerated the renewal of existing curricular programs and teaching-learning processes with a fragmented evaluation process. Through an explanatory research - purposeful and qualitative approach, the variables and metric indicators of pertinence, relevance and frequency of production of literature associated with the theme are studied to process the data. Likewise, a questionnaire was designed for the pilot study, selecting 25 teachers as sample units from two accredited private higher education institutions in Colombia located in Santiago de Cali and Barranquilla. The findings determined a 0.946 margin of reliability of the instrument for its application in the second phase and a matrix of indicators and the system of relations on the components and stages of the evaluation system were generated. The systematized practice of the stages is proposed as a conclusive basis for the definition of metrics that determine the incidence on the application of the evaluation of learning from academic programs mediated by digital technologies.

Introduction and objectives: The Working Group on Valve Repair of the Spanish Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery presents the annual report on reconstructive valve surgery of the mitral, aortic and tricuspid valves performed in Spain during 2016-2017. Methods: The data was gathered using an online form, in a retrospective, voluntary, anonymous and non-audited way. Different parameters regarding etiology, type of surgery, mortality and risk scores were collected. Results: Data was collected from 27 centers with 6.751 and 7.634 recorded interventions in 2017 and 2017, respectively. Mitral repair surgery accounts for 35% and 30% of all mitral valve operated. The percentage of aortic valve sparing interventions was 4,5%, similar to previous years. Tricuspid surgery has increased 26% in 2017 in relation to 2106, confirming a stable repair rate of 88%, mainly with a wide use of prosthetic rings. Regarding mini-invasive mitral surgery, a decrease in centers and number of surgeries is observed (14 centers reporting 109 surgeries in 2106 to 9 centers with 83 surgeries in 2017). Mini-invasive aortic surgery means a 15% in 2016 and 13% in 2017. Conclusions: It has been observed a decrease in the number of participating centers and therefore of the number of surgeries. Mitral valve repair is a established option in our country, although with very low repair rates. Tricuspid valve repair surgery has stabilized in the last years. Mini-invasive mitral surgery has decreased while aortic mini-invasive has increased. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espanola de Cirugia Toracica-Cardiovascular.

OBJECTIVES To conduct a survey across European cardiac centres to evaluate the methods used for cerebral protection during aortic surgery involving the aortic arch. METHODS All European centres were contacted and surgeons were requested to fill out a short, comprehensive questionnaire on an internet-based platform. One-third of more than 400 contacted centres completed the survey correctly. RESULTS The most preferred site for arterial cannulation is the subclavian-axillary, both in acute and chronic presentation. The femoral artery is still frequently used in the acute condition, while the ascending aorta is a frequent second choice in the case of chronic presentation. Bilateral antegrade brain perfusion is chosen by the majority of centres (2/3 of cases), while retrograde perfusion or circulatory arrest is very seldom used and almost exclusively in acute clinical presentation. The same pumping system of the cardio pulmonary bypass is most of the time used for selective cerebral perfusion, and the perfusate temperature is usually maintained between 22 and 26°C. One-third of the centres use lower temperatures. Perfusate flow and pressure are fairly consistent among centres in the range of 10-15 ml/kg and 60 mmHg, respectively. In 60% of cases, barbiturates are added for cerebral protection, while visceral perfusion still receives little attention. Regarding cerebral monitoring, there is a general tendency to use near-infrared spectroscopy associated with bilateral radial pressure measurement. CONCLUSIONS These data represent a snapshot of the strategies used for cerebral protection during major aortic surgery in current practice, and may serve as a reference for standardization and refinement of different approaches

Objetivo: Caracterizar variables demográficas y ocupacionales de casos de lesiones osteomusculares de miembros superiores y región lumbar. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, corte transversal. Se realizó búsqueda y revisión de literatura científica para conocer factores de riesgo laborales asociados a lesiones osteomusculares de miembros superiores, región lumbar y determinar variables relevantes. Las variables demográficas y ocupacionales en casos de lesiones osteomusculares, se obtuvieron de registros de la base de datos diseñada por la División Nacional de Salud Ocupacional de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Resultados: Se identificaron 99 registros de trabajadores con diagnóstico positivo de lesiones osteomusculares de miembros superiores y región lumbar. El género femenino y grupo etáreo entre 41 a 50 años reportó 60% y 43.43% de casos de lesiones osteomusculares respectivamente. El porcentaje de casos según grupo ocupacional para docentes y otros administrativos presentó distribución similar 28.28%. Se encontró que movimientos repetitivos de codo, muñeca, dedos para miembros superiores y postura prolongada para región lumbar son factores de riesgo más frecuentes. En trabajadores los segmentos corporales más comprometidos con lesiones osteomusculares fueron muñeca y zona lumbar. Escoliosis e hiperlordosis fueron las alteraciones de columna vertebral con mayor frecuencia entre la población participante. La mejoría y/o desaparición de los síntomas con descanso y reaparición o agravamiento durante el trabajo fue el criterio más representativo para considerar posible origen laboral de casos de lesiones osteomusculares para miembros superiores y región lumbar. Conclusión: El conocimiento de las variables asociadas a lesiones osteomusculares permite realizar intervenciones preventivas. The aim of this study was to characterize demographic and occupational variables of cases of upper limb and lower back musculoskeletal injuries. Methodology: In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, we searched and reviewed scientific literature to learn about occupational risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries of upper limbs, the lower back and to determine relevant variables. The demographic and occupational variables in musculoskeletal injury cases were obtained from records in the database designed by the National Occupational Health Division at Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Results: We identified 99 records of workers with positive diagnosis of upper limb and lower back musculoskeletal injuries. The female gender and age group between 41 to 50 years reported 60% and 43.43% of the cases of musculoskeletal injuries respectively. The percentage of cases by occupational group for teachers and administrative workers showed a similar distribution of 28.28%. We found that repetitive movements of elbow, wrist, fingers for upper limbs and an extended position for lumbar region are the most common risk factors. In workers, wrist and lower back were the most prominent musculoskeletal injuries. Scoliosis and hyperlordosis were spinal disorders more frequent among participants. The improvement and / or disappearance of symptoms with rest and recurrence or worsening during the work time was the more representative criterion for considering the possible cases of occupational origin of musculoskeletal injuries to upper limbs and lower back. Conclusion: The knowledge of these variables associated with musculoskeletal injuries allows for preventive interventions.

Objetivo: Caracterizar variables demográficas y ocupacionales de casos de lesiones osteomusculares de miembros superiores y región lumbar. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, corte transversal. Se realizó búsqueda y revisión de literatura científica para conocer factores de riesgo laborales asociados a lesiones osteomusculares de miembros superiores, región lumbar y determinar variables relevantes. Las variables demográficas y ocupacionales en casos de lesiones osteomusculares, se obtuvieron de registros de la base de datos diseñada por la División Nacional de Salud Ocupacional de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Resultados: Se identificaron 99 registros de trabajadores con diagnóstico positivo de lesiones osteomusculares de miembros superiores y región lumbar. El género femenino y grupo etáreo entre 41 a 50 años reportó 60% y 43.43% de casos de lesiones osteomusculares respectivamente. El porcentaje de casos según grupo ocupacional para docentes y otros administrativos presentó distribución similar 28.28%. Se encontró que movimientos repetitivos de codo, muñeca, dedos para miembros superiores y postura prolongada para región lumbar son factores de riesgo más frecuentes. En trabajadores los segmentos corporales más comprometidos con lesiones osteomusculares fueron muñeca y zona lumbar. Escoliosis e hiperlordosis fueron las alteraciones de columna vertebral con mayor frecuencia entre la población participante. La mejoría y/o desaparición de los síntomas con descanso y reaparición o agravamiento durante el trabajo fue el criterio más representativo para considerar posible origen laboral de casos de lesiones osteomusculares para miembros superiores y región lumbar. Conclusión: El conocimiento de las variables asociadas a lesiones osteomusculares permite realizar intervenciones preventivas.

Antecedentes. La prevalencia del síndrome de piernas inquietas oscila entre el 2,5 y el 29 por ciento. En nuestro conocimiento no hay estudios que describan la correlación entre el síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) y el de síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS). Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia de presentación del SPI en un grupo de pacientes adultos a quienes se les realizó un estudio polisomnográfico (PSG) por condiciones diferentes al SPI, en la Clínica de Sueño del Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, en el período entre el 1° de enero y el 31 de diciembre del 2006, y determinar su correlación con la severidad del SAOS. Material y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de prevalencia analítica. Los pacientes llenaron un cuestionario en el que se incluyen preguntas relacionadas con los criterios diagnósticos del SPI y su frecuencia de presentación. Los pacientes fueron agrupados por género, edad e índice de masa corporal. Se evaluó la latencia para el inicio del sueño y se agruparon según la severidad del SAOS. Resultados. Se obtuvo una muestra de 301 pacientes, 72 por ciento hombres, de los cuales 43 cumplieron con los criterios diagnósticos para SPI. Se encontró una prevalencia global del 14,3 por ciento, para las mujeres fue del 18,3 por ciento y para los hombres del 12,8 por ciento. Se identificó una mayor prevalencia en el grupo de pacientes entre los 50- 59 años, tanto en el total de la población como en el grupo de pacientes hombres (18,4% y 16,4% respectivamente), en las mujeres la prevalencia fue mayor en el grupo mayor de 70 años (28,6%). La prevalencia fue mayor en el grupo de pacientes obesos en ambos géneros (p = 0,003). La latencia para el inicio del sueño fue más prolongada en los pacientes con SPI (p = 0,003). En relación con el grado de severidad del SAOS, se encontró una mayor frecuencia del SPI en mujeres con SAOS leve y moderado, en los hombres no se halló relación significativa entre las entidades. Conclusiones. La prevalencia en nuestra población de estudio fue similar a la reportada en otros países latinoamericanos. Las mujeres, las personas mayores de 50 años, la obesidad y las mujeres con SAOS leve y moderado, tienen mayor frecuencia de presentación del SPI. La latencia para iniciar el sueño fue significativamente mayor en el grupo del SPI que en el grupo que no presenta SPI. Background. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been reported between 2,5 to 29 percent. To our knowlage there are no studies that show a correlation between restless legs syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Objectives. To determine the frequency of RLS in a group of adult patients who had a polysomnography at the Fundacion Santa Fe of Bogota University Hospital not referred for RLS evaluation, between January 1 to December 31, 2006 and to determine its relationship to OSAS. Materials abd methods. An analytic prevalence study was conducted. Patients filled out a questionnaire in which RLS diagnostic criteria were included and its frequency of presentation. Patients were grouped by gender, age, body mass index and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep latency was also considered. Results. 302 subjects were included, 72 percent were male, 43 fulfilled RLS clinical criteria. A global prevalence was 14,3 percent, for women it was 18,3 percent and for men 12,8 percent. A higher prevalence was found in patients between 50-59 years old, both in the whole group and in the male group (18,4 % and 16,4% respectively). In the female group prevalence was higher in patients older than 70 years (28,6%). Prevalence was higher in the obese group in both genders (p = 0,003). Sleep latency was significantly increased in the RLS group (p = 0,003). Females with mild to moderate OSAS showed higher RLS frequency whereas there was no correlation between the severity of OSA and RLS frequency in the male group. Conclusions. Prevalence of RLS in our sample was similar to that reported by other latinamerican groups. Women, subjects older than 50 years old, obesity and women with mild to moderate OSAS showed an increase in the frequency of presentation of RLS. Sleep latency was significantly increased in the RLS group.

This document is the result of the Rural Territorial Dynamics Program, implemented by Rimisp in several Latin American countries in collaboration with numerous partners. The program has been supported by the International Development Research Center (IDRC, Canada). We authorize the non-for-profit partial or full reproduction and dissemination of this document, subject to the source being properly acknowledged.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente