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The dispersal pattern of microorganisms has been a debated topic in the last decade, because for microscopic organisms with dispersing stages, biogeographic barriers may not exist and geographic distances may have little effect on the probability of their occurrence. In this study we tested whether a group of microscopic animals, the bdelloid rotifers, sampled in a tropical country, could indeed be cosmopolitan, strictly tropical, and/or have endemic species. We sampled freshwater habitats throughout Thailand in dry and rainy seasons between 2014 and 2016, focusing on permanent water bodies, where the prevalence of species producing resting stages acting as propagules for dispersal should be minimal and thus dispersal limitation should exist, with several species being narrowly distributed. We used traditional morphological identification, geometric morphometric analyses on the shape and size of the jaws, and DNA taxonomy to identify species and to quantify the morphological and genetic distances of Thai samples in comparison with data on bdelloids from other areas in the world. We found a total of 12 species of planktonic and periphytic bdelloid rotifers, and all approaches we used, qualitative and quantitative, confirmed a group of nine potentially cosmopolitan species already known from other continents, one tropical oriental species, and two new species with a potentially narrow geographic distribution, one of which we here formally describe. We thus support the idea that for microscopic animals the moderate endemicity hypothesis suggested for protists may also hold true: most of the species we found indeed have a wide geographic distribution, but other species with narrower distributions do exist.

We test the hypothesis that conochilid rotifers represent an independent family-level taxon within Superorder Gnesiotrocha, by analysing their phylogenetic position based on the 18S rDNA sequence of a large number of representatives of this taxon and its putative relatives. Both Bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis confirm a monophyletic clade of all gnesiotrochans with strong branch supports. Within Gnesiotrocha, Conochilidae form a strongly supported clade with representatives of all but some genera of Flosculariidae. These results refute Conochilidae as separate family-level taxon within Gnesiotrocha. This finding is also supported by a phylogenetic analysis using morphology, in particular new observations on trophi morphology. Conochilid rotifers are likely specialized Flosculariidae, which evolved to a planktonic lifestyle and reduction of coloniality within the group, in contrast to other Flosculariidae. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that two genera of Flosculariidae, Beachampia and Limnias, form a single, strongly supported clade in a sister-group relation to a clade consisting of representatives of Order Collothecacea. The present results, both regarding position of the conochild rotifers and of two genera of Flosculariidae, highlight the need for a more extensive analysis of relationships within Gnesiotrocha.

The freshwater littoral comprises a mosaic of habitats structured at several scales by a combination of hydrophyte architecture and physiology. Within this complex environment littoral invertebrates should distribute themselves to maximize fitness: that is, for sessile animals selection of permanent substrata is critical, while distribution of motile (periphytic) animals should follow predictions of Ideal Free Distribution theory. Here we explore the relationships between littoral rotifers and hydrophytes by conducting nestedness analyses on 10 published datasets (7 sessile; 3 periphytic); one dataset each of microcrustaceans and insects were included for comparison. We used four metrics to assess nestedness: mean matrix temperature (T); counts of discrepancy shifts and species segregation; and percent singletons. Six sessile rotifer datasets exhibited nestedness (T = 9.25–30.2°, supported by ≥2 null models; the other metrics varied widely). Our results indicate that distribution of sessile rotifers and periphytic insects was highly structured, but until more data is available little can be said about the distribution of the periphytic rotifer or microcrustacean community structure. Sessile rotifer species possessing idiosyncratic temperatures (T>T +1.5 SD) exhibited a trend toward a record of cosmopolitanism. Important idiosyncratic hydrophytes included Ceratophyllum, Chara, and Utricularia. Two of the three periphytic, rotifer datasets exhibited nestedness (T = 19.2°, 39.9°), but each was supported by only one of the four null models. The periphytic microcrustaceans did not show nestedness, while the insects did (T = 15.5°; supported by four null models). The three other metrics varied considerably among the periphytic datasets, showing no discernable pattern.

Two new species of maerid and melitid Amphipoda, Maeropsis paphavasitae and Rotomelita longipropoda, respectively, collected from a seagrassbed of the Lower Gulf of Thailand, are described. Maeropsis paphavasitae is characterized by it seven teeth on the palm of gnathopod 2 and R. longipropoda can be recognized by its long gnathopod 1 propodus. Their characters are described and illustrated. All specimens are deposited at Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin.

Cirolana thailandica sp. nov. (Figures 17 – 22) Material examined Holotype, ♂ (6.9 mm), Ao Karang, Koh Samet, Yayong Province, 12 ° 31 ’ 33 "N, 101 ° 26 ’ 46 "E, 1 August 2012, trapped at a depth of 1 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC – CR0285-01). Paratypes, all material from eastern coast, Gulf of Thailand, 9 ♂ (7.7, 7.8, 7.7, 6.9, 7.4, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 8.0 mm [dissected], 67 specimens unmeasured, same data as holotype (PSUZC – CR0285-02). 7 ♂ (7.2, 6.8, 7.6, 5.9, 6.3, 5.8, 6.2 mm [dissected]), 1 ♀ (6.2 mm [dissected]), 17 specimens unmeasured, Pratiw, Chumphon Province, 10 ° 43 ’ 11 "N, 99 ° 51 ’ 23 "E, 14 July 2011, trapped at a depth of 2 – 3 m, dead coral and seaweed bed, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC – CR0285-03; MTQ W 34352). 5 ♂ (unmeasured), Koh Chang, Trat Province (12 °08 ’ 29 "N, 102 ° 17 ’ 0 1 "E), 4 August 2012, trapped at a depth of 1 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC – CR0285-04). 13 ♂ (unmeasured), Samae San, Chonburi Province, 12 ° 36 ’ 21 "N, 100 ° 57 ’ 32 "E, 30 July 2012, trapped at a depth of 7 m, coral reef, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC – CR0285-05). Description of male Body 3.1 times as long as greatest width, widest at pereonite 5, lateral margins subparallel (Figure 17 A). Eyes dark brown, separated by about 63 % width of head (Figure 17 C). Pereonite 1 and coxae 2 – 3 each with posteroventral angle rounded; coxae 5 – 7 with entire oblique carina; posterior margins of pereonites 5 – 7 smooth (Figure 17 B). Pleon (Figure 17 D) with pleonite 1 largely concealed by pereonite 7; pleonites 3 – 5 posterior margins smooth; posterolateral angles of pleonite 2 forming acute point, extending posteriorly to anterior of pleonite 5; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending clearly beyond posterior margins of pleonites 4 and 5, acute; posterolateral margin of pleonite 4 rounded, clearly extending beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5; pleonite 5 with posterolateral angles overlapped by lateral margins of pleonite 4. Pleotelson 0.9 times as long as anterior width, dorsal surface without longitudinal carina; lateral margins weakly convex; margins smooth, posterior margin converging to caudomedial point, with small distinct median point, with 8 RS (Figure 22 E, F). Antennula (Figure 17 F) peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated; article 2 0.8 times as long as article 1; article 3 and 4 0.9 times as long as combined lengths of articles 1 and 2, article 3 2.4 times as long as wide; flagellum with 9 articles extending to anterior of pereonite 1. Antenna (Figure 17 G) peduncle article 4 2.0 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as article 3, inferior margin with 1 plumose seta; article 5 1.0 time as long as article 4, 2.3 times as long as wide, inferodistal angle with cluster of 2 pappose setae and 1 long simple seta, anterodistal angle with cluster of 2 pappose setae and 4 simple setae; flagellum with 24 articles, extending to middle of pereonite 4. Frontal lamina (Figure 17 E) pentagonal; 1.9 times as long as posterior width; 1.7 times as long as greatest width, lateral margins straight, diverging slightly towards anterior, anterior margin acute, with small median point. Mandible molar process (Figure 18 A, C, D) anterior margin with 25 flat teeth; with proximal cluster of long simple setae; left spine row with 11 spines; palp article 2 with 11 distolateral setae; palp article 3 lateral margin with 14 robust biserrate setae (Figure 18 B), distal margin with 3 biserrate setae and 1 long simple seta. Maxillule (Figure 18 E) mesial lobe with 3 large and circumplumose RS; lateral lobe with 13 RS (weakly serrated). Maxilla (Figure 18 F) lateral lobe with 5 long simple setae, middle lobe with 9 long simple setae, mesial lobe with 5 distal simple setae and 9 proximal simple and plumose setae. Maxilliped palp (Figure 18 G) article 2 mesial margin with 6 slender setae, lateral margin distally with 1 slender seta; article 3 mesial margin with 14 slender setae, lateral margin with 6 slender setae; article 4 mesial margin with 15 slender setae, lateral margin with 4 slender setae, article 5 distal margin with 17 setae, lateral margin with 4 setae; endite (Figure 18 H) with 5 long CPS and 2 coupling setae. Pereopod 1 (Figure 19 A, C) basis 2.4 times as long as greatest width, inferior distal angle with cluster of 4 acute setae; ischium 0.5 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 1 acute seta and 1 RS, inferior distal angle with 3 RS, superior distal margin with 2 RS; merus inferior margin with 5 molariform RS (set in rows of 3 and 2), superior distal angle with 4 setae; carpus inferior distal margin with 1 long simple seta; propodus 1.7 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 slender setae; dactylus (Figure 19 B) 0.8 times as long as propodus, inferior margin with setal fringe on propodus and carpus. Pereopod 2 (Figure 19 D) ischium inferior margin with 2 stout, bluntly rounded RS, superior distal margin with 3 RS; merus inferior margin with seven stout RS (set in rows of 4 and 3), superior distal margin with 6 acute RS; carpus inferodistal angle with 3 RS (2 simple and 1 biserrate) and 1 simple long seta; Propodus 2.5 times as long as wide; dactylus 0.7 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pereopod 4 (Figure 19 E) intermediate in form between pereopod 3 and pereopod 5. Pereopod 6 (Figure 20 A, B) similar to pereopod 7. Pereopod 7 (Figure 20 C, D) longer than pereopod 6, basis 2.2 times as long as greatest width, superior margin convex, inferior margin with 2 palmate setae; ischium 0.7 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 6 RS (set in groups of 2, 3 and 1), superior distal angle with 6 RS (3 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 4 RS; merus 0.7 times as long as ischium, 1.6 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle with 11 RS (6 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 7 RS (only simple); carpus 0.7 times as long as ischium, 2.2 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle with 9 RS (5 simples and 4 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 12 RS (6 biserrate); propodus 1.0 time as long as ischium, 4.2 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 5 RS (set in groups of 2 and 3), superior distal angle with 5 setae (2 RS, 2 simple and 1 plumose), inferior distal angle with 2 RS. Dactylus 0.3 times as long as propodus. Penes (Figure 17 H) 2 low tubercles, penial openings separated by 12 % of sternal width. Pleopod 1 (Figure 21 A) exopod 1.6 times as long as wide, lateral margin weakly convex, distally broadly rounded, mesial margin strongly convex, with 25 PMS from distal one-third; endopod 2.2 times as long as wide, distally broadly rounded, lateral margin straight, with 12 PMS on distal margin; peduncle 1.6 times as wide as long, mesial margin with 5 coupling hooks. Pleopod 2 (Figure 21 B) exopod with 28 PMS, endopod with 16 PMS; appendix masculina with parallel margins, 1.9 times as long as endopod, distally acute. Pleopod 3 (Figure 21 C) exopod with 32 PMS, endopod with 10 PMS. Pleopod 4 (Figure 21 D) exopod with 33 PMS, endopod with 9 PMS. Pleopod 5 exopod (Figure 21 E) with 31 PMS. Pleopods 2 – 5 peduncle distolateral margin with prominent acute RS, endopods 3 – 5 with distomesial serrate scales. Uropod (Figure 22 A, D) peduncle ventrolateral margin with 2 RS (plus 3 long setae), lateral margin with mesial short acute RS, posterior lobe about one-half as long as endopod; rami extending beyond pleotelson, marginal setae in single tier. Endopod (Figure 22 A, C) apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent; lateral margin straight, without prominent excision, with 2 RS, mesial margin weakly convex, with 4 RS. Exopod (Figure 22 A) not extending to end of endopod, 0.9 times as long as endopod, 2.5 times as long as greatest width, apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent (Figure 22 B); lateral margin weakly convex, with 7 RS; mesial margin weakly convex, with 3 RS. Sub-adult male Pereopod 1 has a less well-developed setal fringe than in adult males. Female Of similar appearance to male but lacks a setal fringe on pereopod 1. Variation Pleotelson (n = 18 [17 ♂ and 1 ♀]) with 7 – 9 RS, with 8 RS (4 + 4) most frequent (82 %), 7 (12 %), and 9 (6 %) occurring only once. Uropod endopod mesial margin with 3 – 5 RS, with 4 (76 %) most frequent, 3 (12 %) and 5 (12 %), lateral margin with 2 – 4 RS, with 3 (88 %) most frequent, 2 (6 %) and 4 (6 %) occurring only once; exopod mesial margin with 2 – 3 RS, with 3 (94 %) most frequent and 2 (6 %) occurring only once, lateral margin with 7 – 8 RS, with 7 (65 %) most frequent and 8 (35 %). Size Adult males (n = 17) 5.8 – 8.0 mm (mean 7.1 mm); females (n = 1) 6.2 mm. Remarks Cirolana thailandica sp. nov. is characterised by antennula peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated; antenna flagellum extending to middle of pereonite 4; pereopod 1 on male with setal fringe on carpus and propodus; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending clearly beyond posterior margins of pleonites 4 and 5; penes two low tubercles, penial openings separated by 12 % of sternal width; pleopod 1 endopod lateral margin straight, appendix masculina distally acute, with parallel margins, 1.9 times as long as endopod; uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin with two robust setae (plus three long setae), rami extending beyond pleotelson; endopod apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent, lateral margin with two robust setae, mesial margin with four robust setae; exopod apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent, lateral margin with seven robust setae, mesial margin with three robust setae; pleotelson with eight robust setae. Cirolana thailandica sp. nov. is similar to Cirolana arafurae Bruce, 1986 from the Kei Islands, Indonesia, in having the antennula peduncle with four articles and a similar numer of robust setae on lateral margin of uropod rami. However, C. arafurae differs from C. thailandica sp. nov. in having pereopod 1 of male with a setal fringe on merus, carpus and propodus, whereas all male of C. thailandica sp. nov. have the setal fringe on carpus and propodus only. Moreover, the appendix masculina of C. arafurae is 1.6 times as long as endopod (vs 1.9) and lateral margin of uropodal exopod with six robust setae (vs seven robust setae). The other similar species of Cirolana with a setose fringe on the male pereopod 1 carpus and propodus is the cool-water New Zealand species Cirolana kokoru Bruce, 2004. However, Cirolana thailandica sp. nov. can be clearly distinguished from C. kokoru by the body size; C. kokoru is larger than C. thailandica sp. nov. (male average at 9.5 vs 7.1 mm, female at 8.6 vs 6.2 mm). Additional distinguishing characters include the appendix masculina, which in C. thailandica sp. nov. has 1.9 times as long as endopod, narrowing gradually to an acute point (vs 1.3 times as long as endopod, distally notched in C. kokoru). Moreover, C. thailandica sp. nov. generally has less numerous robust setae on the uropodal rami and pleotelson than C. kokoru does; uropod exopod lateral margin with seven robust setae (vs nine robust setae); endopod mesial margin with four robust setae (vs eight robust setae) and pleotelson with eight robust setae (vs ten robust setae). Etymology Cirolana thailandica sp. nov. is named for the type locality. Molecular analysis The target gene region of mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome – c – oxidase (CO 1, ~ 700 bp) of Cirolana ‘ parva group ’ species occurring in Thailand was analysed to investigate the relationship between those species. The tree is shown in Figure 23 A, B). Both ML and bayesian analysis reveal the same tree topology that is strongly supportive of a monophyletic clade within Cirolana ‘ parva group ’ species (ML = 100 % and BI = 1). The tree of ML analysis (Figure 23 A) clearly showed two principal clades within Cirolana ‘ parva group ’ species. Clade 1 includes only specimens of C. andamanensis sp. nov., and clade 2 includes three species (C. thailandica sp. nov., C. phangnga sp. nov. and C. siamensis sp. nov.). Bayesian analysis (Figure 23 B) also shows C. andamanensis sp. nov. is sister to the clade of the three other species, while the relationship of C. thailandica sp. nov. to the other two species within the second clade is unresolved. The uncorrected p-distances (COI) between the species members of the Cirolana ‘ parva group ’ from Thailand are shown in Table 3. The genetic distance within the same species ranges from 0 to 1.6 %, whereas the differences between species ranged from 22.5 to 32.1 %. The highest value of 32.1 is between C. thailandica and C. andamanensis, while the lowest value of 22.5 is between C. phangnga and C. siamensis.

4. Cirolana arafurae Bruce, 1986. Kai Islands, Indonesia; sand and coral reef; 15 ��� 25 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 45, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

6. Cirolana brocha Bruce, 1986. From Hinchinbrook Island to Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia; oyster and granite rubble, boulder zone and coral block; intertidal., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

5. Cirolana australiense Hale, 1925. Moreton Bay, Queensland to the South Australia coast; rock pools, under boulders and sponges; intertidal to shallow subtidal (Bruce 1986)., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 45, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

12. Cirolana kiliani M��ller, 1993. Colombian part of the Caribbean Sea; 11 ��� 30 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

17. Cirolana meseda Hobbins & Jones, 1993. Red Sea; 731 – 2148 m.

18. Cirolana mimulus Schotte & Kensley, 2005. Mah�� Island, Seychelles; algal turf, coralline algae, coral rubble and reef flat; 0.5 ��� 1.5 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

30. Cirolana stenoura Bruce, 1986. Northeastern Australia from Darwin; Northern Territory to Lizard Island, Queensland; also Kranket Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea; clumps of oysters and sand stone; intertidal., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 47, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

2. Cirolana aldabrensis Schotte & Kensley, 2005. Picard Island, Aldabra; coral rubble and low algal turf; intertidal to 10 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 45, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

19. Cirolana namelessensis Brusca, Wetzer & France, 1995. Galapagos Islands and Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador; algae and dead coral; intertidal and shallow subtidal., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

16. Cirolana mekista Bruce, 1986. Gladstone, Townsville and Cairns, Queensland; Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory; Broome and Port Hedland, Western Australia; mangroves, barnacles and tubeworms; intertidal to shallow subtidal., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

13. Cirolana kokoru Bruce, 2004. Auckland, North Island to Kaikoura South Island; also Chatham Island; New Zealand; under intertidal rock, sand debris, shallow pool and sandstone overlap; intertidal to low tide., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

14. Cirolana leptanga Bruce, 1994. Madang, Papua New Guinea; coral rock on sand, silty coral rubble, sand bottom and rock face; 21 ��� 59 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

11. Cirolana improceros Bruce, 1986. Tropical northern from Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory and Queensland coast south to Magnetic Island; boulders, coral rubble, oysters and granite rubble; intertidal to 4 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

26. Cirolana repigrata Bruce, 1994. Wongat Island, Masamoz Reef, Rewa Bay, Demasa Island, across from Riwo Island and Kranket Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea; coral rubble, seaweed and coarse sand bottom; low tide to 30 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

22. Cirolana parva Hansen, 1890. Tropical western Atlantic and East Pacific; sand and stone, grass beds and coral reef; intertidal to a depth of 55 m (Bruce and Bowman 1982; M��ller 1993; Brusca et al. 1995)., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

29. Cirolana somalia Schotte & Kensley, 2005. Off north-eastern Somalia, 59 ��� 80 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 47, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. (Figures 12 ��� 16) Material examined Holotype, ♂ (6.5 mm), Koh Talu, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, 11 ��04 ��� 45 "N, 99 �� 33 ��� 23 "E, 17 July 2011, trapped at a depth of 8 ��� 10 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR0284-01). Paratypes, all material from eastern coast, Gulf of Thailand. 5 ♂ (6.4, 6.5, 6.2, 6.8, 6.3 mm [dissected]), 5 ♀ (6.6, 6.9, 6.9, 6.1, 6.0 mm [dissected]), same data as holotype (PSUZC ��� CR0284-02; MTQ W 34354). Description of male Body 3.3 times as long as greatest width, widest at pereonite 5. Body lateral margins subparallel (Figure 12 A). Eyes black, separated by about 53 % of width of head (Figure 12 C). Pereonite 1 and coxae 2 ��� 3 each with posteroventral angle rounded; coxae 5 ��� 7 with entire oblique carina; posterior margins of pereonites 5 ��� 7 smooth (Figure 12 B). Pleon (Figure 12 E) with pleonite 1 largely concealed by pereonite 7; pleonites 3 ��� 5 posterior margins smooth; posterolateral angles of pleonite 2 forming acute point, extending posteriorly to anterior of pleonite 4; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending clearly beyond posterior margins of pleonites 4 and 5, acute; posterolateral margin of pleonite 4 rounded, clearly extending beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5; pleonite 5 with posterolateral angles overlapped by lateral margins of pleonite 4. Pleotelson 0.8 times as long as anterior width, dorsal surface without longitudinal carina; lateral margins weakly convex; margins smooth, posterior margin converging to caudomedial point, with small distinct median point, with 8 RS (Figure 16 E, F). Antennula (Figure 12 F) peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated; article 2 0.6 times as long as article 1; articles 3 and 4 0.8 times as long as combined lengths of articles 1 and 2; article 3 2.1 times as long as wide, flagellum with 11 articles extending to anterior of pereonite 1. Antenna (Figure 12 G) peduncle article 4 1.9 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as article 3, article 5 1.1 times as long as article 4, 2.5 times as long as wide, inferodistal angle with 1 pappose seta, anterodistal angle with cluster of 2 pappose setae and 5 long simple setae, flagellum with 26 articles, extending to posterior of pereonite 4 to anterior of pereonite 5. Frontal lamina (Figure 12 D) pentagonal, 2.2 times as long as posterior width, 1.6 times as long as greatest width, lateral margins straight, diverging slightly towards anterior, anterior margin acute, with small median point. Mandible molar process (Figure 13 A, C) anterior margin with 23 flat teeth; with proximal cluster of long simple setae; right mandible spine row composed of 12 spines, left with 12 spines; palp articles 2 with 21 distolateral setae, palp article 3 with 21 robust biserrate setae (Figure 13 B). Maxillule (Figure 13 E) mesial lobe with 3 large and circumplumose RS; lateral lobe with 10 RS. Maxilla (Figure 13 D) lateral lobe with 6 long simple setae, middle lobe with 12 long simple setae, mesial lobe with 14 simple setae and plumose setae. Maxilliped palp (Figure 13 F) article 2 mesial margin with 7 slender setae, lateral margin distally with 1 slender seta; article 3 mesial margin with 13 slender setae, lateral margin with 5 slender setae, article 4 mesial margin with 17 slender setae, lateral margin with 4 slender setae, article 5 distal margin 19 setae, lateral margin with 5 setae; endite (Figure 13 G) with 3 long CPS and 2 coupling setae. Pereopod 1 (Figure 14 A, B) basis 2.3 times as long as greatest width, inferior distal angle with cluster of 2 acute setae; ischium 0.7 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 1 acute seta, inferior distal angle with 3 RS, superior distal margin with 2 RS; merus inferior margin with 5 molariform RS (set in rows of 3 and 2), superior distal angle with 3 setae. propodus 2.0 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS; dactylus (Figure 14 C) 0.7 times as long as propodus, inferior margin with setal fringe on carpus and propodus. Pereopod 2 (Figure 14 D) ischium inferior margin with 3 stout, bluntly rounded RS, superior distal margin with 3 RS, merus inferior margin with 7 stout RS (set in rows of 4 and 3, superior distal margin with 4 acute RS; carpus inferodistal angle with 3 RS (plus 1 long slender seta). Propodus 2.3 times as long as wide, with 2 clusters of acute RS. dactylus 0.7 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pereopod 4 (Figure 14 E) intermediate in from between pereopod 3 and pereopod 5. Pereopod 6 similar to pereopod 7. Pereopod 7 (Figure 14 F) basis 2.2 times as long as greatest width, superior margin weakly convex, inferior margin with 2 palmate setae; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 5 RS (set in groups of 2 and 3), superior distal angle with 6 RS (2 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 3 RS; merus 0.8 times as long as ischium, 1.7 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle with 14 RS (10 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 7 RS; carpus 0.9 times as long as ischium, 2.5 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle with 11 RS (6 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 11 RS (5 biserrate); propodus 1.0 time as long as ischium, 4.1 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 4 clusters of RS (set in groups of 2 and 2), superior distal angle with 2 slender setae (plus 2 RS and 1 plumose), inferior distal angle with 2 RS, dactylus 0.4 times as long as propodus. Penes (Figure 12 H) low tubercles, penial openings separated by 13 % of sternal width. Pleopod 1 (Figure 15 A) exopod 1.7 times as long as wide, lateral margin weakly convex, distally broadly rounded, mesial margin strongly convex, with 25 PMS from distal one-third; endopod 2.2 times as long as wide, distally broadly rounded, lateral margin straight, with 14 PMS on distal margin only; peduncle 1.8 times as wide as long, mesial margin with 5 coupling hooks. Pleopod 2 (Figure 15 B) exopod with 35 PMS, endopod with 16 PMS; appendix masculina laterally curved, 1.6 times as long as endopod, distally acute. Pleopod 3 (Figure 15 C) exopod with 37 PMS, endopod with 13 PMS. Pleopod 4 (Figure 15 D) exopod with 38 PMS, endopod with 9 PMS. Pleopod 5 (Figure 15 E) exopod with 34 PMS. Pleopods 2 ��� 5 peduncle distolateral margin with prominent acute RS, endopods 3 ��� 5 with distomesial serrate scales. Uropod (Figure 16 A, B) peduncle ventrolateral margin with 2 RS (plus 3 long setae), lateral margin with medial short acute RS, posterior lobe about one-half as long as endopod, rami extending beyond pleotelson, marginal setae in single tier. Endopod (Figure 16 A) apically deeply and equally bifid (Figure 16 D), lateral margin weakly convex, without prominent excision, with 3 RS, mesial margin weakly convex, with 4 RS. Exopod (Figure 16 A) not extending to end of endopod, 0.8 times as long as endopod, 2.8 times as long as greatest width, apically deeply and equally bifid (Figure 16 C), lateral margin weakly convex, with 6 RS, mesial margin convex, with 3 RS. Female Of similar appearance to the male but lacks a setose fringe on pereopod 1. Size Adult males (n = 5) 6.2 ��� 6.8 mm (mean 6.4 mm); females (n = 5) 6.1 ��� 6.9 mm (mean 6.5 mm). Variation Pleotelson (n = 10 [5 ♂ and 5 ♀]) with 7 ��� 9 RS, with 8 RS (4 + 4) most frequent (80 %), 7 (10 %) and 9 (10 %) occurring only once. Uropod endopod mesial margin with 4 ��� 5 RS, with 4 (60 %) most frequent and 5 (40 %), lateral margin with 3 RS (100; exopod mesial margin with 3 RS (100 %), lateral margin with 6 ��� 7 RS, with 6 (50 %) and 7 (50 %). Remarks Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. can be identified by having antennula peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct and articulated; antenna extending to posterior of pereonite 4 to anterior of pereonite 5; pereopod 1 on male with setal fringe on carpus and propodus; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending clearly beyond posterior margins of pleonites 4 and 5; the penes are two low tubercles, with the openings separated by 13 % of sternal width; pleopod 1 endopod lateral margin is straight; the appendix masculina is laterally curved, 1.6 times as long as endopod and distally acute; uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin has two robust setae (plus three long setae), rami extending beyond pleotelson; endopod apically deeply and equally bifid, lateral margin with three robust setae, mesial margin with four robust setae; exopod apically deeply and equally bifid, lateral margin with six robust setae, mesial margin with three robust setae; pleotelson with eight robust setae. Three Indo-Pacific species are similar to Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. ��� Cirolana paraerodiae M��ller and Salvat, 1993 (French Polynesia), Cirolana erodiae Bruce, 1986 (Great Barrier Reef) and Cirolana portula Bruce, 1986 (Western Australia). Shared characters between C. siamensis sp. nov. and those three species are the presence of setal fringe on pereopod 1 on male, antennula peduncle with four articles and a laterally curved appendix masculina. Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. can be separated from C. paraerodiae by the antenna flagellum extending to pereonite 5 (vs pereonite 3), and C. siamensis sp. nov. has a distinctly longer appendix masculina than C. paraerodiae does (1.6 vs 1.3 times as long as endopod). Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. differs from C. erodiae in having pereopod 1 with a setal fringe on carpus and propodus, while C. erodiae is without or with setal fringe on merus, carpus and propodus. Moreover, the antenna of C. siamensis sp. nov. is slightly longer than that of C. erodiae (antenna extending beyond pereonite 5 vs pereonite 4). Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. differs from C. portula by having a shorter appendix masculina than C. portula (1.6 vs 1.8 times as long as endopod) and C. siamensis sp. nov. with uropod rami lateral margin weakly convex (vs uropod rami lateral margin sinuate). In comparison to the other species occurring in Thailand Cirolana siamensis sp. nov., is most similar to the sympatric Cirolana thailandica sp. nov., both species with antennula peduncle four articles, having a setal fringe on the male pereopod 1, and pleopod 1 of endopod with a straight lateral margin. However, the two species differ in the characters of appendix masculina and rami apex of uropod. Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. has the appendix masculina 1.6 times as long as the endopod, laterally curved; uropodal rami with the apices deeply and equally bifid, whereas C. thailandica sp. nov. has the appendix masculina 1.9 times as long as the endopod, laterally straight; uropodal rami with apices deeply divided and lateral process prominent. Etymology The epithet is derived from Siam, the previous name of Thailand, alluding to the type locality in the Gulf of Siam., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on pages 23-31, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029, {"references":["Muller H-G, Salvat B. 1993. Cirolanidae (Isopoda) from French Polynesian coral reefs: description of three new species. Crustaceana. 64: 197 - 220.","Bruce NL. 1986. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia. Records Aust Museum, Suppl. 6: 1 - 239."]}

15. Cirolana mascarensis M��ller, 1991. Mascarene Islands, southern Indian Ocean; dead corals; intertidal., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

24. Cirolana portula Bruce, 1986. Victoria and Tasmania, Australia; 8 ��� 12 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

Cirolana andamanensis sp. nov. (Figures 2 ��� 6) Material examined Holotype, ♂ (6.7 mm), Nai yang beach, Phuket Province, 08��05' 07 " N, 98 �� 17 ��� 06 " E, 14 December 2012, trapped at a depth of 1 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-01). Paratypes, all material from Andaman Sea coast. 12 ♂ (6.7, 7.0, 5.7, 6.5, 6.2, 6.5, 6.7, 6.6, 6.0, 7.0, 6.5, 6.4 mm [dissected]), 3 ♀ (6.2, 6.2, 6.0 mm [dissected]), 23 specimens unmeasured, same data as holotype (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-02; MTQ W 34353). 4 ♂ (7.8, 6.6, 7.3, 6.2 mm [dissected]), 10 ♀ (6.9, 6.8, 6.5, 6.8, 7.3, 6.7, 6.4, 6.4, 6.3, 7.1 mm [dissected]), Koh Lidee, Satun Province, 06�� 47 ��� 17 " N, 99 �� 45 ��� 49 " E, 1 February 2014, trapped at a depth of 1 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-03). 15 ♂ (unmeasured), Koh Phayam, Ranong Province, 09�� 42 ��� 36 " N, 98 �� 23 ��� 41 " E, 22 December 2012, trapped at a depth of 3 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-04). 23 ♂ (unmeasured), Laem Pakarang, Phang Nga Province, 08�� 44 ��� 11 " N, 98 �� 13 ��� 13 " E, 3 August 2014, trapped at a depth of 2 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-05). 18 ♂ (unmeasured), Ao Kham, Phuket Province, 07�� 49 ��� 51 " N, 98 �� 24 ��� 14 " E, 6 August 2014, trapped at a depth of 1 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-06). 28 ♂ (unmeasured), Talay Waek, Krabi Province, 07�� 57 ��� 28 " N, 98 �� 48 ��� 26 " E, 15 January 2012, trapped at a depth of 5 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-07). 7 ♂ (unmeasured), Ratchamongkol Beach, Trang Province, 07�� 31 ��� 17 " N, 99 �� 18 ��� 17 " E, 17 March 2012, trapped at 1 m depth, rocky shore, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-08). 23 ♂ (unmeasured), Koh Adang, Satun Province, 06�� 30 ��� 21 " N, 99 �� 18 ��� 19 " E, 28 December 2011, trapped at a depth of 10 m, coral reef, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR 0282-09). Description of male. Body 3.0 times as long as greatest width, widest at pereonite 5, lateral margins subparallel (Figure 2 A). Eyes dark brown, separated by about 64 % width of head (Figure 2 C). Pereonite 1 and coxae 2 ��� 3 each with posteroventral angle rounded; coxae 5 ��� 7 with entire oblique carina; posterior margins of pereonites 5 ��� 7 smooth (Figure 2 B). Pleon (Figure 2 E) with pleonite 1 largely concealed by pereonite 7; pleonites 3 ��� 5 posterior margins smooth; posterolateral angles of pleonite 2 forming acute point, extending posteriorly to anterior of pleonite 4; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending to but not beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5, acute; posterolateral margin of pleonite 4 rounded, clearly extending beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5; pleonite 5 with posterolateral angles overlapped by lateral margins of pleonite 4. Pleotelson 0.9 times as long as anterior width, dorsal surface without longitudinal carina; lateral margins weakly convex; margins smooth, posterior margin converging to caudomedial point, with small distinct median point, with 8 RS (Figure 6 E, F). Antennula (Figure 2 F) peduncle articles 1 and 2 entirely fused; articles 3 and 4 0.9 times as long as combined lengths of articles 1 and 2; article 3 2.5 times as long as wide, flagellum with 10 articles extending to anterior of pereonite 1. Antenna (Figure 2 G) peduncle article 4 1.8 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as article 3; article 5 1.1 times as long as article 4, 2.4 times as long as wide, inferodistal angle with 1 pappose seta, anterodistal angle with cluster of 2 pappose setae and 5 long simple setae; flagellum with 24 articles, extending to posterior of pereonite 4. Frontal lamina (Figure 2 D) pentagonal, 1.8 times as long as posterior width, 1.6 times as long as greatest width, lateral margins straight, diverging slightly towards anterior, anterior margin acute, with small median point. Mandible molar process (Figure 3 A, C) anterior margin with 19 flat teeth; with proximal cluster of long simple setae; right mandible spine row composed of 7 spines, left with 8 spines; palp articles 2 with 25 distolateral setae; palp article 3 lateral margin with 18 robust biserrate setae, distal margin with 3 biserrate setae (Figure 3 B). Maxillule (Figure 3 E) mesial lobe with 3 large and circumplumose RS; lateral lobe with 10 RS (plus 1 slender seta). Maxilla (Figure 3 D) lateral lobe with 5 long simple setae, middle lobe with 11 long simple setae, mesial lobe with 2 distal simple setae and 12 proximal simple and plumose setae. Maxilliped palp (Figure 3 F) article 2 mesial margin with 5 slender setae, lateral margin distally with 1 slender seta; article 3 mesial margin with 13 slender setae, lateral margin with 6 slender setae; article 4 mesial margin with 14 slender setae, lateral margin with 5 slender setae; article 5 distal margin with 17 setae, lateral margin with 4 setae; endite (Figure 3 G) with 6 long CPS and 2 coupling setae. Pereopod 1 (Figure 4 A, B) basis 2.3 times as long as greatest width, inferior distal angle with cluster of 3 acute setae; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 1 acute seta, inferior distal angle with 2 RS, superior distal margin with 2 RS; merus inferior margin with 5 molariform RS (set in rows of 3 and 2), superior distal angle with 3 setae; carpus inferior margin with 1 RS (plus 1 long slender seta); propodus 1.8 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS; dactylus (Figure 4 C) 0.8 times as long as propodus, inferior margin without setal fringe. Pereopod 2 (Figure 4 D) ischium inferior margin with 3 stout, bluntly rounded RS, superior distal margin with 2 RS; merus inferior margin with 7 stout RS (set in rows of 4 and 3), superior distal margin with 4 acute RS; carpus inferodistal angle with 3 RS (plus 1 long slender seta); propodus 2.9 times as long as wide; dactylus 0.6 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pereopod 4 (Figure 4 E) intermediate in form between pereopod 3 and pereopod 5. Pereopod 6 similar to pereopod 7. Pereopod 7 (Figure 4 F) longer than pereopod 6; basis 2.4 times as long as greatest width, superior margin convex, inferior margin with 2 palmate setae; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 5 RS (set in groups of 2 and 3), superior distal angle with 6 RS (2 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 3 RS; merus 0.7 times as long as ischium, 1.5 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle with 10 RS (5 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 5 RS; carpus 0.8 times as long as ischium, 2.0 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 2 RS, superior distal angle with 10 RS (five biserrate), inferior distal angle with 9 RS (5 biserrate); propodus 1.0 time as long as ischium, 4.3 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 4 RS (set in groups of 2 and 2), superior distal angle with 3 slender setae (plus 1 RS), inferior distal angle with 2 RS; dactylus 0.3 times as long as propodus. Penes (Figure 2 H) 2 low tubercles, penial openings separated by 3 % of sternal width. Pleopod 1 (Figure 5 A) exopod 1.6 times as long as wide, lateral margin weakly convex, distally broadly rounded, mesial margin strongly convex, with 28 PMS from distal onethird; endopod 2.1 times as long as wide, broadly rounded distally, lateral margin weakly concave, with 13 PMS on distal margin only; peduncle 1.7 times as wide as long, mesial margin with 5 coupling hooks. Pleopod 2 (Figure 5 B) exopod with 40 PMS, endopod with 15 PMS; appendix masculina with parallel margins, 1.4 times as long as endopod, distally acute. Pleopod 3 (Figure 5 C) exopod with 40 PMS, endopod with 11 PMS. Pleopod 4 (Figure 5 D) exopod with 44 PMS, endopod with 9 PMS. Pleopod 5 (Figure 5 E) exopod with 39 PMS. Pleopods 2 ��� 5 peduncle distolateral margin with prominent acute RS, endopods 3 ��� 5 with distomesial serrate scales. Uropod (Figure 6 A) peduncle ventrolateral margin with 2 RS (plus 1 long seta) (Figure 6 B), lateral margin with 1 medial short acute RS, posterior lobe about one-half as long as endopod; rami extending to pleotelson apex, marginal setae in single tier. Endopod (Figure 6 A, D) apically deeply bifid, medial process weakly prominent, lateral margin weakly convex, without prominent excision, with 2 RS, mesial margin weakly convex, with 4 RS. Exopod (Figure 6 A, C) not extending to end of endopod, 0.8 times as long as endopod, 2.9 times as long as greatest width, apically deeply bifid, medial process prominent, lateral margin weakly convex, with 7 RS, mesial margin convex, with 3 RS. Female Of similar appearance to the male. Size Adult males (n = 17) 5.7 ��� 7.8 mm (mean 6.6 mm); females (n = 13) 6.0 ��� 7.3 (mean 6.6 mm). Variation Pleotelson (n = 30; 17 ♂ and 13 ♀) with 7 ��� 10 RS, with 8 RS (4 + 4) most frequent (94 %), and 7 (3 %) and 10 (3 %) occurring only once. Uropod endopod mesial margin with 3 ��� 5 RS, with 4 (84 %) most frequent, and 5 (13 %) and 3 (3 %) occurring only once, lateral margin with 2 ��� 3 RS, with 2 (94 %) most frequent and 3 (6 %); exopod mesial margin with 2 ��� 3 RS, with 3 (97 %) most frequent and 2 (3 %) occurring only once, lateral margin with 6 ��� 8, with 7 (74 %) most frequent, 6 (20 %) and 8 (6 %). Remarks Cirolana andamanensis sp. nov. is characterised by the antennula peduncle having articles 1 and 2 entirely fused; antenna flagellum extending to posterior of pereonite 4; pereopod 1 on male lacking a setal fringe; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending to but not beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5; penes are two low tubercles with the openings separated by 3 % of sternal width; pleopod 1 with endopod lateral margin weakly concave; appendix masculina distally acute, with parallel margins, 1.4 times as long as endopod; uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin with two robust setae (plus one long seta), rami extending to pleotelson apex; endopod apically deeply bifid, mesial process weakly prominent, lateral margin with two robust setae, mesial margin with four robust setae; exopod apically deeply bifid, medial process prominent, lateral margin with seven robust setae, mesial margin with three robust setae; pleotelson with eight robust setae. The lack of a setal fringe on the male pereopod 1 separates C. andamanensis sp. nov. from the eleven species within the group that do have a setal fringe on the male pereopod 1. Of these, C. andamanensis sp. nov. is most similar to C. aldabrensis Schotte & Kensley, 2005 (Aldabra Atoll), C. mimulus Schotte & Kensley, 2005 (Seychelles) and C. nielbrucei Brusca, Wetzer & France, 1995 (Pacific coast of Mexico) all having an antennula peduncle with three segments; antenna flagellum extending to pereonite 4 and appendix masculina about 1.4 ��� 1.5 times as long as endopod. Cirolana mimulus, can be separated from C. andamanensis by having the appendix masculina bent laterally (vs straight) and pleopod 1 endopod with straight lateral margin (vs concave). C. aldabrensis has fewer robust setae on lateral margin of uropod exopod and pleotelson margin than Cirolana andamanensis sp. nov.; lateral margin of uropod exopod with five robust setae (vs seven robust setae) and pleotelson margin with six robust setae (vs eight robust setae). Moreover, C. aldabrensis has the uropod exopod apically deeply bifid, with a prominent lateral process (vs prominent mesial process) and pleopod 1 endopod with lateral margin straight (vs concave). Cirolana nielbrucei known only from the East Pacific (Gulf of California), can be clearly distinguished by the characters of the pleotelson, which is triangular with angled and straight lateral margins, with six to seven robust setae (vs lateral margins weakly convex, with seven to ten robust setae). Of the species occurring in Thailand, Cirolana andamanensis sp. nov. can be separated from the sympatric Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. by the antennula peduncle having articles 1 and 2 entirely fused (vs articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated); pereopod 1 on male lacking setal fringe (pereopod 1 on male with setal fringe on carpus and propodus); penes two low tubercles, penial opening separated by 3 % of sternal width (penes two low tubercles, penial opening separated by 12 % of sternal width); uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin with two robust setae and one long seta, rami extending to pleotelson apex (vs uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin with two robust setae and plus three long setae, rami extending beyond pleotelson); apex of rami deeply bifid, mesial process prominent (vs apex of rami deeply bifid, lateral process prominent). The same character states of the antennula peduncle, male pereopod 1, penes and uropod peduncle also separate C. andamanensis from other species in the C. parva group currently known from Thailand. Etymology The epithet andamanensis alludes to the Andaman Sea, in which the type locality lies., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on pages 6-15, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029, {"references":["Schotte M, Kensley B. 2005. New species and records of Flabellifera from the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Isopoda). J Nat Hist. 39: 1211 - 1282.","Brusca RC, Wetzer R, France SC. 1995. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Flabellifera) of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Proc San Diego Nat Hist Museum. 30: 1 - 96."]}

Genus Cirolana Leach, 1818 Restricted synonymy Bruce 1986, 139; Kensley & Schotte 1989, 132; Brusca et al. 1995, 17. Type species Cirolana cranchi Leach, 1818, by monotypy (see Bruce and Ellis 1983). Remarks Species of Cirolana are found principally in marine environments, occupying various substrates such as rocky shore, coral reef, dead wood and sediments from the continental slope, to intertidal and shallow subtidal marine zones. They are also occasionally found in low-salinity or variable-salinity habitats such as mangroves and the estuarine reaches of rivers and creeks (Bruce 1986). Despite recent revisions (e.g. Bruce 1981, 1986; Brusca et al. 1995), there is still some lack of resolution between genera close to Cirolana. For example, Botosaneanu and Iliffe (1997) placed Anopsilana Paulian & Deboutteville, 1956 into synonymy with Cirolana (subgenus Anopsilana), as the principal and only differentiating character, the lack of plumose setae endopod of pleopods 3 and 4, was regarded as manifestly homoplasious. The Cirolana ��� parva group ��� species complex was first defined by Bruce (1986). Subsequently, Bruce (1994) listed 23 morphologically similar species in the group. By 2011 the number of species in this group had grown to 28 (see Appendix 1) (Brusca et al. 1995; Bruce 2004; Schotte and Kensley 2005; Khalaji-Pirbalouty and W��gele 2011). Bruce (2004, p. 49) defined the Cirolana ��� parva group ��� as being characterised by smooth body dorsal surfaces with brown or black chromatophores; rostral point present, folded ventrally and posteriorly, in contact with frontal lamina; frontal lamina always pentagonal in shape; pleonites 3 and 4 with posterolateral margins produced, acute or round, pleotelson linguiform, with small distinct median point; the uropodal exopod with a continuous row of robust setae and plumose marginal setae along the lateral margin; uropodal rami apically acute, with bifid or sub bifid apices; penial process are absent or present as small papillae (occasionally mesially in contact or fused)., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029, {"references":["Leach WE. 1818. Cymothoades. In: Cuvier F, editor. Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Paris. 12: 338 - 354.","Bruce NL. 1986. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia. Records Aust Museum, Suppl. 6: 1 - 239.","Kensley B, Schotte M. 1989. Guide to the marine isopod crustaceans of the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.","Brusca RC, Wetzer R, France SC. 1995. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Flabellifera) of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Proc San Diego Nat Hist Museum. 30: 1 - 96.","2016 June 21 02: 00 at] Cambridge of University [by Downloaded Bruce NL, Ellis J. 1983. Cirolana cranchi Leach, 1818 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) redescribed, with notes on its distribution. Bull Br Museum Nat Hist (Zoology). 44: 75 - 84.","Bruce NL. 1981. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia: diagnoses of Cirolana Leach, Metacirolana Nierstrasz, Neocirolana Hale, Anopsilana Paulian & Debouteville, and three new genera - Natatolana, Politolana and Cartetolana. Aust J Marine Freshwater Res. 32: 945 - 966.","Botosaneanu L, Iliffe TM. 1997. Four new stygobitic cirolanids (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Caribbean - with remarks on intergeneric limits in some cirolanids. Bull Inst R Sci Nat Belg Biol. 67: 77 - 94.","Bruce NL. 1994. Cirolana and related marine isopod crustacean genera (family Cirolanidae) from the coral reefs of Madang, Papua New Guinea. Cah Biol Mar. 35: 375 - 413.","Khalaji-Pirbalouty V, Wagele JW. 2011. Two new species of cirolanid isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Qeshm and Kish Islands in the Persian Gulf. Zootaxa. 2930: 33 - 46.","Bruce NL. 2004. New species of the Cirolana \" parva - group \" (Crustacea: isopoda: Cirolanidae) from coastal habitats around New Zealand. Species Divers. 9: 47 - 66.","Schotte M, Kensley B. 2005. New species and records of Flabellifera from the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Isopoda). J Nat Hist. 39: 1211 - 1282."]}

9. Cirolana erodiae Bruce, 1986. Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea, Queensland, Australia; boulder zone, coral reef and lagoon; intertidal to 12 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

31. Cirolana tarahomi Khalaji-Pirbalouty & W��gele, 2011. Qeshm Island, and Kish island, Persian Gulf, Iran; sandy and rocky shore., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 47, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

21. Cirolana paraerodiae M��ller & Salvat, 1993. Bora Bora and Moor��a, French Polynesia; dead corals covered with sponges and algae; intertidal., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. (Figures 7 ��� 11) Material examined Holotype, ♂ (7.9 mm), Laem Pakarang, Phangnga Province, 08�� 44 ��� 11 "N, 98 �� 13 ��� 13 "E, 15 March 2012, trapped at a depth of 2 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR0283-01). Paratypes, 10 ♂ (6.3, 6.7, 6.2, 6.0, 6.9, 6.8, 7.5, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0 mm [dissected], 10 ♀ (5.8, 6.4, 6.1, 6.3, 6.2, 5.7, 6.3, 6.6, 6.0, 5.9 mm [dissected]), 58 specimens unmeasured, same data as holotype (PSUZC ��� CR0283-02; MTQ W 34351). 23 ♂ (unmeasured), Laem Pakarang, Phangnga Province, 08�� 44 ��� 11 "N, 98 �� 13 ��� 13 "E, 2 August 2014, trapped at a depth of 2 m, coral rubble, coll. E. Rodcharoen (PSUZC ��� CR0283-03). Description of male Body 3.2 times as long as greatest width, widest at pereonite 5, lateral margins subparallel (Figure 7 A). Eyes dark brown, separated by about 64 % of width of head (Figure 7 C). Pereonite 1 and coxae 2 ��� 3 each with posteroventral angle rounded; coxae 5 ��� 7 with entire oblique carina; posterior margins of pereonites 5 ��� 7 smooth (Figure 7 B). Pleon (Figure 7 E) with pleonite 1 largely concealed by pereonite 7; pleonites 3 ��� 5 posterior margins smooth; posterolateral angles of pleonite 2 forming acute point, extending posteriorly to anterior of pleonite 4; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending to but not beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5, acute; posterolateral margin of pleonite 4 rounded, clearly extending beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5; pleonite 5 with posterolateral angles overlapped by lateral margins of pleonite 4. Pleotelson 0.9 times as long as anterior width, dorsal surface without longitudinal carina, lateral margins weakly convex; margins smooth, posterior margin converging to caudomedial point, with small distinct median point, with 8 RS (Figure 11 E, F). Antennula (Figure 7 F) peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated; article 2 0.8 times as long as article 1; articles 3 and 4 0.9 times as long as combined lengths of articles 1 and 2; article 3 2.2 times as long as wide, flagellum with 11 articles, extending to anterior of pereonite 1. Antenna (Figure 7 G) peduncle article 4 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as article 3, inferodistal angle with 1 simple seta; article 5 1.1 times as long as article 4, 2.3 times as long as wide, inferodistal angle with cluster of 2 pappose setae and 2 simple setae, anterodistal angle with cluster of 2 pappose setae and 6 simple setae; flagellum with 21 articles, extending to middle of pereonite 4. Frontal lamina (Figure 7 D) pentagonal, 1.6 times as long as posterior width, 1.4 times as long as greatest width, lateral margins straight, diverging slightly towards anterior, anterior margin acute, with small median point. Mandible molar process (Figure 8 A, C) anterior margin with 33 flat teeth; with proximal cluster of long simple setae; right mandible spine row composed of 12 spines, left with 13 spines; palp articles 2 with 21 distolateral setae; palp article 3 lateral margin with 17 robust biserrate setae, distal margin with 3 biserrate setae (Figure 8 B). Maxillule (Figure 8 E) mesial lobe with 3 large and circumplumose RS; lateral lobe with 11 RS. Maxilla (Figure 8 D) lateral lobe with 6 long simple setae, middle lobe with 10 long simple setae, mesial lobe 15 proximal simple and plumose setae. Maxilliped palp (Figure 8 F) article 2 mesial margin with 6 slender setae, lateral margin distally with 1 slender seta; article 3 mesial margin with 15 slender setae, lateral margin with 6 slender setae; article 4 mesial margin with 18 slender setae, lateral margin with 3 slender setae; article 5 distal margin with 19 setae, lateral margin with 4 setae; endite (Figure 8 G) with 6 long CPS and 2 coupling setae. Pereopod 1 (Figure 9 A, B) basis 2.3 times as long as greatest width, inferior distal angle with cluster of 2 acute setae; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 1 acute seta, inferior distal angle with 3 RS, superior distal margin with 2 RS; merus inferior margin with 5 molariform RS (set in rows of 3 and 2), superior distal angle with 3 setae; carpu s inferior distal margin with 1 RS; propodus 1.8 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 3 RS; dactylus (Figure 9 C) 0.6 times as long as propodus, inferior margin with setal fringe on propodus and carpus. Pereopod 2 (Figure 9 D) ischium inferior margin with 3 stout, bluntly rounded RS, superior distal margin with 2 RS; merus inferior margin with 8 stout RS (set as single row of 5 and 3), superior distal margin with 7 acute RS; carpus inferodistal angle with 3 RS (plus 1 long slender seta); propodus 2.6 times as long as wide; dactylus 0.6 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 4 (Figure 9 E) intermediate in form between pereopod 3 and pereopod 5. Pereopod 6 similar to pereopod 7. Pereopod 7 (Figure 9 F) longer than pereopod 6; basis 2.2 times as long as greatest width, superior margin convex, inferior margin with 3 palmate setae; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis, inferior margin with 6 RS (set in groups of 2, 3 and 1), superior distal angle with 7 RS inferior distal angle with four RS; merus 0.7 times as long as ischium; 1.7 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 3 RS, superior distal angle with 9 RS (5 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 8 RS; carpus 0.9 times as long as ischium, 2.3 times as long as wide, inferior margin with 4 RS, superior distal angle with 10 RS (6 biserrate), inferior distal angle with 12 RS (6 biserrate); propodus 1.0 time as long as ischium, 4.1 times as long as wide, superior distal angle with 3 slender setae (plus 1 plumose seta and 2 RS), inferior distal angle with 2 RS; dactylus 0.4 times as long as propodus. Penes (Figure 7 H) 2 low tubercles, penial openings separated by 12 % of sternal width. Pleopod 1 (Figure 10 A) exopod 1.6 times as long as wide, lateral margin weakly convex, distally broadly rounded, mesial margin strongly convex with 26 PMS from distal one-third; endopod 2.1 times as long as wide, distally broadly rounded, lateral margin weakly concave, with 11 PMS on distal margin only; peduncle 1.7 times as wide as long, mesial margin with 5 coupling hooks. Pleopod 2 (Figure 10 B) exopod with 31 PMS, endopod with 17 PMS; appendix masculina with parallel margins. 1.4 times as long as endopod, distally acute. Pleopod 3 (Figure 10 C) exopod with 34 PMS, endopod with 11 PMS. Pleopod 4 (Figure 10 D) exopod with 34 PMS, endopod with 8 PMS. Pleopod 5 (Figure 10 E) exopod with 32 PMS. Pleopods 2 ��� 5 peduncle distolateral margin with prominent acute RS. Pleopods, endopods 3 ��� 5 with distomesial serrate scales. Uropod (Figure 11 A, B) peduncle ventrolateral margin with 2 RS (plus 3 long setae), lateral margin with 1 medial short acute RS, posterior lobe about one-half as long as endopod; rami extending beyond pleotelson, marginal setae in single tier, apices acute. Endopod (Figure 11 A, D) apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent, lateral margin weakly convex, without prominent excision, with 3 RS, mesial margin strongly convex, with 4 RS. Exopod (Figure 11 A, C) not extending to end of endopod, 0.9 times as long as endopod, 2.6 times as long as greatest width, apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent, lateral margin weakly convex, with 7 RS, mesial margin convex, with 3 RS. Sub-adult male Pereopod 1 has a less-developed setal fringe than on the adult male. Female Of similar appearance to male but lacks a setose fringe on pereopod 1. Variation Pleotelson (n = 21 [11 ♂ and 10 ♀]) with 6 ��� 8 RS, with 8 RS (4 + 4) most frequent (71 %), 7 (24 %) and 6 (5 %) occurring only once. Uropod endopod mesial margin with 4 ��� 6 RS, with 5 (76 %) most frequent, 4 (14 %) and 6 (10 %), lateral margin with 2 ��� 3 RS, with 3 (86 %) most frequent and 2 (14 %); exopod mesial margin with 3 RS 100 %), lateral margin with 7 ��� 8, with 7 (57 %) most frequent and 8 (43 %). Size Adult males (n = 11) 6.0 ��� 7.9 mm (mean 6.6 mm); females (n = 10) 5.7 ��� 6.6 (mean 6.1 mm). Remarks Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. is characterised by antennula peduncle articles 1 and 2 distinct, articulated; antenna flagellum extending to middle of pereonite 4; pereopod 1 on male with setal fringe on carpus and propodus; pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending to but not beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5; penes two low tubercles, penial openings separated by 12 % of sternal width; pleopod 1 endopod lateral margin weakly concave; appendix masculina distally acute, with parallel margins, 1.4 times as long as endopod; uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin with two robust setae (plus three long setae), rami extending beyond pleotelson; endopod apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent, lateral margin with three robust setae, mesial margin with four robust setae; exopod apically deeply bifid, lateral process prominent, lateral margin with seven robust setae, mesial margin with three robust setae; pleotelson with eight robust setae. There are two species that are similar to Cirolana phangnga sp. nov., namely the Australian species Cirolana erodiae Bruce, 1986 (Great Barrier Reef) and Cirolana hesperia Bruce, 1986 (Western Australia). Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. can be readily separated from C. hesperia by the antenna flagellum extending to pereonite 4 (vs pereonite 3); with the setal fringe on carpus and propodus (vs with setal fringe on merus, carpus and propodus); apex of uropodal rami deeply bifid, lateral process prominent in both endopod and exopod (apex of uropodal rami deeply bifid, but only exopod with lateral process prominent, endopod with equally bifid). Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. differs from C. erodiae by having pleopod 1 with the endopod lateral margin concave and a straight appendix masculina (vs endopod lateral margin straight and appendix masculina bent laterally). Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. is very similar to the allopatric Cirolana siamensis sp. nov. and Cirolana thailandica sp. nov. in having a setal fringe on the male pereopod 1, antennula peduncle with four articles, uropod peduncle ventrolateral margin with three sensory setae and penial processes two low tubercles separated by 12 ��� 13 % of sternal width. Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. can be separated from C. siamensis sp. nov. and C. thailandica sp. nov. by the appendix masculina of C. phangnga sp. nov. being consistently shorter than that of both C. siamensis sp. nov. and C. thailandica sp. nov. (1.4 times as long as endopod vs 1.6 and 1.9 times as long, respectively); pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending to but not beyond posterior margin of pleonite 5 (vs pleonite 3 with posterolateral margins extending clearly beyond posterior margins of pleonites 4 and 5). Moreover, the pleopod 1 endopod has the lateral margin concave in C. phangnga sp. nov., whereas C. thailandica sp. nov. and C. siamensis sp. nov. pleopod 1 endopod has a straight lateral margin. Etymology Cirolana phangnga sp. nov. is named for the type locality., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on pages 15-23, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029, {"references":["Bruce NL. 1986. Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia. Records Aust Museum, Suppl. 6: 1 - 239."]}

10. Cirolana hesperia Bruce, 1986. Southern and south-western coasts of Western Australia; sand and in craypots; 2 ��� 60 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

1. Cirolana albidoida Kensley & Schotte, 1987. Grand Bahamas, Tropical Western Atlantic; 180 ��� 220 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 45, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce, Pornsilp Pholpunthin (2016): Description of four new species of the Cirolana 'parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data. Journal of Natural History 50 (31-32): 1935-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718

25. Cirolana quechso Bruce, 2004. Cape Reinga, North Island to Queen Charlotte Sound, South Island; also Chatham Islands; New Zealand; sand bottom, 5.5 ��� 59 m., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

8. Cirolana diminuta Menzies, 1962. Southern California to Galapagos Islands; sandy silt with shell fragments and clay, worm tube, seaweed bed, reef, mangrove lagoon; intertidal to 43 m (Brusca et al. 1995)., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

7. Cirolana chaloti Bouvier, 1901. Gabon, West Africa (Bruce 1982)., Published as part of Eknarin Rodcharoen, Niel L. Bruce & Pornsilp Pholpunthin, 2016, Description of four new species of the Cirolana ' parva group' (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from Thailand, with supporting molecular (COI) data, pp. 1935-1981 in Journal of Natural History 50 (31 - 32) on page 46, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1180718, http://zenodo.org/record/269029

Population dynamics of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kof. et Swezy containing the photosynthetic endosymbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae (Subrahman.) Sweeney was investigated in relation to environmental conditions in the upper Gulf of Thailand. A clear association was observed between the abundance of N. scintillans and the monsoon cycle, with its blooms occurring during the southwest (SW) monsoon from May to September, and low abundance during the northeast (NE) monsoon from November to February. Nutrient concentrations were higher during the SW monsoon than during the NE monsoon due to the combined effect of increased river discharge into the northern upper gulf and the transport of the riverine inputs by the prevailing clockwise circulation of the water. These nutrient conditions favored the growth of both phytoplankton and the endosymbiont. Correlation analysis revealed that the higher abundance of N. scintillans in the SW monsoon was manifested primarily by higher growth through both sexual and asexual reproduction supported by phagotrophy. However, the dependence of N. scintillans on the nutrient concentration was not significant, probably because the nutrient supply for the endosymbiont was sufficient due to intracellular accumulation of nutrients within the host cells. Sexual reproduction occurred only during the SW monsoon, and its potential importance in population growth was suggested. These findings showed the bottom-up control of the population dynamics of N. scintillans through growth of phytoplankton as prey. The seasonal shift in the circulation pattern associated with the monsoon cycle played a crucial role in blooming of N. scintillans by producing favorable food conditions.

The amphipod Tethegeneia khanomensis sp. nov. were collected from South Sea Islands, lower Gulf of Thailand. in March 2008. A total of twelve species from seven families was recorded. The common and dominant species were Paradusa bilobata and Podocerus andamanensis occurred in all stations. The six species are new record for the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea i.e. Ampithoe ramondi, Ampithoe africana, Elasmopus puteus, Paradusa bilobata, Parahyale aqulina, Podocerus andamanensis and Anamisxis sp. A is undescribed. Their characters are described and illustrated. All specimens are deposited at Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.

Population dynamics of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kof. et Swezy containing the photosynthetic endosymbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae (Subrahman.) Sweeney was investigated in relation to environmental conditions in the upper Gulf of Thailand. A clear association was observed between the abundance of N. scintillans and the monsoon cycle, with its blooms occurring during the southwest (SW) monsoon from May to September, and low abundance during the northeast (NE) monsoon from November to February. Nutrient concentrations were higher during the SW monsoon than during the NE monsoon due to the combined effect of increased river discharge into the northern upper gulf and the transport of the riverine inputs by the prevailing clockwise circulation of the water. These nutrient conditions favored the growth of both phytoplankton and the endosymbiont. Correlation analysis revealed that the higher abundance of N. scintillans in the SW monsoon was manifested primarily by higher growth through both sexual and asexual reproduction supported by phagotrophy. However, the dependence of N. scintillans on the nutrient concentration was not significant, probably because the nutrient supply for the endosymbiont was sufficient due to intracellular accumulation of nutrients within the host cells. Sexual reproduction occurred only during the SW monsoon, and its potential importance in population growth was suggested. These findings showed the bottom-up control of the population dynamics of N. scintillans through growth of phytoplankton as prey. The seasonal shift in the circulation pattern associated with the monsoon cycle played a crucial role in blooming of N. scintillans by producing favorable food conditions.

At present, 99 species of cladocerans are known from Thailand, but up to ten more have not been identified to species, particularly in Chydorus, Ephemeroporus and Pleuroxus. Cosmopolitan species are a minority, while wide-ranging circumtropical taxa are an important element, beside species that only occur in the tropics-subtropics of two continents. At least three species are suspected of a neotropical - southeast Asian disjunction, while three more are provisionally considered endemic of Thailand. Daphnia, as usual in the tropics, is rare and reduced to the single D. lumholtzi.

Four species of amphipods from the families Aoridae and Maeridae were collected from Thai Waters in 2011. Three species, Grandidierella phetraensis sp. nov., Ceradocus andamanensis sp. nov. and Parelasmopus siamensis sp. nov. are new to science and Bemlos quadrimanus (Sivaprakasam, 1970) has not been previously reported from Thai Waters. Their characters are described and illustrated. All specimens are deposited at Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin.

Seventy-two cladoceran species from southern Thailand include eleven first records. Species accumulation curves were used to estimate the total number of species present, and Chao’s estimator was used to extrapolate the species number observed in 212 samples to the total number present. This S*max amounted to 76.06 species, with a low ratio of variance/estimator. Cladoceran faunas were compared by a complementarity index at three levels: between habitat types, between different zones of Thailand, and between Thailand and other countries. The geographical gradient was quite strong, but because not all areas have been studied to the same degree and with the same taxonomic accuracy, some comparisons are robust while others are not.

During an ongoing study of the rotifer diversity in Thai peat swamps, several new or rare species were found. We here report on one new species, Lecane kunthuleensis n.sp., from a canal in Kun Thu Lee peat swamp, and on three rare species: Paracolurella aemula (Myers, 1934) and Lecane junki Koste, 1975 from Kra Jood peat swamp (Suratthanee province), and Lepadella punctata Wulfert, 1939 from To-Daeng peat swamp (Narathiwas province).