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Introduction: Nutrition during pregnancy is very important for the health of pregnant women and normal development of the child. Proper nutrition during pregnancy means that pregnant women eat better quality foods. The increase in the need for additional calories grows in the fourth month of pregnancy by about 300 kcal / day. Calorie intake in the third trimester should be increased by about 400 kcal / day. Objective: To determine the level of awareness of pregnant women about the importance of proper nutrition during pregnancy. Methodology: Descriptive and observational method-poll survey was conducted in a population of pregnant women. The survey was conducted on a random sample of 100 N-. A specifically created questionnaire was used which represented an improved version of the Questionnaire for assessing the proper nutrition during pregnancy. Results: Based on the obtained data, 65% of pregnant women during pregnancy gained between 10-15 kg, a large number of examinees, 97%, said it was very important to maintain the weight in the normal range. According to collected data, 58% of the pregnant women adhere to hygienic-dietary regimen during pregnancy. 97% of pregnant women thought that in pregnancy they should eat for two, while 3% of women thought the opposite. Results show that 79% of women regularly use vegetables in their diet. According to collected data, we see that 90% consumed fruit, while 10% of pregnant women do not consume fruit daily. An alarming indicator is that 63% of examinees intake fats of animal origin, while 37% of pregnant women consume vegetable oil. Conclusion: During the research, 100% of the surveyed pregnant women consider that proper nutrition is of great importance for pregnancy. Bearing in mind that the testing was anonymous and that the pregnant women still are expected to give birth, the results are excellent. Therefore it is very important to raise awareness of proper nutrition during pregnancy and during lactation and that expectant mothers learn to resist the pressures of adopting harmful behaviors.

European inland waterways are a key element of the European transport network and are mostly used for freight traffic. The hydrographic surveying is the basis for the maintenance of inland waterways and the establishment of safe navigation. A part of the European waterway corridor E80 consists of the rivers Danube, Sava and Tisza, which part of their course also flows through the Republic of Serbia. On these sections of the mentioned rivers, the competent state institutions are conducting a continuous campaign of hydrographic measurements, which, among other things, includes GNSS RTK positioning and depth measurement with a single-beam ultrasonic echo sounder. In this paper, the characteristics of these sections of rivers, the current methodology of depth measuring and positioning during depth measuring will be shown in details.

Statistical analysis of relevant resources reveals the expansion of the Yugoslav and Czech Sokol Movements from 1919 to 1924, a period after World War I marked by a cultural and economic crisis. The ideological orientation of the Balkan Sokol movement towards strengthening integral Yugoslavism and realizing ideas of cosmopolitanism coincides with the two main domestic and foreign political tendencies of the newly founded Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. This paper aims at defining the ancient Greek legacy inherent in the socio-political role of Sokolski glasnik [Sokol Gazette] in the early postwar period. The Sokol national movement, a sports and political organization based on 1919 foundations, lasted almost continuously until the beginning of World War II.

The aim was to detect and correlate anticancer effects of metformin in combinations with other repurposed drugs, already registered for other indications, which may be immediately applied and clinically investigated in oncology, reducing the time and cost of research for new cancer treatments. Immunohistochemistry was performed for tumors treated by dual drug combinations containing metformin with deoxycholic acid, caffeine, itraconazole, nitroglycerin, disulfiram or diclofenac. The drugs were applied in Syrian golden hamsters (6 animals per group) with the inoculated BHK21/C13 fibrosarcoma in doses equivalent to usual human doses,

Introduction/Objective. Many drugs registered for various other indications can act selectively on tumor receptors, signaling pathways, metabolic processes, bioenergetic factors, enzymes, proteins and genes that regulate tumor proliferation, apoptosis, and neoangiogenesis without affecting these activities in healthy cells. Introduction of new drugs is a very long, complex, and expensive process of research. Detecting an anticancer effect in drugs already registered for other indications and forming their combinations may directly reduce the time and cost of such research. Methods. Anticancer efficacy of metformin and its combinations with caffeine, itraconazole and nitroglycerin was tested on fibrosarcoma experimentally induced by BHK21/C13 cells in Syrian golden hamsters (six animals per group, randomly allocated to control and experimental groups, doses equivalent to usual human doses). After animal sacrifice, tumors were excised and their size, biophysical characteristics, histology, and immunohistochemistry were assessed. Blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses and the main organs were toxicologically analyzed. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test. Results. Two-drug combinations of metformin with caffeine or itraconazole or nitroglycerin showed significant antitumor effects on hamster fibrosarcoma compared to control, regarding all tested tumor parameters (p < 0.05) without toxicity. Conclusion. Administration of metformin in combination with caffeine or itraconazole or nitroglycerin might be an effective and safe approach in novel nontoxic adjuvant anticancer treatment.

Introduction/Objective. Large diversity in molecular mechanisms of cancer regulation allows some marketed pleiotropic non-oncological non-toxic pharmaceuticals to be used in oncology, which reduces duration and cost of novel anticancer treatment research. To date, there are no published in vivo results on anticancer effects of certain combinations of non-oncological pleiotropic drugs (disulfiram, metformin, deoxycholic acid, mebendazole) that influence MAPK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling. Methods. The anticancer effects of certain aforementioned repurposed drugs combinations, < 50 % LD50 (equivalent to the usual human dose) were assessed by fibrosarcoma growth kinetics (measured daily in vivo by calipers) and tumor proliferation (Ki-67, PCNA), neoangiogenesis (CD34, CD31), glucose metabolism (GLUT1), NO metabolism (iNOS) and apoptosis (COX4, cytochrome C) in hamsters, randomly allocated to control and experimental groups (six animals per group). The animals were sacrificed 19 days after BHK-21/C13 tumor inoculation. The tumors were excised, measured, and blood was collected. Biophysical, pathohistological, toxicological, hematological, and biochemical analyses were performed. Results. Disulfiram with metformin, disulfiram with deoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid with metformin are the combinations that have shown significant antitumor effects on the fibrosarcoma growth kinetics and tumor immunohistochemical markers in hamsters (p < 0.05). All used drugs in efficacious combinations can inhibit MAPK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling. The addition of NF-κB stimulator mebendazole to effective two-drug combinations rescued cancer growth, indicating that these pathways may be responsible for antitumor action. Conclusion. Combinations of non-oncological drugs: disulfiram with metformin, disulfiram with deoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid with metformin have the potential to be used as effective non-toxic adjuvant anticancer therapy in oncology.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of age of cows on variability in mastitis prevalence risk and its concomitant impacts on their successive daily milk yield by analyzing test-day records of dairy cows collected in the period 2005–2022. The results obtained indicate a correlation between the age and breed of cows enrolled in the study and mastitis prevalence risk alongside its concomitant impacts on their successive daily milk yield. The findings demonstrate a progressive increase in mastitis prevalence risk with the advancing age of cows, notably more pronounced in the Holstein breed than in the Simmental breed. The Simmental cows exhibited a lower increase in daily milk yield, experiencing a substantial decrease in overall yields (namely milk, fat, and protein) in contrast to the Holstein cows. The primiparous cows of both breeds displayed the highest total increase in daily milk yield. This study underscores the significance of monitoring dairy herd health as a pivotal component of successful dairy herd management. Moreover, the daily lactose content was found a valuable and cost-effective indicator for ensuring the economically and environmentally sustainable operations of dairy farms.

Introduction: Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissue, which require endodontic treatment, are often accompanied by a large tooth crown defect caused by caries. Regardless of well-performed endodontic treatment, endodontically treated teeth are prone to fractures. This raises the issue of tooth restoration after quality endodontic treatment. Crowns represent dental restorations, made of ceramics or metal-ceramics, which, in addition to establishing the morphology of the teeth, also have the function of protecting teeth with a larger crown defect. The aim was to review the factors that could lead to the fracture of endodontically treated teeth. Conclusion: When deciding whether to restore an endodontically treated tooth with crowns, it is necessary to consider several factors, among which are the loss of hard tooth tissue, the structure of the endodontically treated teeth, the forces to which the teeth are exposed in the oral cavity, the instruments and materials used during the endodontic treatment, as well as the aesthetics of the endodontic treated teethProsthetic reconstruction with a crown proved to be significant in the protection of posterior endodontically treated teeth, while treatment of the front teeth with crowns is indicated for the teeth with major damage and aesthetic defects that cannot be repaired by other conservative procedures.

Information about oral health available on the Internet, videos of dental procedures on YouTube, and Facebook groups, whose members are dentists, have contributed to dentistry finding its place online. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the attitudes and behavior of student population towards: dental marketing on Instagram, patient-dentist relationship through social media, and information about oral health found on the Internet. Participants and Methods: The research included 226 students of the University of Niš, who participated in an anonymous online survey of 16 questions created in Google Forms. Results: Every sixth respondent from those who follow a dental office on Instagram have chosen the office because of Instagram. Females search for dentists more frequently on the Internet than males. Most of the respondents, who are friends with dentist on a social network, still most often contact them by phone. The oldest respondents do not find it appropriate to be friends with a dentist on social media. The majority of those who are unsure about the accuracy of oral health informations from the Internet, do not discuss them with their dentist. Conclusion: Instagram does not play a key role in the choice of a dentist among respondents, and communication with a dentist through social media is less prevalent than other forms of communication with a dentist. However, more than half of the respondents consult the Internet before going to the dentist.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are characterized by discomfort, occasional or permanent pain in the joints, muscles, tendons and other soft tissues caused by the repetition of certain body movements or uncomfortable and forced body posture. Dentistry is considered a high-risk profession for the development of these disorders. The aim of the research was to investigate the occurrence of MSD in the population of dental students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia. Total of 170 dental students participated in the research. In order to examine the emergence and distribution of MSD, students filled out a modified Nordic questionnaire. The results showed that 70.6% of students suffer from MSD. MSD were almost equally represented in both genders (69.7% in male and 71.1% in female). The most common localization of pain was in the area of the upper back in 32.3% of cases. A total of 54.1% of students declared that the pain intensity was moderate and that in 41.2% of cases it lasted as long as the work with the patient. In 49.4% of cases, the pain does not affect practical work, and as a relief measure in 53.3% of cases, students use rest. MSD appear already in the first years of studies and tend to intensify with the length of studies. Given that musculoskeletal pain occurs already in the early period of student practice, it is necessary to study ergonomic factors that are of great importance for the occurrence and intensification of these disorders.

Introduction Maxillary premolars often undergo endodontic treatment, which requires detailed knowledge of their canal morphology. The aim of this study was to determine the most common number of roots of maxillary premolars by analyzing CBCT images, as well as to determine the most common root canal configuration in maxillary premolars in the population of Southeast Serbia using the new system for classifying root canal morphology by Ahmed et al. Material and methods 55 CBCT images of male and 63 CBCT images of female patients were analyzed, which included 223 maxillary first premolars and 207 maxillary second premolars. The analysis was performed in the program Galileos. The number of roots of these teeth was determined and the canal morphology was classified in relation to the gender and side of maxilla. Results The maxillary first premolars most often had two roots and configuration type 2 TNB1 P1 , while the most maxillary second premolars had one root and configuration type 1 TNB1 . No significant difference was observed in the number of roots and type of configuration between male and female, as well as between left and right sides. Conclusion The classification of the tooth canal system according to Ahmed et al. emphasizes the advantage of simultaneous classification of the number of roots and the number of canals. Although most premolars do not pose a problem for treatment, there have been registered canal configurations of maxillary premolars that can be a challenge for endodontic treatment. A detailed analysis of the canal configuration can be performed using CBCT.

Young people who study physical education are regarded as having proper body structure and composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the status of some anthropological segments in male PE students (N=30) aged 18 - 39 years. Methods. Cross-sectional study design. In addition to age (22.39±5.35), the essential anthropometric variables were estimated: body height (183.72±7.65), body weight (82.88±9.93), and body composition parameters: BMI (24.61±2.94), body fat (19.85±6.47), visceral fat (6.03±3.01), skeletal muscles (39.45±3.92), resting metabolism rate (1812.63±134.61), and Health Status: systolic blood pressure (132.87±19.31), diastolic blood pressure (74.2±13.23), and resting heart rate (76.50±14.93). Descriptive statistics are presented in Tables (1-8), and with the graphical presentation in Histograms (1-10). Testing was performed during Summer Outdoor activities (field classes) on-site at Gazivode Lake (Kosovo). Results - presented as comparative analysis within male PE students and selected Profile model, regarding the estimated Min-Max results and calculated mean value (average). The comparative analysis points to some within-sample differences. However, the results of PE male students are on the border of typical values in most parameters, except for Age and Basic anthropometry. Discussion compares previously established studies with the specifically selected samples of participants and the actual PE male students. Conclusion. All of the results indicate that body fat values are higher than those favorable for the PE students, which can be due to inadequate nutrition or physical activity level, and even the reason may lie in insufficiently high criteria for enrollment in PE studies.

Introduction Sudden fracture of instruments without previous warning signs, which occurs due to cyclic and torsional fatigue, represents the biggest problem and one of the most difficult complications during endodontic therapy. The aim of this research was to check the influence of diameter of the instruments on the appearance of cyclic fatigue in simulated canals in full rotation. Material and Method The study analyzed 24 ProTaper Universal instruments (12 instruments with a diameter of 25 and 12 instruments with a diameter of 30) and 24 ProTaper Next instruments (12 instruments with a diameter of 25 and 12 instruments with a diameter of 30). The instruments were tested in an artificial canal stuffed in a metal block at an angle of 45° and a corner radius of 5 mm. The operating time of each instrument until fracture was measured, and then the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated. The length of the fractured fragments (FL) was measured with a Vernier caliper. Results The number of cycles to fracture was higher (p < 0.001) in instruments of the ProTaper Universal group of diameter 25 (367.83 ± 17.00) compared to instruments of diameter 30 (329.33 ± 12.86) of the same group. The number of cycles leading to the fracture in instruments of the ProTaper Next group of diameter 25 (1189.33 ± 18.97) was higher (p < 0.001) compared to instruments of the same group of diameter 30 (971.08 ± 15.26). Conclusion Obtained results indicated that with an increase in the diameter of rotating endodontic instruments, there is a decrease in the resistance to cyclic fatigue.

Introduction In addition to the advantages of glass ionomer cements that have led to their wide application, hybrid glass ionomer cements have been developed to overcome the shortcomings in mechanical resistance. The aim of the study was to perform an ultrastructural analysis of restorations made from conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cements after recommended finishing procedures and application of a protective coating. Materials and Methods This study analyzed 30 samples of conventional glass ionomer cement Fuji IX™ and 30 samples of hybrid glass ionomer cement EQUIA Forte HT Fil™. The samples were prepared in cylindrical molds and divided into the three groups. The first group of samples, after adaptation, was left untreated and served as a control group. The second group consisted of samples that were finished with a cylindrical diamond bur with water cooling. The samples in the third group were finished and protected with appropriate coatings (G-COAT PLUS™ and EQUIA Forte Coat™). The samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Results The finishing procedures of Fuji IX™ samples significantly reduced crack width (t = 3.42, p < 0.005; Z = 3.25, p = 0.001). Similarly, the crack width in EQUIA Forte HT Fil™ samples was also significantly smaller in treated samples (t = 4.78, p < 0.001; Z = 4.28, p < 0.001). Ultrastructural analysis of both materials showed the complete absence of cracks in finished samples protected by coatings. Conclusion Finishing of conventional and hybrid glass ionomer cements results in a reduction in the number of cracks as well as a decrease in their widths, and the protective coatings completely cover remaining cracks.

Introduction. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Apraxia can be one of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Apraxia is defined as an acquired deficit in the execution of movements that cannot be explained by motor or sensory impairments. Aim. The main aim of this research is to determine the types of apraxia in people with Alzheimer's dementia and to point out the importance of early rehabilitation of these patients. Method. The sample consists of 15 patients with Alzheimer's dementia (amnestic type - multiple domains) aged from 50 to 85 years. In addition to the free interview, which follows predetermined principles, a neurological clinical assessment of motor skills and sensitivity and a neurobehavioral assessment of appearance, behavior, and emotions were conducted. The examination was conducted according to the established criteria at the Antamedica Polyclinic in Belgrade. Results. The results of our study show that patients with Alzheimer's disease are impaired in both the first and second stages: time orientation, attention, arithmetic, remembering, naming, writing, and copying figures. On the other hand, other cognitive functions are relatively well preserved in these stages of the disease. Patients with Alzheimer's disease have an impaired ability to understand spoken and written language. In contrast, no deficits were found on the verbal-visual discrimination test. Conclusion. Assessment of apraxia has become an important aspect of neurodegenerative diseases and a main indicator for psychotherapy and occupational therapy, contributing to the quality of life of the elderly, primarily with cognitive decline.

Introduction Endodontic instruments during root canal treatment come into contact with dentinal debris, irrigation solutions and medication agents, which reminants should be eliminated before sterilization. The aim of the study was to verify the effectiveness of different cleaning methods for removing calcium hydroxide paste residues from the surfaces of the working parts of hand instruments, as well as to propose an effective protocol for cleaning endodontic instruments before sterilization. Material and methods Forty-two new hand endodontic instruments were used to remove calcium hydroxide paste from the filled canals of extracted teeth. After contamination with medication, they were divided into the four groups and subjected to individual decontamination methods - mechanical, chemical and ultrasonic, as well as a combined protocol. The instruments were then observed under a light microscope. The effectiveness of the methods was evaluated based on the amount of residual matter on the surface of the working parts of the instruments. Results The combined protocol showed a statistically significant difference in the achieved level of cleanliness compared to mechanical (ch2 = 12.00 p < 0.05) and chemical methods (ch2 = 12.00 p < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference compared to ultrasonic cleaning in disinfectant solution (ch2 = 2.4 p > 0.05). By applying combined protocol, instruments with completely clean surfaces were found, as well as the lowest values of contamination at the level of the entire group of instruments (8.33%). Conclusion The protocol that consisted of mechanical cleaning with a sponge soaked in chlorhexidine gluconate, chemical soaking in sodium hypochlorite, and ultrasonic cleaning in a disinfectant showed the best efficiency in removing calcium hydroxide residues.

In the new hall of the Institute for Materials and Structures, there was a need to control the geometry of the existing crane rails. In this paper, the methodology for determining the geometry of such a complex structure is presented, and the results of the applied method are also presented. The final product, i.e. the examined geometry of crane rails included numerical and graphical analysis of straightness, analysis of parallelism and analysis of horizontality of crane rails.

The research was conducted with the aim of determining the degree and quality of the connection between judo techniques and motor skills defined as manifest and latent dimensions. Therefore, 237 male respondents aged 11 to 12 years were tested. This sample can be considered representative of judokas of the same age. 20 motor tests were used to assess motor skills. They were chosen for the structural analysis to be performed at the level of second-order factors according to the structural model. For the evaluation of the technical competence of judokas, 7 representatives of certain major groups of techniques were taken. The groups of judo techniques are taken to cover: hand techniques, side techniques, leg techniques, sacrifice techniques, ground hold techniques, chokes and leverage techniques. All variables used in previous research were subjected to thorough validation. Canonical analysis of latent motor dimensions and judo techniques indicated a significant correlation. However, apart from the fact that this method is currently considered the optimal research procedure, numerous further researches are needed that would continuously supplement knowledge about the methods and laws of the relationship between motor skills and judo techniques.

Court balls, organized in Serbia in the 19th century at princely and royal courts, modeled on European ones, were labeled for a certain class of society, which gave these social events a festive note and a certain reputation. By coming to the balls, people had already integrated into the highest cultural ranks and by adopting new elements of behavior they significantly differed from other categories of residents. Therefore, balls of the highest rank were important social events because participation in them proved membership in that circle and superiority over others in every respect. However, although the European cultural pattern dominated the balls, elements of traditional, national culture also appeared in it, in accordance with the general circumstances.

This paper examines and analyses the differences in job satisfaction among the conventionally employed and teleworkers. Differences were examined for three control variables: gender, age and education of the respondents. The research was conducted in West Balkan countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia), and included 313 respondents (conventionally employed and teleworkers). Teleworkers are more satisfied than conventionally employed. This is most evident through satisfaction with all forms of compensation, procedures and associates. Job satisfaction is higher in men, both those who work conventionally and who telework. Men are significantly more appreciative of opportunities for advancement, as well as achieving additional benefits and rewards. Younger respondents have greater job satisfaction than older respondents, but this only applies to the conventionally employed. There are no differences in job satisfaction among teleworkers in terms of dependence on age. Job satisfaction does not depend on the respondents' level of education of, and this applies to both conventionally employed and teleworkers. Companies that apply telework evaluate the results of their employees' work and the contribution they provide to the company more objectively, and accordingly, they reward and promote employees adequately. Thus, all age groups and educational categories of employees see their chance in teleworking conditions.