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Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and other species that feed at bird feeders balance the benefit of easy foraging with the added risk of predation. Individual birds respond differently to risky situations, and these differences have been attributed to the birds' personalities, which researchers commonly assess with an "open-field" behavioral assay. However, these behavioral assays in birds have not been compared to behavior in the wild in the context of foraging in the presence of a predator (i.e., risk-taking behavior). We color-banded chickadees in a wild population and conducted behavioral assays in the field. We later used foraging trials to investigate these color-banded individuals' responses to a predator (Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii) model or a series of Cooper's hawk calls. We found that foraging black-capped chickadees responded more strongly to the presence of a predator model than to predator calls. Individual birds differed in their responses, and the behavioral assays (activity and exploration) predicted individual behavior in the wild during the foraging experiments. Activity and exploration assay scores were only weakly related, suggesting these two assays represent different traits. Both highly active birds and fast explorers exhibited some reluctance to visit the feeder (either reduced number of visits or greater latency to visit) when the predator model was present, a relationship that was somewhat unexpected. Our results suggest that standard behavioral assays predict behavior in the wild, but care should be taken when generalizing among species and studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Offering a primary care service that can provide good quality primary care at emergency departments may reduce pressure on usual emergency department (ED) services. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the acceptability, satisfaction, and potential impacts of a co‐located primary care service at an emergency department. Methods: This is a prospective feasibility study and service evaluation comprising a narrative summary of activity, satisfaction, well‐being, and safety, and comparisons of wait times for ED services by patient category ('minor', 'majors', 'paediatric' or 'resus') before and during the service operation. Patients and staff were asked using semistructured interview topic guides about service perception, well‐being, representation within 48 h, safety concerns, and/or satisfaction. Wait times for patient categories in usual ED care service were in secondary care electronic records. Pathway changes were captured under primary care electronic records. Results: Approximately 96% of general practitioner streaming and treatment (GPST) patients were seen within 1 h. There was a statistically significant reduction in ED patients with minor injuries or illnesses waiting >4 h for admission or discharge 'breaches' during the 3 months that GPST was operating compared with the previous 3 months (p ≤ 0.005). Wait times for other ED services did not significantly improve. A total of 769 walk‐in patients received GPST consultation and 661 (86%) needed no further ED intervention. Fast discharge was a major determinant of patient satisfaction. No staff expressed dissatisfaction, but some suggested possible improvements in eligibility criteria and built environment design features. Conclusion: Provision of GPST correlated with shorter waits for discharge from ED. Patient and staff experiences of GPST were positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A series of experiments have been conducted to measure the in‐depth heating of laminated bamboo samples subjected to heat fluxes of 5, 10, 30, and 60 kW/m2, either perpendicular or parallel to the grain. These heat fluxes were chosen to induce different phenomena within the material—from inert heating to moisture evaporation, pyrolysis, oxidation, and flaming—so that the effects of these can be isolated and evaluated separately by simple heat‐transfer models. Moisture migration along the fibres becomes a critical factor when bamboo is heated parallel to the grain, resulting in increased convective heat transfer to deeper parts of the material and an accumulation of moisture in depth that accentuates the endothermic plateau in the temperature profiles around 100°C. Average charring rates for 60 minutes of exposure under 60 kW/m2 were 0.74 and 0.70 mm/min for perpendicular and parallel heating, respectively. The thickness of the heated layer was much larger for parallel heating due to moisture migration, which is less significant perpendicular to the grain. Inert heat diffusion is a good approximation at heat fluxes of 5 and 10 kW/m2, but exothermic oxidation reactions become critical above 400°C and must be included in future models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Methods Results Conclusions Youth use of disposable vapes has increased markedly in the United Kingdom in recent years, yet little is known about the motivations, experiences and perceptions of young people themselves. This study aimed to explore young people’s experiences and use of disposable vapes.This was a qualitative study recruiting young people reporting regularly vaping disposables, collecting data via dyad guided, individual and group interviews. Data analysis was theoretically informed by the Social Ecological Model. Inductive and deductive coding approaches were used, with resolution of coded interpretations by consensus.Twenty‐nine young people aged 16–20 years participated in qualitative interviews. At the individual level, participants discussed how characteristics of disposable vapes were important to them—particularly price, accessibility and the attractive designs, colours, names and flavours. Young people frequently engaged in both vaping and tobacco smoking, seeing the behaviours as interchangeable dependent on context, and having inaccurate relative harm perceptions of vaping compared with smoking. Experimentation was widespread and many used vapes as a way of managing stress and anxiety. Vaping was positioned as a social behaviour, common among peers. Parental influence on vaping behaviour was minimal, although vaping initiation could be influenced by family vaping norms. Culturally, vaping was a widespread normalized behaviour. Young people were aware of media reports and potential harms, but were less aware of smoking related harms as a consequence.Disposable vapes appear to be attractive and accessible to young people in the United Kingdom. Vaping is normalized in this population, despite being seen as potentially damaging to health, and vaping and smoking are engaged in interchangeably. Underage sales of vapes are reportedly widespread. Strict regulation, such as banning products or increasing prices, may prompt UK youth to switch from vaping to smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion threatens long-term soil fertility and food production in Q’eqchi’ communities native to the Sierra Yalijux and Sierra Sacranix mountain ranges in the central highlands of Guatemala. Environmental factors such as steep topography, erodible soils, and intense precipitation events, combined with land subdivision and reduced fallow periods as a consequence of population growth, contribute to severe erosion and strain soil resources. The preservation of the region's cloud forests hinges on enhancing production of staple crops through agricultural intensification while maintaining soil fertility through implementation of soil conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]