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PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochem.) is a micro-focus X-ray fluorescence instrument for examg. fine scale chem. variations in rocks and soils on planetary surfaces. Selected for flight on the Mars 2020 rover science payload, PIXL can measure elemental chem. of tiny features obsd. in rocks, such as individual sand grains, veinlets, cements, concretions and crystals. The PIXL sensor head is mounted on the turret at the end of the Mars 2020 rover arm. It combines a novel, 28 kV power supply (S. Battel, University of Michigan) with a newly developed side-window, grounded-cathode x-ray tube (Moxtek), and a polycapillary xray optic (XOS) to generate a 120 mm diam. x-ray beam that is rastered over a 24 mm x 24 mm field of view. Two SDD detectors are used to collect the fluoresced spectra and an optical fiducial subsystem is used to image rock morphol., guide placement of PIXL, and det. the x-ray beam location on the targeted surface. The overall PIXL design, performance and operational concepts will be presented, along with a summary of development test results.

Thermal analysis for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) optics (the primary mirror segment, the secondary mirror, and the tertiary mirror) was performed using finite element analysis in ANSYS and I-DEAS. In the thermal analysis, each of the optical assemblies (mirror, mirror supports, cell) was modeled for various thermal conditions including air convections, conductions, heat flux loadings, and radiations. The thermal time constant of each mirror was estimated and the temperature distributions of the mirror assemblies were calculated under the various thermal loading conditions. The thermo-elastic analysis was made to obtain the thermal deformation based on the resulting temperature distributions. The optical performance of the TMT optics was evaluated from the thermally induced mirror deformations. The goal of this thermal analysis is to establish thermal models by the FEA programs to simulate for an adequate thermal environment. These thermal models can be utilized for estimating the thermal responses of the TMT optics. In order to demonstrate the thermal responses, various sample time-dependent thermal loadings were modeled to synthesize the operational environment. Thermal responses of the optics were discussed and the optical consequences were evaluated.