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In advanced glottic cancer, it is widely known that definitive chemoradiation can result in comparable survival outcomes to primary surgery. This deserves consideration given the immense effects total laryngectomy (TL) has on patients. It is important to consider that not all advanced glottic tumors should be treated in the same way, and surgical management remains a critical consideration for optimization of local control and survival outcomes. Advances in organ preservation surgery and the more developed understanding of the survival benefits of TL in extensive T4 disease further support the importance of surgery in the management of advanced glottic cancer.

Nonresonant optical driving of confined semiconductors can open up exciting opportunities for experimentally realizing strongly interacting photon-dressed (Floquet) states through the optical Stark effect (OSE) for coherent modulation of the exciton state. Here we report the first room-temperature observation of the Floquet biexciton-mediated anomalous coherent excitonic OSE in CsPbBr3quantum dots (QDs). Remarkably, the strong exciton–biexciton interaction leads to a coherent red shift and splitting of the exciton resonance as a function of the drive photon frequency, similar to Autler–Townes splitting in atomic and molecular systems. The large biexciton binding energy of ∼71 meV and exciton–biexciton transition dipole moment of ∼25 D facilitate the hallmark observations, even at large detuning energies of >300 meV. This is accompanied by an unusual crossover from linear to nonlinear fluence dependence of the OSE as a function of the drive photon frequency. Our findings reveal crucial information on the unexplored many-body coherent interacting regime, making perovskite QDs suitable for room temperature quantum devices.

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Gallic acid is an important carboxylic acid used in pharmaceutical industries owing to its medicinal properties. The separation of gallic acid from fermentation broth and dilute aqueous streams is a challenging task. Therefore, in the present study the reactive extraction of gallic acid from an aqueous solution by using tributyl phosphate in octanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and toluene as diluents, respectively, has been carried out at constant temperature (303 ± 1 K). The results were compared with those of the extraction using pure diluents in order to compute the intensification of extraction obtained. Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of initial acid concentration, extractant concentration, and diluent type. TBP + hexane was found to be most suitable solvent system resulting in the highest distribution coefficient (KD= 24) when TBP was employed at a concentration of 1.516 mol·kg–1. The equilibrium complexation constant (KE) was observed to be in the ranges of 3.18–8.8 for n-hexane, 0.91–4.54 for toluene, 2.295–4.546 for ethyl acetate, and 3.57–6.17 for octanol.

Lignocellulosic biomass can play a pivotal role in achieving the goal of sustainable development of a predominantly agrarian country like India. The abundant availability of lignocellulosic materials makes it more suitable to go for the energization of this waste material. Lignocellulosic agriculture waste is essentially renewable and carbon-neutral source of energy. It has the potential to minimize greenhouse gas emissions by adopting proper biomass to energy conversion routes like biochemical conversion to mitigate climate change. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a compulsory step for delignification before hydrolysis and subsequent AD or fermentation process to facilitate enhanced biofuel (biogas/bioethanol) generation. The most studied pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic agricultural biomass in the past 10 years including acid, alkali, ionic liquid, microwave, ultrasonication, steam explosion, liquid hot water, ammonia-based, biological, and electrohydrolysis pretreatments methods are discussed in this review paper. The criteria to measure pretreatment efficiency, different pretreatment processes parameters, and their pros and cons are also discussed. The alkaline pretreatment method is most promising in the delignification of lignocellulosic agricultural biomass residues like rice straw. This review may impart help to the prospective researchers in understanding rubrics of different pretreatment processes for further research work in the area of pretreatment.

AbstractWomen play a significant and crucial role in agriculture. They undertake various activities in agriculture such as cleaning of fields, field preparation, sowing, intercultural practices, weeding, harvesting, picking, cleaning of grains, drying of grains etc. But it is unfortunate that they remain invisible workers. However, their involvement as decision-makers regarding these activities is questionable. Hence the present study was conducted to determine the contribution of farm women in decisionmaking in agriculture. A total of 120 farm women were selected as respondents through multistage random sampling technique. Relevant data were collected with the help of personal interview technique. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Analysis of the data showed that involvement of farm women in decision-making process in agriculture was very low. It is because the majority of farm women are illiterate, have little knowledge about the latest techniques of farming, face dominance by males and restricted mobility due to several cultural taboos.