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1. The molecular basis of the interaction between endocrine and immune function in Salmonid fish

Author

Pooley, Nicholas J.

Subjects
577, Salmonidae
Abstract

Over recent years the aquaculture industry has grown at a faster rate than any other major animal food production sector. This growth in the size of the sector has created a need for research into the fundamental biology of the animals being farmed. This PhD examined the relationship between the immune response and growth/development using several different model systems. Chapter 3 investigated effects of an acute pro-inflammatory stimulation on the transcriptomic output of Atlantic salmon primary muscle cells in vitro. In response to immune stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β there was an increase in the expression of several pathways including: the acute phase response, muscle catabolism, growth and cell cycle regulation. These results provide some evidence that the molecular basis of immune related growth reduction may be the same in fish as in higher vertebrates. Chapter 4 investigated the effect of the parr/smolt transformation (PST), a developmental stage during which salmon exhibit reduced disease resistance, on the expression of immune related genes in response to acute immune stimulation. This involved the use of the bacterial mimic (LPS) and the viral mimic (poly I:C), to elicit an immune response from salmon at different stages over the PST. The magnitude of response to immune stimulation was suppressed in multiple tissues over the PST. Chapter 5 investigated the ability of Rainbow trout fry at both first feeding and three weeks post first feeding to respond to immune challenge. The immune response increased in magnitude and complexity with age. The effects of growth rate on immune gene expression were investigated; there was a slight increase in the up-regulation of expression in immune related genes and protein degradation genes in the slow growing fish. The findings in this thesis provide further understanding of the interaction between growth/development and the immune response.

Published
2013

3. A systematic scoping review on the consequences of stress-related hyperglycaemia

Author

Olariu, Elena, Pooley, Nicholas, Danel, Aurélie, Miret, Montserrat, Preiser, Jean-Charles, Olariu, Elena, Pooley, Nicholas, Danel, Aurélie, Miret, Montserrat, and Preiser, Jean-Charles

Abstract

Background Stress-related hyperglycaemia (SHG) is commonly seen in acutely ill patients and has been associated with poor outcomes in many studies performed in different acute care settings. We aimed to review the available evidence describing the associations between SHG and different outcomes in acutely ill patients admitted to an ICU. Study designs, populations, and outcome measures used in observational studies were analysed. Methods We conducted a systematic scoping review of observational studies following the Joanna Briggs methodology. Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for publications between January 2000 and December 2015 that reported on SHG and mortality, infection rate, length of stay, time on ventilation, blood transfusions, renal replacement therapy, or acquired weakness. Results The search yielded 3,063 articles, of which 43 articles were included (totalling 536,476 patients). Overall, the identified studies were heterogeneous in study conduct, SHG definition, blood glucose measurements and monitoring, treatment protocol, and outcome reporting. The most frequently reported outcomes were mortality (38 studies), ICU and hospital length of stay (23 and 18 studies, respectively), and duration of mechanical ventilation (13 studies). The majority of these studies (40 studies) compared the reported outcomes in patients who experienced SHG with those who did not. Fourteen studies (35.9%) identified an association between hyperglycaemia and increased mortality (odds ratios ranging from 1.13 to 2.76). Five studies identified hyperglycaemia as an independent risk factor for increased infection rates, and one identified it as an independent predictor of increased ICU length of stay. Discussion SHG was consistently associated with poor outcomes. However, the wide divergences in the literature mandate standardisation of measuring and monitoring SHG and the creation of a consensus on SHG definition. A better comparability between practices will, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2018

9. Cloning and Characterisation of Multiple Ferritin Isoforms in the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).

Author

Lee, Jun-Hoe, Pooley, Nicholas J., Mohd-Adnan, Adura, and Martin, Samuel A. M.

Subjects
*CLONING, *FERRITIN, *ATLANTIC salmon, *HEMOCHROMATOSIS, *NATURAL immunity, *OSTEICHTHYES
Abstract

Ferritin is a highly-conserved iron-storage protein that has also been identified as an acute phase protein within the innate immune system. The iron-storage function is mediated through complementary roles played by heavy (H)-chain subunit as well as the light (L) in mammals or middle (M)-chain in teleosts, respectively. In this study, we report the identification of five ferritin subunits (H1, H2, M1, M2, M3) in the Atlantic salmon that were supported by the presence of iron-regulatory regions, gene structure, conserved domains and phylogenetic analysis. Tissue distribution analysis across eight different tissues showed that each of these isoforms is differentially expressed. We also examined the expression of the ferritin isoforms in the liver and kidney of juvenile Atlantic salmon that was challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida as well as in muscle cell culture stimulated with interleukin-1β. We found that each isoform displayed unique expression profiles, and in certain conditions the expressions between the isoforms were completely diametrical to each other. Our study is the first report of multiple ferritin isoforms from both the H- and M-chains in a vertebrate species, as well as ferritin isoforms that showed decreased expression in response to infection. Taken together, the results of our study suggest the possibility of functional differences between the H- and M-chain isoforms in terms of tissue localisation, transcriptional response to bacterial exposure and stimulation by specific immune factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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10. Cloning and Characterisation of Multiple Ferritin Isoforms in the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).

Author

Lee, Jun-Hoe, Pooley, Nicholas J., Mohd-Adnan, Adura, and Martin, Samuel A. M.

Subjects
CLONING, FERRITIN, ATLANTIC salmon, HEMOCHROMATOSIS, NATURAL immunity, OSTEICHTHYES
Abstract

Ferritin is a highly-conserved iron-storage protein that has also been identified as an acute phase protein within the innate immune system. The iron-storage function is mediated through complementary roles played by heavy (H)-chain subunit as well as the light (L) in mammals or middle (M)-chain in teleosts, respectively. In this study, we report the identification of five ferritin subunits (H1, H2, M1, M2, M3) in the Atlantic salmon that were supported by the presence of iron-regulatory regions, gene structure, conserved domains and phylogenetic analysis. Tissue distribution analysis across eight different tissues showed that each of these isoforms is differentially expressed. We also examined the expression of the ferritin isoforms in the liver and kidney of juvenile Atlantic salmon that was challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida as well as in muscle cell culture stimulated with interleukin-1β. We found that each isoform displayed unique expression profiles, and in certain conditions the expressions between the isoforms were completely diametrical to each other. Our study is the first report of multiple ferritin isoforms from both the H- and M-chains in a vertebrate species, as well as ferritin isoforms that showed decreased expression in response to infection. Taken together, the results of our study suggest the possibility of functional differences between the H- and M-chain isoforms in terms of tissue localisation, transcriptional response to bacterial exposure and stimulation by specific immune factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
Full Text
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