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Background: Plants belonging to the genus Viola and family Violaceae are well known in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine for their pharmaceutical importance. Viola, commonly known as Banafsha, has been traditionally used as an anti-malarial. The goal of this study was to determine the anti-Plasmodial activity of the cyclotide-rich crude methanol/water extract of leaves from Viola canescens Wall and to analyze its constituents by mass spectrometry (MS). Materials and Methods: Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) involving quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-ToF) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (ToF-MS) were applied to investigate the cyclotides rich in methanol/water extract. The intact molecular masses were observed in the range of 2,800–3,400 Daltons, suggesting the presence of peptides. Since various head-to-tail cyclized and intramolecularly disulfide-bonded peptides known as cyclotides have been identified in the Violaceae family, we wanted to verify whether cyclotides are present in our extract. So, the intact masses inferred from the observed spectra were interrogated with Cybase ( www.cybase.org.au ), which is a database on plant cyclotides. Results: We observed promising anti-Plasmodial activity (IC50 44 µg/ml) in the cyclotide-rich methanol/water extract prepared from the leaves of the Himalayan V. canescens Wall. The output obtained from Cybase confirmed the presence of about 20 different cyclotides in our extracts. However, no sequence information could be obtained from Cybase for 14 intact molecular masses, which were inferred from the observed LC-ESI-MS data. Hence, these could correspond to novel peptide/cyclotide sequences, which might be characteristic of Himalayan V. canescens. Conclusion: This is the first report on the anti-Plasmodial activity of the cyclotide-enriched methanol/water crude extract of the leaves of V. canescens.

In recent decades, microplastics (MPs 5 mm) are ubiquitous and considered a serious emerging environmental problem. However, due to the limited recovery and long-lasting durability MPs, debris is frequently accumulating in riverine ecosystems, thereby impacting microbial activity and its communities. The presence of MPs may alter the microbial richness, variety, and population, thereby impacting the transformation of biogeochemical cycles. The occurrence, fate, and transport of MPs in marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their impact on biogeochemical or nutrient cycling are reported in the scientific fraternity. Yet, the global scientific community is conspicuously devoid of research on impact of MPs on riverine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The presented view point provides a novel idea about the fate of MPs in the riverine system and its impact on GHG emissions potential. Literature reveals that DO and nutrients (organic carbon, NH

Purpose This paper aims to study the implications of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee engagement in selected Indian business giants to which CSR spending is mandatory as per the Companies Act 2013. Researcher also has an intention of preparing working model for increasing employee engagement through CSR. Design/methodology/approach Researcher has collected the primary data from HR officials, CSR officials and employees of 23 organisations belonging to 10 main industrial sectors of India. The organisations selected for the data collection belong to India’s top 100 organisations as per Bombay Stock Exchange fulfilling a particular criterion. The effect of employee participation in CSR on employee engagement is been studied by identifying four parameters of employee engagement on which the employee participation in CSR may have some effect. The data are analysed with the help of Z test for proportion. Findings The major findings of the paper of the study includes that employee participation in CSR positively effects the employee engagement, as it helps in increasing four specifically identified parameters of employee engagement. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to the specific area of the effect of employee participation in CSR on employee engagement that too with respect to selected Indian business giants. Practical implications On the basis of this study, a theoretical model of CSR and employee engagement is proposed at the end of this paper. The model is expected to work as a guideline to the organisations, which want to improve employee engagement through CSR. Originality/value This research is one of its kinds that study the effect of employee participation in CSR on employee engagement. Moreover this research study considers the selected large-scale businesses of India which is the only country having 2% mandatory CSR spending to the organisation fulfilling the specific criteria.

In this cross-sectional study on 80 students, of classes 9 to 12, it was revealed that excessive use of smart phone had ill effects on mental and physical health of users. Only a suitable intervention by school nurse by way of counselling to students, parents and teachers appears to be an appropriate measure to restrain the smart phone usage by students.

Skin is one of the important sensory organs that protects against mechanical trauma, UV light and infection, in addition the skin is concerned with thermoregulation, conservation, excretion of fluid and sensory per-ception. The pores present in skin help in the hair nourishment, detoxification process and keeping skin healthy. Therefore, any anatomical or physiological abnormalities in skin or related organs may leads vari-ous disorders of skin like Psoriasis, Acne, Leprosy, Hyper pigmentation, Skin allergy. The incidences of Skin diseases are increasing day by day. Modern medicine provides temporary relief but not complete cure. Therefore, peoples are gradually turning towards Ayurveda for safe and complete cure of diseases. Espe-cially in the field of Skin diseases. In Ayurveda concept of Dushivisha is very unique. Dushivisha is a low potent poison which vitiates Dhatus. In its relationship with Raktdhatu some of the Skin diseases caused by Dushivisha which are described in Samhitas are Kustha, Visarpa, Shitpitta, Udarda, Kotha. In present era, people are exposing to various toxins in day to day life which are causing various health problems. There are many such kind of diseases where treatment does not work, as it is not eliminating the root cause. Skin diseases can be prevented and if it occurs then can be cured through Ayurvedic Agada’s. Agada’s are the counter measures taken against this manifestation. Achayra Yogratnakara mentioned Pippalyadi Agada in the management of Dushivisha. It can be a better choice for the treatment of Dushivisha janya Twak vikar by its Kusthghna, Krimighna, Vishaghna, Kandughna properties.

The highly variable nature of Albugo candida pathogen in terms of number of races/pathotypes poses a challenge in the proper identification. Therefore, in this study characterization and identification of 33 A. candida isolates of Indian origin have been done on the basis of molecular and host differentials studies. Molecular characterization using ITS and COX2 gene yielded 1250 bp and 650 bp bands while maximum parsimony trees showed 15 and 13 clusters from 33 A. candida isolates, respectively. On the basis of pathogenicity reactions on 19 host differentials of different Brassica spp., 3 major groups have been identified as Group Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, II, and III. Group Ia was the pathotype of Brassica juncea, Ib- B. juncea cv. Cutlass, Ic- B. juncea cv. Donskaja, Id- a different B. juncea pathotype that showed disease reaction on B. oleracea, Ie- a different B. juncea pathotype that showed disease reaction on B. carinata cv. Kiran, Gropu II- B. rapa var. Toria, Group III- B. rapa pathotypes, respectively. Finally, from 33 A. candida isolates a total of 21 pathotypes have been identified on the basis of combined grouping of pathogenicity reactions on host differentials and ITS and COX2 gene sequence analysis and new nomenclature has been given as per the International standard, out of which 15 pathotypes showed more virulence to B. juncea that named as AC2–1 to AC2–15, 6 pathotypes showed virulence to B. rapa that named as AC7–1 to AC7–6. A. candida pathotypes identified from different geographical regions of India could be utilized for the identification and deployment of the resistant cultivar in major mustard growing areas.

This study is intended to assess and help us understand the role of school resource inadequacy (SRI) on school social engagement (SSE). The authors also utilize this opportunity to analyze the influence of school resource inadequacies on principal stress (PS) and the influence of PS on SSE. School administrators would stand to benefit by understanding the direct influences of school resource inadequacies on SSE, the direct influence of school resource inadequacies on PS, the direct influence of PS on SSE, and the interactional effect of school resource inadequacies and PS on SSE. This study utilizes data from the "Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) Principal Questionnaire," 2018 available for England (United Kingdom). The respondents for this survey are principals of public and private schools in England (United Kingdom). Cronbach alpha values were calculated for the variables to confirm the reliability of variables considered for this study. Also used in this study are the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and the Andrew F. Hayes model 4 to test the mediating influence and interactional effects. SPSS 23.0 was used for the purpose of data analysis and the output tables are from the results of the tests done using SPSS. The results reiterate the relationship between SRI and PS. This study also establishes the relationship between PS and SSE as being negative, meaning that the lower the PS greater is the SSE. Results also show evidence of the relationship between SRI and SSE, meaning that adequate school resources have a positive influence on SSE. Further, the mediating effect of PS on SSE and SRI was also tested and established. The findings of this study are important for school administrators and regulators in understanding the relationship between school resources, SSE, and the mediating influence of PS. This study establishes the relationship between SRI and PS, SRI and SSE, PS, and SSE. The research is also unique as it establishes the mediating influence of PS.

Background: Malaria remains a common life-threatening infectious disease across the globe due to the development of resistance by Plasmodium parasite against most antimalarial drugs. The situation demands new and effective drug candidates against Plasmodium. Objectives: The objective of this study is to design, synthesize and test novel quinoline based molecules against the malaria parasite. Methods: C2 and C8 modified quinoline analogs obtained via C-H bond functionalization approach were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of growth of P. falciparum grown in human red blood cells using SYBR Green microtiter plate based screening. Computational molecular docking studies were carried out with top fourteen molecules using Autodoc software. Results: The biological evaluation results revealed good activity of quinoline-8-acrylate 3f (IC50 14.2 µM), and the 2-quinoline-α-hydroxypropionates 4b (IC50 6.5 µM), 4j (IC50 5.5 µM) and 4g (IC50 9.5 µM), against chloroquine sensitive Pf3D7 strain. Top fourteen molecules were screened also against chloroquine resistant Pf INDO strain and the observed resistant indices were found to lie between 1 and 7.58. Computational molecular docking studies indicated a unique mode of binding of these quinolines to Falcipain-2 and heme moiety, indicating these to be the probable targets of their antiplasmodial action. Conclusion: An important finding of our work is the fact that unlike Chloroquine which shows a resistance Index of 15, the resistance indices for the most promising molecules studied by us were about one indicating equal potency against drug sensitive and resistant strains of the malaria parasite.

The Smart Grid is a new generation power system that integrates with communication information technology which involves a lot of innovation, advanced technology, and applications. This has quickly turned into further advanced development, as it is facing challenges like big data issues, energy theft, etc., effectively. In this review, we discuss the current scenario and challenges in big data issues, energy theft, and smart grid communication information infrastructure. The Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used for the analysis of the reported usage data and detecting abnormal data and theft. We’ve also made a Smart Grid model based on fog computing and afterward, present an effective and privacy-preserving plan which helps both collect communication and function query depend on the proposed model. At last, the standardization, applications, and future research issues of the above-mentioned problems in the Smart Grid are discussed.

Ecofriendly dye decolorization is a prerequisite for textile industries to tackle hazardous textile effluents. In the present study, we have reported a laccase producing (19.12 ± 3.45 U/mL...

The effect of changing climate on plant diseases has been a point of debate since long time. This changing climate may cause imbalance in the ecosystem and directly contribute to the disease development in various crops. Different climatic conditions, e.g., change in sunlight including UV light, temperature, air, rainfall, soil nutrients, carbon dioxide, ozone gas, greenhouse gas emission, and other factors, are affecting the interaction of host plant and pathogens, e.g., fungi, bacteria, virus, nematode, viroid, phytoplasma, and spiroplasma, which are opening doors for the emergence of new diseases and pathogens worldwide. These newly emerged diseases may turn out to be an epidemic under favorable conditions if not regulated wisely as changing climatic conditions are providing favorable environment to the spread and establishment of novel pathogens into new and non-native areas. By keeping all these points into consideration, this chapter focuses on correlation between climatic conditions and disease development and impact of changing climatic conditions on disease development and emergence of new pathogens around the globe. It also puts emphasis on factors responsible for emergence of novel pathogens as well as their possible management tactic to regulate their adverse outcome on agriculture and human to sustain food security in future.

Here, a facile and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 3-hydroxyquinolin-8-yl propanoates via Rh(III)-catalyzed C(8)-H activation of 2-substituted quinolines has been developed. The reaction proceeds via C(8)-H activation, functionalization with acrylates, followed by intramolecular migration of the oxygen atom from quinoline N-oxides to the acrylate moiety. In this approach, N-oxide plays a dual role of a traceless directing group as well as a source of an oxygen atom for hydroxylation. This catalytic method involves simultaneous formation of new C-C and C-O bonds and is applicable only for C2-substituted quinolines. A catalytically competent five-membered rhodacycle has been characterized, thus revealing a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle. In silico docking studies against Falcipan-2 have revealed that 3a, 3b, 3g, and 3m have better scores. In vitro evaluation of selected compounds against CQ-sensitive pf3D7 and CQ-resistant pfINDO strains provided evidence that 3d (IC50 13.3 μM) and 3g (IC50 9.5 μM) had good promise against Plasmodium falciparum in the in vitro culture. Compound 3g was found to be the most potent on the basis of both in vitro antiplasmodial activity [IC50 9.5 μM ( Pf3D7) and 11.9 μM ( PfINDO), resistance index 1.25] and in silico studies.

The idea of smart grid (SG) technology has revolutionized the traditional power system and has made it more efficient, robust and reliable in a number of ways. SG networks are recently upgraded networks of associated objects of information and communication technology (ICT) and core technology. Many active research areas have been developed to achieve the goals and planned requirements of the transfer of power systems from the traditional grid to the SG. Despite the significant characteristics of SG, future research needs to resolve numerous problems relating to core and ICT technology. This analysis paper identifies the challenges facing SG growth, potential research directions and also proposes possible solutions to some of these challenges, thus achieving the SG goals and planned requirements.

White rust distributed worldwide, caused by Albugo candida (Pers. Ex. Lev.) Kuntze. (A. Cruciferarum S. F. Gray) is one of the major disease responsible in reducing the yield of rapeseed-mustard. Among various management approaches use of resistant varities is consider best, as it is cost effective and environment friendly. However, till now only few resistant sources against the disease has been reported. Therefore, in the present investigation 70 rapeseed-mustard germplasm have been evaluated in field under epiphytotic conditions during 2011-12 and 2012-13 crop seasons. All the germplasms showed similar disease reaction after screening in both the years. Among 70 germplasm, seven germpalsms i.e. DLDC-1, DRMR-100, DRMR-312, EC-339000, GSL-1, NPJ-158 and RH-0644 were found free from the disease with 0% disease severity. These germplasms could be used in breeding programmes for the development of resistant genotypes having high yield potential.

A convenient and eco-friendly synthesis of various fused N-heterocyclic compounds through catalyst and additive-free 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions of quinolinium imides with olefins, maleimides, and benzynes in excellent yields and diastereoselectivities is reported. The thermally controlled diastereoselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between quinolinium imides and olefins provided cis-isomers at low temperature and trans-isomers at high temperature. A reaction between quinolinium imides with substituted maleimides gave four-ring-fused N-heterocyclic compounds in high yields as a single diastereomer. The aryne precursors also provided four-ring-fused N,N′-heterocyclic compounds in high yields. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of selected molecules revealed that this class of molecules possesses potential for ongoing studies against malaria.

Extensive studies performed here showed that Tamoxifen Citrate nanosuspension primed with several rigorous steps including pre-milling, magnetic stirring, sonication, high pressure homogenization was highly stable in its nano-forms and thus has been successfully nanonized. Optimization of the surfactant i.e., Tween 80® (Polysorbate 80) and stabilizer i.e., Pluronic F-68® (polaxamer188) ratio has been performed, and after optimization by employing several analytical techniques, the suitable ratio of surfactant:stabilizer for calculated dose of Tamoxifen Citrate was found to be 15% Tween 80 and 5% Polaxamer188. This quotient has been arrived at after considering the outcome of all the evaluations performed on the tamoxifen citrate nanosuspension (TEMParticle size, diffraction studies, FTIR-stability of drug molecule in the nanoformultion, Zeta potential-surface charge on molecules). Any chemical interactions amid the excipients and/or changes in the active therapeutic moiety were absent. It has been verified by performing FT-IR on the nano-formulations and Zeta potential of the nanosuspension was found to be 8.06 mV which is in the required range of Zeta Potential of +30 to −30 mV for nanoparticles suspended in Nanosuspension. Particle size of nano-formulation has been found to be ∼70 nm.This is idyllic for intra venous administration of the said drug formulation.

In the present scenario, employee training is considered as the source of gaining a competitive advantage. Employee training refers to the process of increasing the knowledge and skills of the workforce to enable them to perform their jobs more effectively. Skills enhancement is all about getting the skills you need to succeed at work. Skill enhancement is required in specific technical skills and essential skills. The technical skills and knowledge needed for work are changing all the time now, and therefore, everyone needs to be learning throughout their careers to stay relevant and competitive. The aim of this research was to study the enhancement of skills through training at different levels of employees in the commercial printing industry. The paper described and explored that training in any of these areas will help to develop skills that will enhance their effectiveness at different levels of employees in the commercial printing industry. The hypotheses were formulated to determine the association between training needs and enhancement of skills at different levels of employees in the commercial printing industry. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview. The research paper concluded that different levels of employee skills can be enhanced through training in the commercial printing industry.

Laccase belongs to a small group of enzymes called the blue multicopper oxidases, having the potential ability of oxidation. It belongs to enzymes, which have innate properties of reactive radical production, but its utilization in many fields has been ignored because of its unavailability in the commercial field. There are diverse sources of laccase producing organisms like bacteria, fungi and plants. In fungi, laccase is present in Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Basidiomycetes and is particularly abundant in many white-rot fungi that degrade lignin. Laccases can degrade both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. They also have the ability to detoxify a range of environmental pollutants. Due to their property to detoxify a range of pollutants, they have been used for several purposes in many industries including paper, pulp, textile and petrochemical industries. Some other application of laccase includes in food processing industry, medical and health care. Recently, laccase has found applications in other fields such as in the design of biosensors and nanotechnology. The present review provides an overview of biological functions of laccase, its mechanism of action, laccase mediator system, and various biotechnological applications of laccase obtained from endophytic fungi.