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Hydantoin derivatives are commonly used anticonvulsants. In general, they are effective for partial-onset seizures and tonic-clonic seizures, but not for absence seizures. Phenytoin is the most important drug in this group, and other drugs, ethotoin, and mephenytoin, are also commonly used to treat epilepsy. Prodrugs such as derivatives have been created. Phenytoin is effective in some cases of trigeminal neuralgia and related neuralgia. Phenytoin is also used to treat arrhythmias. Hydantoins or glycolylureas are heterocyclic organic compounds with the formula CH2C(O)NHC(O)NH. It is a colorless solid formed by the reaction of glycolic acid and urea. It is an oxidized derivative of imidazolidine. In a more general sense, hydantoins can refer to groups and classes of compounds that share the same ring structure as their parent. For example, phenytoin (see below) has two phenyl groups substituted at the 5th carbon of the hydantoin molecule. Actual chemotherapy for epilepsy dates back to the 1850s when "inorganic bromides" were introduced. However, it is worth noting that around the 1920s, the therapeutic and beneficial use of 'phenobarbital' usheredin an era of meaningful treatment of epilepsy. Hydantoin ring chemistry is the synthesis of rings by various methods and their applications in the medical field. Previous descriptions of hydantoin-containing compounds have broad pharmacological and biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-immune, antimetabolite, antioxidant, antibacterial, CNS-related, anticonvulsant, antitussive, and cytoprotective activities. Keywords: Hydantoin derivatives, anticonvulsants, partial-onset seizures and tonic-clonic seizures

Natural products are considered to be the lifeline treatment for several diseases where their structural complexity makes them a source of potential lead molecules. As a producer of antibiotics, food colorants, enzymes, and nutritious food, fungi are beneficial to humans. Fungi, as a source of novel natural products, draw attention of scientists. However, redundant isolation of metabolite retards the rate of discovery. So, apart from the standard conditions for the production of secondary metabolites, certain induction strategies are used to trigger biosynthetic genes in fungi. Advancement in the computational tools helps in connecting gene clusters and their metabolite production. Therefore, modern analytical tools and the genomic era in hand leads to the identification of manifold of cryptic metabolites. The cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) has become a treasure hunt for new metabolites representing biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and other factors. This review includes the use of chemical inducers/epigenetic modifiers and co-culture (species interaction) techniques to induce these BGCs. Furthermore, it cites a detailed representation of molecules isolated using these strategies. Since the induction occurs on the genomic molecular DNA and histones, this together brings a significant exploration of the biosynthetic pathways.Graphical Abstract.

Este artículo contiene 14 páginas, 6 figuras, 3 tablas., Harsh environmental conditions limit how species use the landscape, strongly infuencing the way assemblages are distributed. In the wake of repeated coral bleaching mortalities in Lakshadweep, we examined how wave exposure infuences herbivory in exposed and sheltered reefs. We used a combination of i. feld observations of fsh herbivore composition, abundance and activity across 6 exposed and 6 sheltered reefs; ii. experimental manipulations in a subset of these reefs (herbivore exclosures); and iii. opportunistic observations of fsh recruitment, to determine how exposure infuences herbivore biomass and herbivory. Species richness, biomass, abundance, total bite rates and species-specifc per capita bite rates were lower in exposed compared to sheltered reefs, linked to strong environmental fltering of species composition, abundance and behaviour. For some critical species, this environmental fltering begins with diferential recruitment and post-recruitment processes between exposures. Bite rates at sheltered sites were dominated by just a few species, most being laterally compressed surgeonfsh that may fnd it difcult accessing or surviving in wave-battered shallow reefs. Exclosure experiments confrmed that exposed reefs were less controlled by herbivores than sheltered reefs. In post-disturbed reefs like Lakshadweep, environmental gradients appear to be key mediators of critical functions like herbivory by determining species composition, abundance and behaviour., This work was funded by Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies (RA, SY, TA, PR), DSTSERB Intramural Grant (EMR/2017/004014), Azim Premji University Research Grant, DBT-RA Fellowship Program in Biotechnology and Life Sciences (RK) and the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas under the project supported by the Memorandum of Understanding between CEAB (CSIC)- NCF, Department of Science and Technology and IdeaWild. This research was conducted under permit F.No.16/11/2014-ADM of the Administration and the Department of Science and Technology, Union Territory of Lakshadweep.

This study aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizers in the management of symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). Electronic online databases and manual searches were performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between January 2010 and February 2022. RCTs comparing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and corticosteroid therapy at baseline and follow-up period were identified. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A meta-analysis was performed regarding visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Thongprasom sign scores, lesion size, response to treatment, and exacerbation of lesions after therapy. The clinical severity was analyzed qualitatively. Five RCTs consisting of 180 samples fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All parameters of VAS score, Thongprasom sign score, lesion size, and response to treatment were statistically non-significant. Our results indicate that both MB-PDT and corticosteroid therapy are effective for the management of OLP. Moreover, MB-PDT is an effective alternative treatment option for OLP when corticosteroids are contraindicated. However, conclusive evidence cannot be ascertained owing to the heterogeneity among the studies.

Introduction: Traditionally, blood has always been used to diagnose most of the diseases and conditions due to limitations in technology. Salivary diagnostics has been preferred lately as the salivary constituents become effectively altered in response to certain disease states. Lipids form one of the important components that maintain cell integrity. Most of the authors have proposed that changes in lipid profiles are associated with malignancies. Till date, most of the studies have been conducted on the serum lipid profile in smokers, tobacco chewers, in patients with oral premalignant disorders and malignant lesions. So, in the present study, saliva was used to evaluate the alterations in salivary lipid profile in tobacco chewers. Thus, saliva may provide a cost effective approach for the screening of large populations. Aim: To assess and compare the salivary lipid profile in the tobaco chewers and the controls. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 15 tobacco chewers and 15 controls from May to July 2019. The parameters assessed include salivary analysis of Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG). Student’s unpaired t-test was used for comparing difference between means for salivary lipid levels in tobacco chewers and controls. Results: The mean±standard deviation in tobacco chewers for salivary TC, TG, HDL, VLDL, and LDL were 15.37±4.82, 5.2±2.66, 3.35±1.43, 1.04±0.53, 10.97±4.28 (mg/dL), respectively. Salivary lipid profile was higher in tobacco chewers groups when compared to healthy subjects and the difference was statistically significant (p

12 páginas, 4 figuras, 5 tablas., Increasingly frequent and intense ocean warming events seriously test the buffer and recovery capacities of tropical coral reefs. Post-disturbance, available settlement structures on a reef (often dead coral skeletons) vary considerably in their mechanical stability and substrate composition, critically influencing coral recruit settlement choice and fate. In the wake of a coral mass mortality in the Lakshadweep archipelago, we examine (1) the relative availability of recruit settlement structures (from stable to unstable: reef platform, dead massive coral, consolidated rubble, dead corymbose coral, dead tabular coral, and unconsolidated rubble) in 12 recovering reefs across three atolls in the archipelago, (2) the substrate composition [crustose coralline algae (CCA), mixed turf, macroalgae] of these structural forms, and (3) whether the choice and fate of young coral are mediated by the substrate and stability of different structural forms. For this, we measured the abundance and distribution of recruit (\1 cm), juvenile (1–5 cm), and young adult (5–10) corals of 24 common coral genera. Four years after the mass mortality, reefs differed considerably in composition of settlement structures. The structures themselves varied significantly in substrate cover with dead tables largely covered in CCA [60 ± 6.05 % (SE)] and dead corymbose coral dominated by mixed turf (61.83 ± 3.8 %). The youngest visible recruits (\1 cm) clearly preferred CCA-rich structures such as dead massives and tables. However, older size classes were rarely found on unstable structures (strongly ‘‘avoiding’’ tables, Ivlev’s electivity index, E = -0.5). Our results indicate that while substrate cover might mediate coral choice, the mechanical stability of settlement structures is critical in determining post-settlement coral survival. The composition and availability of settlement structures on a reef may serve as a characteristic signature of its recovery potential, aiding in assessments of reef resilience., This study was conducted with funding from the Rufford Small Grants Foundation, Idea Wild, Spanish PIE Project (CSIC-201330E062) and the Pew Marine Fellowship Program.

In the highly populated and diverse tropics, conservation in relatively pristine habitats is important but clearly inadequate for sustaining the earth biological diversity. Agro-forestry systems such as shade-coffee plantations that incorporate arboreal vegetation are known to be more resilient for biodiversity conservation than other more drastic land transformations. We evaluated amphibian richness and diversity in 15 coffee plantations from three different regimes; organic coffee plantations, NPK coffee plantations and pesticide use coffee plantations in Kodagu District, Western Ghats, India. We treated five sacred groves as control region (CR) and sampled them using a combination of standardized visual and acoustic transect sampling. The sacred groves that were characterized by natural vegetation showed the highest richness and abundance of amphibians among the four regimes. In organic coffee plantations, overall abundance and richness of amphibians was significantly higher compared to NPK coffee plantations. On the other hand, amphibian richness and diversity in pesticide use coffee plantations were significantly lower compared to all other regimes. The results of the study clearly indicated that, the difference in habitat variables in coffee plantations and use of different treatments for pest control had a significant effect on the species richness and abundance of amphibians. This study highlights the great potential of sacred groves and organic coffee plantations as complementary habitat for the conservation of amphibians.