Search

Background & Aims: Spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSS) develop frequently in cirrhosis. Changes over time and the effect of aetiological interventions on SPSS are unknown, so we aimed to explore the effect of these variables on SPSS evolution., Methods: Patients with cirrhosis from the Baveno VI-SPSS cohort were selected provided a follow-up abdominal CT or MRI scan was available. Clinical and laboratory data were collected at baseline and follow-up. Imaging tests were reviewed to evaluate changes in the presence and size of SPSS (large (L)-SPSS was ≥8 mm) over time. Regarding alcohol- or HCV-related cirrhosis, two populations were defined: cured patients (abstinent from alcohol or successful HCV therapy), and non-cured patients., Results: A total of 617 patients were included. At baseline SPSS distribution was 22% L-SPSS, 30% small (S)-SPSS, and 48% without (W)-SPSS. During follow-up (median follow-up of 63 months), SPSS distribution worsened: L-SPSS 26%, S-SPSS 32%, and W-SPSS 42% ( p <0.001). Patients with worse liver function during follow-up showed a simultaneous aggravation in SPSS distribution. Non-cured patients (n = 191) experienced a significant worsening in liver function, more episodes of liver decompensation and lower transplant-free survival compared to cured patients (n = 191). However, no differences were observed regarding SPSS distribution at inclusion and at follow-up, with both groups showing a trend to worsening. Total shunt diameter increased more in non-cured (52%) than in cured patients (28%). However, total shunt area (TSA) significantly increased only in non-cured patients (74 to 122 mm 2 , p <0.001)., Conclusions: The presence of SPSS in cirrhosis increases over time and parallels liver function deterioration. Aetiological intervention in these patients reduces liver-related complications, but SPSS persist although progression is decreased., Impact and Implications: There is no information regarding the evolution of spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSS) during the course of cirrhosis, and especially after disease regression with aetiological interventions, such as HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals or alcohol abstinence. These results are relevant for clinicians dealing with patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension because they have important implications for the management of cirrhosis with SPSS after disease regression. From a practical point of view, physicians should be aware that in advanced cirrhosis with portal hypertension, after aetiological intervention, SPSS mostly persist despite liver function improvement, and complications related to SPSS may still develop., Competing Interests: JG has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and speaking fees from Echosens. MS-T has received consulting fees from Grifols. AK has served as speaker for Novo Nordisk, Norgine, Siemens and Nordic Bioscience and participated in advisory boards for Norgine, Siemens, Resalis Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk, all outside the submitted work. Research support Norgine, Siemens, Nordic Bioscience, Astra, Echosense. Consulting Takeda, Resalis Therapeutics, Zealand Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim. Board member and co-founder Evido. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Microglial cells are recognized as very dynamic brain cells, screening the environment and sensitive to signals from all other cell types in health and disease. Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a lipid-binding protein of the Lipocalin family, is required for nervous system optimal function and proper development and maintenance of key neural structures. ApoD has a cell and state-dependent expression in the healthy nervous system, and increases its expression upon aging, damage or neurodegeneration. An extensive overlap exists between processes where ApoD is involved and those where microglia have an active role. However, no study has analyzed the role of ApoD in microglial responses. In this work, we test the hypothesis that ApoD, as an extracellular signal, participates in the intercellular crosstalk sensed by microglia and impacts their responses upon physiological aging or damaging conditions. We find that a significant proportion of ApoD-dependent aging transcriptome are microglia-specific genes, and show that lack of ApoD in vivo dysregulates microglial density in mouse hippocampus in an age-dependent manner. Murine BV2 and primary microglia do not express ApoD, but it can be internalized and targeted to lysosomes, where unlike other cell types it is transiently present. Cytokine secretion profiles and myelin phagocytosis reveal that ApoD has both long-term pre-conditioning effects on microglia as well as acute effects on these microglial immune functions, without significant modification of cell survival. ApoD-triggered cytokine signatures are stimuli (paraquat vs. Aβ oligomers) and sex-dependent. Acute exposure to ApoD induces microglia to switch from their resting state to a secretory and less phagocytic phenotype, while long-term absence of ApoD leads to attenuated cytokine induction and increased myelin uptake, supporting a role for ApoD as priming or immune training factor. This knowledge should help to advance our understanding of the complex responses of microglia during aging and neurodegeneration, where signals received along our lifespan are combined with damage-triggered acute signals, conditioning both beneficial roles and limitations of microglial functions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Corraliza-Gomez, Bendito, Sandonis-Camarero, Mondejar-Duran, Villa, Poncela, Valero, Sanchez and Ganfornina.)

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a very prevalent condition in patients with advanced liver disease and has a high recurrence rate. The pathophysiology has a multifactorial origin where hyperammonaemia and inflammation become particularly relevant. There are no HE-specific diagnostic tests, and diagnosis is usually made by taking into account the presence of suggestive and compatible clinical symptoms, the existence of a predisposing liver condition and ruling out other causes with similar clinical manifestations. Once the diagnosis of HE is established, it is essential to carry out an adequate classification based on the underlying liver disease, the intensity of clinical manifestations, the temporal course of the disease and the presence or absence of precipitating factors. Treatment should be aimed at decreasing the duration, intensity and consequences of episodes, preventing recurrence and limiting the impact of the disease in patients and their relatives., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: To analyze the different analgesic response to intraarticular morphine and bupivacaine in different types of arthroscopic surgery., Design: Prospective, randomized and double-blinded. Fifty-three consecutive patients undergoing an arthroscopic knee procedure under general anesthesia. They were studied separately in 2 groups (types of surgery): (1) "Low inflammatory surgery": diagnostic arthroscopy, partial meniscectomy; and (2) "High inflammatory surgery": ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction, lateral release, patellar shaving and plicae removal. At the end of the procedure, patients were randomized to receive 25 mL of bupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine (1/200,000), 5 mg of morphine, or saline (placebo) into the knee joint. Postoperative pain was determined through the visual analog scale (VAS). Supplemental analgesia (ketorolac) was administered via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (i.v. PCA). Pain and requirements of analgesia were compared between bupivacaine, morphine, and placebo in each group of surgery., Results: When considering only the "Low inflammatory" group of patients, those who received bupivacaine showed a lower postoperative pain score at 4 and 8 hours (P < 0.05). When considering only the "High inflammatory" group, the patients who received morphine showed a lower postoperative pain score at 24 hours and less requirements of ketorolac (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The analgesic effect of morphine and bupivacaine is different depending on the type of arthroscopic surgery. Intraarticular bupivacaine is effective in surgeries with a low inflammatory response. For surgeries with a higher inflammatory response, morphine has a better analgesic effect. Postoperative intraarticular analgesic therapy should be indicated according to the performed arthroscopic procedure.

We report the cases of two women with Rendu-Osler-Weber disease and severe epistaxis. After several procedures failed (electrocoagulation, vascular clamping, dermoplasty, embolization), submucosal infiltration of a sclerosant was performed using the new product etoxysclerol. Epistaxis remained under control after two years of monitoring.

A case report of pilomatrixoma, benign neoplasy, originated of the skin annexes, which localisation force us to rule out a parotid tumor. Our intention is to include the pilomatrixoma among the possible differential diagnosis of calcified masses inside the growths of the parotid gland.

Cementifying fibroma is a benign fibro-osseous lesion with dental origin. We describe a case of cementifying fibroma of the maxillary sinus, an unusual location for this tumor.